A systematic review of steel bridge deck pavement in China

As an important part of steel bridge deck,the engineering quality and service condition of steel bridge deck pavement(SBDP)directly affects the capacity and operational efficiency of the bridge.This paper reviews the history of the development of SBDP in China over the past 20 years from the exploration stage,rapid development stage and prosperity stage.The development and application of SBDP at different stages are discussed in terms of materials,structure,design,performance evaluation,maintenance and rehabilitation,respectively.The advantages and disadvantages of different pavement materials and structures,and the application of different research methods are summarized.The review shows that the improvement of pavement materials and structures and the development of new materials should be further studied on the multi-scale to enhance the durability of pavement materials,so as to extend the service life of pavements.The design method of SBDP related to the synergistic effect of vehicle,pavement and bridge should be established,and the design concept and method standard of rigid base pavement structure should be improved and formulate a complete design standard.In addition,multi-disease intelligent identification system and equipment should be studied to track the entire course of disease development in real time.And it is necessary to develop appropriate algorithms to select and classify the complex data of disease and maintenance history.

Design and laboratory evaluation of fog-sealed chip seal on epoxy asphalt pavement for steel bridge deck

In order to improve the surface performace of epoxy asphalt pavement （EAP） for steel bridge deck, an epoxy asphalt chip seal （ ECS） covered by a cationic emulsified asphalt fog seal （i. e., fog-sealed chip seal） isproposed and a laboratory study is conducted to design and evaluate te fog-sealed chip seal. First, the evaluation indices and methods of te chip seal on steel bridge deck pavement were proposed. Secondly, the worst pavement conditions during te maintenance time were simulated by te small traffic load simulation system MMLS3 and the short-term aging test for minimizing the failure probability of chip seal. Finally, the design parameters of fog-sealed chip seal were determined by the experimental analysis and the performance of the designed fog-sealed chip seal was evaluated in thelaboratory. Results indicate that the proposed simulation method of pavement conditions is effective and the maximal load repetitions on the EAPslab specimen are approximately 925 300 times. Moreover, the designed fog-sealedchip sealcan provide a dense surface with sufficient skid resistance,aggregate-asphalt aahesive performance and interlayer shearing resistance.

Analysis on cracking of deck pavement on Jiangyin Bridge

Based on four-year field inspection and investigation on deck pavement of mastic asphalt on Jiangyin Bridge, cracking causes of mastic asphalt are studied. Cracks of deck pavement are summarized on crack length and width to get a clear view of their propagations. Traffic surveys including traffic volume, axle load and vehicle speed were also conducted to assess their influences. Samples taken on-site were tested with pulling-out test and fatigue test to benchmark their properties. According to the inspection and tests results, it is concluded that the cracks are induced by rutting and fatigue. Lack of fatigue resistance, not well bonded to the steel deck and insufficient high temperature stability are supposed to be the main reasons as well as high density of low speed, excessively overloaded trucks.

Fatigue damage analysis of epoxy asphalt pavement for steel bridges considering coupled effects of heavy load and temperature variations

To investigate the fatigue damage of epoxy asphalt pavement(EAP)under a heavy load and a d temperature load,the load-figure of the heavy load on the steel bridge deck pavement(SBDP)was simulated first,and the temperature distribution of SBDP during the temperature-fall period in winter was also calculated.Secondly,t e moving heavy load coupled W t the most unfavorable temperatre load was applied to the SBDP,and the tensile stress on the top of SBDP was calculated.Finally,the fatigue damage of EAP was evaluated considering the extreme situation of heavily overloaded and severe environments.The results show that botte heavy load and the temperature load during t e temperature-fall period c n increase the tensile stress on the top of SBDP significantly.In the exteme situation of heavily overloaded and severe environments,a fatigue crack is easily generated,and thus the SBDP should avoid t e coupling effects of the heavy loadand the temperature load in winter.

Pavement structure and materials design for sea-crossing bridges and tunnel:Case study of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

With the continuous development of bridge and tunnel construction technologies,large-scale sea-crossing bridges and tunnels have gradually become the preferred choice for regional traffic.The construction technology of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge(HZMB),one of the most representative sea-crossing passageways,is instructive for the construction of other large sea-crossing infrastructures.At present,the pavement design method of sea-crossing passageways lacks pertinence as it still refers to specifications for design of common pavement.Therefore,it is necessary to consider the bridge and tunnel pavement of HZMB as a typical example to analyze key technical problems encountered in its design,construction and operation.Novel solutions for material selection and structural design built upon the analysis of such critical problems should thus follow up.Based on comprehensive literature research,it can be found that environmental variability,tunnel closure,structural differential settlement and expansion deformation are the key technical problems faced by pavement of sea-crossing passageways.In view of the environmental variability,the steel deck-paving material and structure design of GMA-10 t SMA-13 is innovatively proposed.As for the closure of immersed tube tunnel,warm-mix flame retardant asphalt mixture is used to control pavement design through key indexes such as temperature and limit oxygen index.Regarding the deformation of immersed pipe joints,BJ200 asphalt seamless expansion joint material is introduced,which effectively satisfies the multi-directional deformation between pipe joints and ensures the smoothness of the road surface and driving comfort.For segmental joints,double-layer waterproof-coiled material is used to effectively prevent reflective cracks while ensuring the continuity of asphalt concrete pavement.Therefore,this paper provides a panel of ideas and methods for the pavement design of the same type of sea-crossing passageways.

The mechanical response of multi-tower continuous-span suspension bridge deck pavement based on whole bridge analysis

The effect of multiple span suspension structure on the mechanical response of bridge deck pavement was studied, and finite element analysis (FEM) of stress and strain of pavement according to the bridge floor system features of super-long and high flexibility was made. Meanwhile, the FEM results were compared with those of the single span suspension structure. Three-stage analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is developed to analyze the mechanical response including whole bridge analysis, partial beams section analysis and orthotropic plate analysis. The most unfavorable load position was determined by the numerical solutions acquired from each stage to study the main mechanical index of multiple span suspension structure. The FEM results showed that the mechanical response numerical solutions by using the three-stage AHP are greater than those by simplified boundary condition, and the force condition of multiple span suspension structure is worse than that of the single span suspension structure.

Mechanical properties of epoxy asphalt mixture pavement with lightweight aggregate applied on bascule bridge

The high temperature anti-rutting performance,water stability and low temperature bending property of epoxy asphalt mixture with 0%,15%,25%,40%,and 70% granulated and circular lightweight aggregates by weight are tested,respectively.The dynamic responses under the vehicle load and in the opening process are analyzed to obtain the mechanical responses of pavements by using the finite element method.The complicated structure including a steel deck and a waterproof adhesive layer is made to verify the bond strength of the 2451-type epoxy asphalt binder.Research results show that the epoxy asphalt mixtures with lightweight aggregate replacement percentages from 0% to 70% all satisfy the requirements for steel bridge pavements.The epoxy asphalt mixture with a 70% circular lightweight aggregate replacement percentage is recommended because of its smaller density when compared with other epoxy asphalt mixtures.The shear stress increases with the increase in the opening angle and achieves its maximum at the maximum opening angle of 85°.Test results show that the Tianjin Bascule Bridge can be used for first opening after a 3 d pavement conditioning.

Design and evaluation of UHPP steel bridge deck pavement for high-temperature and rainy regions

To enhance the serviceability of steel bridge deck pavement(SBDP)in high-temperature and rainy regions,a concept of rigid bottom and flexible top was summarized using engineering practices,which led to the proposal of a three-layer ultra-high-performance pavement(UHPP).The high-temperature rutting resistance and wet-weather skid resistance of UHPP were evaluated through composite structure tests.The internal temperature distribution within the pavement under typical high-temperature conditions was analyzed using a temperature field model.Additionally,a temperature-stress coupling model was employed to investigate the key load positions and stress response characteristics of the UHPP.The results indicate that compared with the traditional guss asphalt+stone mastic asphalt structure,the dynamic stability of the UHPP composite structure can be improved by up to 20.4%.Even under cyclic loading,UHPP still exhibits superior surface skid resistance compared to two traditional SBDPs.The thickness composition of UHPP significantly impacts its rutting resistance and skid resistance.UHPP exhibits relatively low tensile stress but higher shear stress levels,with the highest shear stress occurring between the UHPP and the steel plate.This suggests that the potential risk of damage for UHPP primarily lies within the interlayer of the pavement.Based on engineering examples,introducing interlayer gravel and optimizing the amount of bonding layer are advised to ensure that UHPP possesses sufficient interlayer shear resistance.

型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面板及其抗弯性能研究

正交异性钢桥面是目前800m以上国内外特大跨径钢桥的唯一选择,主因是自重轻、强度高、架设方便。但其存在疲劳开裂风险大、运维成本高的缺点。随着高性能材料UHPC的研发和应用,为构建自重轻、病害少、经济性好的桥面新结构提供了可能性。经过多年研究,作者提出一种新型桥面板结构——型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面结构,将型钢、钢板条与UHPC组合,桥面板的形成无任何板件焊接,因而具有高抗疲劳性,且与传统钢桥面相比,自重持平、造价减半,可作为除“正交异性钢桥面”外的“第二种”大跨径钢桥的桥面结构方案。该文研究这种轻型组合桥面板预制板及横向接缝的抗弯性能,制作4个条带模型(包括2个预制板试件和2个接缝试件),开展三点弯曲的横向接缝负弯矩试验和预制板正弯矩试验,并对试验结果进行分析;基于“条带法”建立预制板试件极限承载力计算模型,提出接缝试件的UHPC开裂名义拉应力计算方法;基于某斜拉桥应用实例,进行整体计算和局部计算,验证新型组合桥面结构在实桥上应用的可行性。研究结果表明:(1)型钢与UHPC间在极限状态前相对滑移非常小,具有良好的协同受力性能;(2)预制板试件的正弯矩极限承载力以型钢屈服控制,而接缝试件负弯矩极限承载力以UHPC开裂和加密钢筋断裂控制;(3)接缝试件的“T形”接缝、加密钢筋、燕尾形的企口、交错式切割型钢钢条等构造设计对接缝整体抗弯拉性能有很好的提高效果;(4)预制板试件极限承载力计算模型所得计算值与试验值吻合良好,该模型搭配名义拉应力计算方法,可帮助工程实际问题的设计与应用;(5)试验结果与实桥的有限元计算值相比,新型桥面结构均有1.3倍以上的安全系数,新型组合桥面应用于实桥具有可行性。

典型钢桥面铺装体系生命周期碳足迹分析

为了量化钢桥面铺装体系的碳排放量,应用基于过程的生命周期评价方法分析了钢桥面铺装体系的生命周期碳足迹.从材料生产、施工建造、运营管理、维修养护、废弃处置和运输6个过程构建了钢桥面铺装体系碳排放的生命周期清单数据库,采用国际平整度指数建立铺装层行驶质量衰减下的碳排放预估模型,利用SMUO仿真软件进行交通延误仿真获取相关参数以建立交通延误的碳排放模型,建立了相应的碳足迹量化框架和模型,同时对下层EA(环氧)+上层SMA(沥青玛蹄脂)典型铺装体系进行了实例分析.结果表明,维修养护和运营管理阶段贡献了碳排放总量的近80%,交通延误导致的额外碳排放约达到了碳排放总量的24%,固化剂、喷砂除锈等材料或施工工艺也分别贡献了碳排放总量的8.11%和5.42%.

钢桥面板U肋嵌补段对接焊缝疲劳开裂特性

钢桥面板U肋嵌补段对接焊缝在车轮荷载反复作用下容易产生疲劳裂纹;这是钢箱梁典型的疲劳细节之一,直接影响桥梁结构的安全运营和耐久性能。为探明正交异性钢桥面板顶板U肋对接焊缝的疲劳开裂特性,采用有限元模拟建立钢桥面板局部模型,研究了嵌补段U肋对接焊缝的疲劳受力特征;然后设计4个足尺单U肋试件,并结合疲劳试验开展实际结构的疲劳性能分析。在此基础上,通过结构应力法提出适用于预测U肋对接焊缝疲劳寿命的修正主S-N曲线,并基于扩展有限元法(XFEM)探究该细节的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。研究结果表明:轮载作用下U肋对接焊缝应力纵向影响范围为2个横隔板间距,横向影响范围为1.5个U肋间距。圆弧过渡区域所受疲劳应力幅最大,应力集中显著,是潜在的疲劳易损点。试验观测到的疲劳裂纹均起裂于圆弧过渡处,并向纵肋底缘和腹板继续扩展。基于名义应力法评估得到对接焊缝平均疲劳强度为68 MPa,接近于欧洲规范规定的71 MPa等级。与基于等效结构应力法提出的主S-N曲线相比,该研究提出的修正主S-N曲线对预测疲劳寿命较为安全保守。采用扩展有限元法可有效模拟U肋对接焊缝的扩展行为。疲劳试验和扩展有限元均表明疲劳裂纹扩展方向取决于初始缺陷的位置。当初始缺陷出现在底板时,疲劳裂纹易于沿底板方向扩展;反之当初始缺陷位于腹板时,疲劳裂纹则易于沿腹板方向扩展。

Performance of steel bridge deck pavement structure with ultra high performance concrete based on resin bonding

This research investigated a pavement system on steel bridge decks that use epoxy resin(EP)bonded ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC).Through FEM analysis and static and dynamic bending fatigue tests of the composite structure,the influences of the interface of the pavement layer,reinforcement,and different paving materials on the structural performance were compared and analyzed.The results show that the resin bonded UHPC pavement structure can reduce the weld strain in the steel plate by about 32%and the relative deflection between ribs by about 52%under standard axial load conditions compared to traditional pavements.The EP bonding layer can nearly double the drawing strength of the pavement interface from 1.3 MPa,and improve the bending resistance of the UHPC structure on steel bridge decks by about 50%;the bending resistance of reinforced UHPC structures is twice that of unreinforced UHPC structure,and the dynamic deflection of the UHPC pavement structure increases exponentially with increasing fatigue load.The fatigue life is about 1.2×10^(7) cycles under a fixed force of 9 kN and a dynamic deflection of 0.35 mm,which meets the requirements for fatigue performance of pavements on steel bridge decks under traffic conditions of large flow and heavy load.

山区钢桁梁斜拉桥设计和工程应用研究

随着交通强国和乡村振兴等国家战略的实施,我国山区桥梁建设的数量和规模与日俱增。文章调研世界范围内2113座山区桥梁(含中国1521座),分析山区桥梁的建设难点和应用现状,阐明山区斜拉桥的关键设计技术,研究山区钢桁梁斜拉桥主梁、主塔及斜拉索的方案选型及构造设计,探讨适用于山区条件的新型斜拉桥施工方法。结果表明:我国是世界上山区桥梁建设最多的国家,贵州省又居我国首位(34.4%)。山区斜拉桥通常具有大跨径、高塔墩、小边主跨比和结构不对称等特点,运输施工易、装配程度高、抗风性能好、抗震性能优和景观造型美的结构设计成为山区桥梁的主流趋势。钢桁梁比钢箱梁斜拉桥更适应于山区的建设条件,公路钢桁梁斜拉桥一般采用两片主桁,N形桁式,主桁高度为6~9m,节间长度为6~12m,梁上标准索距为12~16m。主桁横向联系采用华伦式,桥面系常用板桁组合体系,斜拉索则主要采用钢绞线斜拉索。新开发的缆索吊机法和节段纵移悬拼法解决了山区斜拉桥主梁整节段起吊、运输和拼装的难题,可供类似桥梁借鉴和参考。

钢桥面SMA+UHPC铺装层应力有限元分析

文中依托于某钢桥,基于正交异性板+铺装层复合模型进行最不利荷载位置分析,通过分析铺装层横向应力、纵向应力、层间剪切力确定荷载作用横向和纵向最不利位置,比较双层沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料(SMA)铺装结构和沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料+超高性能混凝土(UHPC)铺装结构沿横向、纵向、竖向的应力分布,分析UHPC层厚度对铺装层应力的影响。结果表明,铺装层最不利荷载作用位置为荷载中心位于U肋和顶板交界处上方和横隔板跨中;SMA+UHPC铺装层结构能显著减小SMA层的最大拉应力,延缓SMA层开裂;UHPC层厚度增加对减小SMA层最大横向应力效果明显,而对最大纵向拉应力影响较弱。

中山香山大桥主桥主梁结构设计

中山香山大桥主桥为双层钢桁梁公路斜拉桥,跨径布置为(136+312+880+312+136)m。桥塔采用人字形混凝土塔,下设整体式钻孔灌注桩;斜拉索采用∅7 mm高强度锌-铝合金镀层平行钢丝索;约束体系采用带纵向阻尼器的半飘浮体系。主梁采用2片N形主桁的钢桁梁结构,桁宽42.2 m,标准梁段桁高2.8 m。上、下弦杆和腹杆均采用带加劲肋的箱形截面,横梁均采用鱼腹式。边跨187.2 m范围内下层桥面采用混凝土桥面板起压重作用,其余上、下层桥面板均采用正交异性钢桥面板。下层纵向钢-混结合段位于辅助墩往跨中第4个节段,距辅助墩51.2 m,设置承压板、支撑加劲肋、预应力钢束、剪力钉和PBL板;横向钢-混结合段位于下层行车道两侧钢桥面板和混凝土桥面板之间(距下弦杆2.2 m处),设置剪力钉、PBL板和1.3 m宽UHPC后浇段。采用有限元软件进行全桥整体受力分析及桥面板局部分析,结果表明:结构满足规范要求。主梁采用大节段整体吊装施工,标准吊装节段长度为25.6 m,节段间除钢桥面板和弦杆顶板采用焊接外,其余均采用高强度螺栓连接。

基于足尺节段模型的正交异性钢桥面疲劳性能

为了研究正交异性钢桥面的疲劳性能,根据新结构细部焊接工艺的研究成果和合理的结构参数,设计了足尺节段疲劳试验模型,通过足尺模型试验确定不同焊接工艺下各疲劳易损细节的实际疲劳抗力。铺装层作为钢桥面板之上的行车功能层,直接承担车辆轮载。分别设计了树脂沥青铺装和浇注式沥青铺装两种铺装结构,进行武汉市江汉七桥铺装层与正交异性钢桥面板协同受力体系的模型试验,并考虑温度的影响。研究结果表明:有铺装层的钢桥面板U肋与顶板构造细节,由于铺装层与钢桥面板的协同作用,其应力幅值相较于无铺装层时显著降低;该应力幅值随着铺装层温度的升高而增大。

上承式梁拱组合钢结构桥梁施工研究

为减少桥梁上部结构自重,获得更大的桥下净空,引入钢结构桥梁建设思路,开展上承式梁拱组合钢结构桥梁施工研究。在明确工程概况,完成对吊装施工方案的比选后,通过拼装支架搭设、施工中的合拢控制、支架预拱度设置与沉降消除、龙门吊安装,完成施工。在此基础上,对新的施工技术进行了总结,以期对同类工程的建设起到一定的借鉴作用。

基于UHPC预制结构的BRT站台铺装层快速维修技术

为有效延长城市快速公交系统(BRT)站台铺装层的使用寿命并提升正交异性钢桥面板的抗疲劳性能,同时满足不中断交通的需求,提出了“正交异性钢桥面板+短剪力钉+预制超高性能混凝土(UHPC)板+TPO(薄层环氧抗滑铺装材料)”的复合桥面结构及装配化施工工艺。以成都二环线高架桥BRT站台为工程背景,设计了BRT站台铺装层快速维修方案,通过有限元分析确定了最优方案,并开展了BRT站台钢桥面维修改造试验段的实施。有限元分析结果表明:10 mm UHPC灌浆料+50 mm预制UHPC板+10 mm TPO为最佳方案,维修方案的剪力钉受力性能、UHPC抗裂性能均满足结构受力需求,且具有较大的安全储备,改造后正交异性钢桥面板常见疲劳敏感细节的疲劳性能显著提升。结合试验段实施提出了涵盖UHPC板预制、原铺装层处理、预制UHPC板安装和磨耗层与沥青接缝施工4个流程的城市BRT站台铺装层维修施工工艺,为同类型公交站台铺装层维护提供了理论和技术支撑。

基于黏度的环氧沥青ESMA施工温度研究

环氧沥青在施工过程中,黏度是不断变化的,凝胶体系在内部起到控制作用。为保障环氧沥青ESMA的性能,通过精准控制其黏度来获得最佳施工工艺。采用布氏旋转黏度计,测试环氧沥青在不同温度条件下的黏度,并总结其随时间变化的特性,得出环氧沥青混合料在不同容留温度、不同容留时间、不同压实功下的成型碾压效果,为环氧沥青混合料施工温度控制及摊铺碾压关键时机的选择提供参考。

猎德大桥钢桥面铺装维修方案研究与工程实施

首先,分析了猎德大桥钢桥面铺装的病害特点。结合猎德大桥钢桥面铺装层的现状,在考虑施工时间和交通通行的情况下,开展了猎德大桥钢桥面铺装维修方案的研究。确定了保留RA05层,翻新SMA10的维修方案,同时,对猎德大桥铺装层材料进行比选,确定选用PG-100高黏改性沥青SMA10作为铺装上层,选用PG-82改性沥青作为粘结层。其次,介绍了PG-100高黏改性沥青SMA10铺装维修方案的内容和施工要点。最后,对新铺的桥面状况持续观察一年,检测结果都达到了预期目标。猎德大桥钢桥面铺装维修方案为类似工程提供了参考。