An Improved Method for Generating Typical Meteorological Years Used in Building Energy Simulation in China

The present study proposes an improved method for generating better typical meteorological years( TMYs) used in building energy simulation in China. Modifications are made to the commonly used Sandia method,by optimizing the weightings of indices and thus giving more emphasis to dry bulb temperature and relative humidity and less to wind velocity. After analyzing the solar heat gain on the vertical envelop,an index of diffuse radiation rather than direct normal radiation is added for solar radiation. Using the improved method proposed,TMYs for 5 representative cities of 5 major climate zones in China are generated from the meteorological data recorded during the period 1981—2010. The results show that,compared with previous studies,the monthly diffuse solar radiation of typical meteorological months generated by the improved method are the"closest"to the 30-year average,and the comparison between annual diffuse radiation for the TMY and the 30-year annual average is improved,while little adverse effect is produced on global horizontal radiation comparisons,indicating that the improved method is more suitable to generate the TMY data than previous studies.

The Generation of Typical Meteorological Year and Climatic Database of Turkey for the Energy Analysis of Buildings

For sustainable development, a reduction in energy demand is essential. This could be achieved through improving energy efficiency, effective energy conservation and management. The weather conditions of a given region are the most important consideration for the proper design of space AC （Air Conditioning） systems. In this study, the typical meteorological year and climatic database of Turkey for the energy analysis of buildings were generated by SQL （Structured Query Language） database programmimg language. The Finkelstein-Schafer statistical method was applied to analyze the hourly measured weather data of a 23-year period （1989-2012） and select representative TMMs （Typical Meteorological Months）. The selection criteria were based on 13 meteorological parameters. These parameters are the daily mean, maximum and minimum values and ranges of temperature, dew-point and wind velocity and the daily values of global solar radiation. According to results of TMY （Typical Meteorological Year）, climatic database of Turkey including daily or hourly climate variables was created in SQL data tables.

多年调节综合利用水库多级调度图编制研究

承担多项兴利任务的多年调节水库,需综合考虑入库径流和不同任务要求编制多级调度图。提出了改进典型年法编制多年调节综合利用水库的多级调度图,即对不同来水水平年,根据水库各项兴利任务的设计保证率和年保证供水过程,将综合供水进行对应分级,拟定各级供水过程的供水系数,计算得到多级综合供水过程和年需供水量;利用长系列入库径流资料,根据各级供水任务年需供水量选取典型年,按相应需供水过程进行供水;考虑多年调节水库蓄供水特性,采用不同起调水位编制各调度线,上调度线典型年从蓄水期末水库位于正常蓄水位起调,下调度线和连枯年份调度线典型年从供水期末水库位于死水位起调,逆时序绘制各典型年水库蓄水指示线,分别取上、下包线,得到上、下调度线和连枯年份调度线;通过计算分界库容,拟定不同兴利任务的分界调度线,协调不同兴利任务。综合四条调度线,编制得到多年调节综合利用水库的多级调度图。选取某多年调节综合利用水库,按照流程编制其水库多级调度图,利用调度图进行长系列径流调度,经统计,所编制调度图满足各兴利部门设计保证率要求,多级调度图可有效指导水库运行,提高综合利用水库效益。

光热电站太阳能典型气象年的气象要素权重取值分析

影响光热电站(CSP)性能的各气象要素主要有水平面总辐射(GHI)、法向直接辐射(DNI)、温度及风速,各气象要素的权重因子赋值不同会导致典型气象年(TMY)结果的差异。本文以西北某地区多年实测辐射数据以及长系列卫星辐射数据为研究基础数据,分别采用Sandia、SolarGIS及CSWD的分析方法,采用随机赋值法,得出我国西北某地区光热电站典型年太阳能资源分析DNI、GHI、风速、温度的权重取值如下:采用Sandia方法时,分别为0.6、0.2、0.1及0.1;采用SolarGIS方法时,分别为0.7、0.1、0.1及0.1;采用CSWD方法时,分别为0.6、0.1、0.2及0.1。本文的研究结果将为太阳能光热电站的高效利用及推广提供一定的借鉴。

基于气候资源禀赋的TMY权重因子调整方法研究

提出一种基于气候资源禀赋的典型气象年(TMY)权重因子调整方法。在参数间相关分析的基础上,遴选干球温度、相对湿度、日照时数与气温日较差作为分区指标,采用K-均值聚类算法对中国地域气候进行分区,依据台站所处地域的太阳能、风能等资源动态调整TMY权重因子。结果显示,调整后的权重因子构建的TMY更加精准,更能体现地域的气候特征。

高层建筑典型气象年数据竖直修正方法研究

进行建筑能耗评估应考虑气象数据在竖直方向上的变化,目前的典型气象年(TMY)数据是基于地面观测数据获得的,无法很好地满足高层建筑的设计需求。本文基于上海宝山站的探空气象数据,提出了不同高度处TMY数据的修正方法,比较了修正后的TMY数据与实际气象数据的负荷模拟结果。结果表明:修正后的TMY数据的模拟结果与真实数据模拟结果的差异为3.65%~13.42%,且变化趋势一致;相较于地面观测处TMY数据的模拟结果,冷负荷准确度提高了2.37%,热负荷准确度提高了4.06%。

万泉河流域设计洪水分析

编制河流治理开发方案,需要合理可靠的设计洪水成果。以万泉河设计洪水计算为例,分析了历史洪水重现期,进行了水文站洪水系列一致性处理,建立了干流水文站之间的洪峰、洪量相关关系,插补延长了洪水系列,确定了水文站设计洪水成果。根据流域具有调蓄作用水库的兴建时间,计算不同分区的区间设计洪水。分析流域洪水遭遇情况,采用典型年法和同频率法分析设计洪水地区组成,采用分区时段洪量控制选取相对不利的典型年实测洪水过程为典型,推求防洪控制断面设计洪水过程线。

气候变化对太阳能资源评估典型气象年选取的影响

选取新疆8个辐射气象观测站1961—2022年逐日总辐射观测资料,分析新疆区域地面总辐射变化特征,利用风速、气温、湿度和露点温度等资料构建太阳能资源评估典型气象年挑选方法(Sandia法),对比分析1961—1990年、1971—2000年、1981—2010年、1991—2020年4个标准气候态下Sandia方法选取典型代表年的差异。结果表明:(1)1961—2022年北疆地区地面总辐射呈先减少后增加的趋势,南疆和东疆持续减少但1990年代以后减少趋势放缓,秋、冬季辐射减少速率明显大于春、夏季。(2)Sandia方法选取的4个标准气候态下典型气象年总辐射年值与平均值接近,相对误差介于±3%之间。(3)随着气象要素的变化,Sandia方法选取典型气象年总辐射与平均值的绝对误差在增大,北疆站点不同时期选取典型月总辐射与同期月均值的差异明显小于南疆和东疆,与北疆总辐射年际变化小于南疆和东疆的结果一致。(4)新疆区域月总辐射的高值时段集中出现在6—7月,各站1—3月总辐射普遍大于10—12月。(5)Sandia法挑选典型月与月平均值的差异存在较大波动性,且1981—2000年、1991—2020年波动幅度明显大于之前2个时期,表明随着气候要素的变化,典型代表年的不确定性在增加。

基于典型气象年的游泳馆过渡季室外空气含湿量取值方法

游泳馆建筑室内湿负荷大,通风问题备受关注.过渡季室外空气含湿量是通风量计算的基本设计参数,含湿量的取值直接影响了建筑设计的合理性.我国目前使用最广泛的确定过渡季室外计算含湿量的方法是通风曲线法(Ventilation-Curve Method,V-C Method).然而,使用该方法确定的过渡季室外空气含湿量值无法反映不保证小时数,其取值合理性难以评估.提出了一个新的游泳馆过渡季室外空气含湿量取值方法,即典型过渡季法(Typical Transition Season Method,TTS Method).TTS法基于典型气象年(Typical Meteorological Year,TMY)数据挑选过渡季,并以多种不保证小时数计算出室外空气含湿量值,可以很好地表征当地常年气候特征,且能够清楚地反映不保证小时数.研究中选取中国6个典型代表城市,通过计算通风量和换气次数对所选含湿量进行了评估,验证了新方法的合理性.结果表明,TTS法得到的含湿量计算出的通风量更符合设计要求.

长江上游关键区主汛期典型涝年气候成因辨析

为从更精细的角度分析长江上游主汛期典型涝年的降雨特征及气候成因,将长江上游分为5个关键区,利用长江上游1961~2021年282个雨量站逐日降雨资料,通过Morlet小波分析等方法分析长江上游及5个关键区主汛期降雨特征并找出长江上游典型涝年进行分类,最后对不同型降雨典型涝年的水汽输送及气候成因进行了探讨。研究表明:(1)长江上游与金沙江、长江上游干流降雨量的年际波动总体较为一致,异常涝年的出现时间也较为一致,嘉陵江、岷沱江流域年际波动的阶段性突变较为明显,乌江流域的年际波动则较为平稳;长江上游及5个关键区降雨量周期变化较为一致,均存在3 a左右的振荡周期。(2)长江上游典型涝年5个关键区降雨可分为3类,分别为关键区一致多型、关键区四多一少型及关键区三多两少型。(3)长江上游主汛期不同型降雨的水汽输送来源存在一定差异,关键区一致多型及关键区四多一少型水汽输送主要来自西太平洋及孟加拉湾,而关键区三多两少型水汽输送主要来自西太平洋及南海。(4)青藏高原积雪偏多有利于长江上游降水量偏多;关键区一致多型一般发生于暖海温向冷海温转折变化的年份,而关键区四多一少型及关键区三多两少型一般发生在冬季海温偏冷的年份。

A method of determining typical meteorological year for evaluating overheating performance of passive buildings

In the simulation of building overheating risks,the use of typical meteorological years(TMY)can greatly reduce the simulation workload and accurately reflect the distribution of simulation results according to the weather conditions over a given period.However,all meteorological parameters in most current TMY methods use a uniform weighting factor which may make the simulation results against the actual simulation results of the period and negatively affect the accuracy of the evaluation results.In addition to differences in climate characteristics between climate zones,the sensitivity of different simulation results to external parameters will also be different.Therefore,a TMY method based on the Finkelstein-Schafer statistical method is proposed,which considers the climatic characteristics of different regions and the correlation with the output parameters of indoor simulation to select the typical month.The proposed method is demonstrated in the three future scenarios for the three cities in different climate zones in China.The results show that the traditional TMY method has an overestimated weight of solar radiation and wind speed and an undervalued weight of dry bulb temperature when indoor temperature-related indicators are the output target.Compared with the traditional TMY method,the TMY generated by the improved method is closer to the distribution characteristics of the long-term outdoor weather data.Furthermore,when using the improved TMY data to evaluate the overheating performance of the passive residential buildings,the difference of the results of the unmet degree hours,indoor overheating degree,and the overheating escalation factor between the long-term projected data and the TMY data can be reduced by 63%–67%compared with the traditional TMY data.

A global typical meteorological year(TMY)database on ERA5 dataset

The outdoor climate condition is one of the deterministic factors influencing building energy consumption.Building performance simulation(BPS)tools usually adopt typical meteorological year(TMY)as the outdoor climate input.Despite that many scholars and institutes have developed TMY datasets,these datasets are usually based on distinct data sources and methods.Considering the increase of international cooperation construction projects,compatible TMY dataset for different countries is in urgent need.This paper presents a global typical meteorological year(TMY)database covering 38,947 stations worldwide based on the fifth-generation atmospheric reanalysis product released by the European Center(ERA5).The data is created with Chinese Standard Weather Database(CSWD)method to reflect the average level of historical weather.The dataset is saved in a 55 GB database of compressed CSV files and a website is established where users can download their required TMY data for certain cities according to the longitude and latitude information.A systematic validation is conducted to confirm the feasibility of ERA5 as data source and validity of generated TMY data.This TMY-ERA5 dataset is fundamental and essential in building system designs of international construction projects,building performance simulation,especially for some countries lacking ground meteorological stations or missing meteorological year data in the building sector.It can be used as references for other meteorological climate studies.

古榕江流域水量调度方案研究

根据古榕江流域水量分配方案明确的水量控制指标,通过分析古榕江流域来水频率50%、75%、90%三个典型年逐日调节计算,确定古榕江流域不同来水频率水量调度方案,为古榕江流域水资源管控提供参考。

Effect of typical meteorological year selection on integrated daylight modeling and building energy simulation

The complete description of outdoor luminous and thermal environment is the basis for daylight utilization design with simulation tools.Nevertheless,Typical Meteorological Year(TMY)and generation method specifically developed for the energy simulation of daylight-utilized buildings is still unavailable currently.Luminous environment parameters have not been taken into consideration in existing TMY generation methods.In this study,the feasibility of existing TMY generation process has been examined.A generic office model implementing sided window daylighting is established.Historical meteorological data of Hong Kong region from 1979 to 2007 have been collected and three existing weighting schemes are applied during the Typical Meteorological Month(TMM)selection procedures.Three TMY files for Hong Kong are generated and used to conduct integrated Climate-Based Daylight Modeling and building energy simulation.The result demonstrates that,on annual basis,the energy consumption results obtained from the generated TMY files are in good agreements with the long-term mean annual value.The maximum deviation of annual energy consumptions for the generated TMY files is only 1.8%.However,further analysis on monthly basis shows that all the three generated TMY files fail to fully represent the long-term monthly mean level.The maximum deviation of monthly energy consumptions for the generated TMY files can reach up to 11%.As the energy performance daylight utilization is subject to weather change,analysis on daily and monthly energy level is important,especially during design stage.The deficiency of existing TMM selection process and TMY generation method indicates the necessity to develop a corresponding typical weather data input with finer resolution for the energy simulation of daylight-related buildings.

住宅建筑南向墙遮阳板尺寸设计及节能潜力分析

在建筑的供暖和空调系统设计中,太阳辐射对供暖和空调负荷有重要的影响.合理遮阳是暖通空调领域节能的一个途径.根据天津地区典型气象年的气象资料,对该地区住宅建筑南向墙遮阳板的构造进行建模分析,并对其节能前景进行预测.在保证冬季日照的前提下,对于天津地区南向墙遮阳板宽度宜取0.5～0.9m,距窗户上沿距离0.5～0.8m.安装遮阳板后,南向窗每个夏季可减少太阳辐射得热80～110MJ/m2.

宁夏春季典型沙尘暴年环流特征量分析

利用近1960—2000年宁夏春季沙尘暴发生次数及常规气象与环流特征量、海温等资料,首先分析得出了宁夏近41a来沙尘暴发生频次的变化规律;其次通过对宁夏典型沙尘暴多、少年气候特征对比分析,发现沙尘暴多、少年前期气象要素及环流特征量存在明显差异:沙尘暴少(多)发年前一年夏季及前一年夏季到当年春季累积降水量偏多(少);冬春季冷空气活动次数偏少(多);前期及同期北半球极涡面积偏小(大)、强度偏弱(强);冬季东亚大槽位置偏东(西)、强度偏弱(强);前一年春季北太平洋海温距平场表现为厄尔尼诺遥相关分布型(反厄尔尼诺遥相关分布型)。依据作用机理,提出了在西北地区生态环境局部治理、整体恶化背景下,宁夏春季沙尘暴发生频次减少,主要是东亚环流调整、冬季风减弱所致,同时还形成了宁夏春季沙尘暴短期气候趋势预测概念模型。

云雾山典型草原火烧不同恢复年限土壤化学性质变化

云雾山典型草原处于黄土高原半干旱地区,也是草原火灾多发区,试验比较了未烧地与新烧地、火烧后3 a和火烧后11 a土壤有机碳(SOC)、全N、全P和速效K含量的变化过程。测量的土壤深度为50 cm,每10 cm一层,比较了4个样地0—10 cm、10—20 cm、20—30 cm、30—40 cm、40—50 cm土壤养分的变化。结果表明:(1)新烧地土壤剖面各层SOC、全N、全P和速效K含量都显著高于未烧地。(2)火烧后3 a样地土壤剖面各层SOC、全N、全P和速效K含量与未烧地差异不显著。(3)火烧后11 a样地土壤剖面各层全N含量都显著高于未烧地,SOC、全P和速效K含量除了0—10 cm层与未烧地差异不显著外,其它土层均显著增加。(4)4个样地的土壤剖面各层从上到下SOC、土壤全N、全P和速效K含量呈递减趋势。(5)3个火烧样地土壤表层(0—10 cm)的pH值和未烧地差异不显著。

典型气象年和典型代表年的选择及其对建筑能耗的影响

介绍了典型气象年和典型代表年的选择原理和几种常见的选择方法。不同的方法考虑了不同气象参数的加权因子和气象数据的连续性。介绍了将太阳辐射总量分为太阳直射辐射量与太阳散射辐射量的应用模型 ,并依据香港的气象数据 ,分别计算选出了香港的典型气象年与典型代表年。为了验证不同方法计算出的典型气象年与典型代表年对研究对象、系统的影响 ,作了一个实例建筑物能耗动态模拟。结果表明 ,不同典型气象年对模拟结果的影响偏差较小 ,而典型代表年的影响较大 ;

空冷系统设计中典型年选取方法比较

针对空冷系统设计中典型气象年(TMY)的选择问题,以韩城电厂二期项目为例,采用Sandia国家实验室法和Danish方法,选择最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、平均风速以及最大风速5个因子计算出12个典型气象月(TMM),组成"虚拟"气象年(TMY),并与传统的典型代表年(TRY)进行设计气温、满发气温以及空冷平台布局等几方面的对比分析。结果表明:Sandia国家实验室法和Danish方法选择的TMYS和TMYD较常规的典型代表年法更能反映建设项目所在地气温变化的长期规律,为设计提供更为合理的气象参数;Sandia国家实验室法和Danish方法所选的设计气温和满发气温更符合我国电力发展的需要,有利于机组经济运行;Sandia国家实验室法相对于Danish方法数据量更小,算法更为简单,Sandia国家实验室法可以更广泛地用作空冷系统设计中典型气象年的选取。

空冷机组设计中典型气象年的选取

以府谷清水川电厂为例,对空冷机组典型气象年(typical meteorological year,TMY)的选取进行探讨,根据影响空冷机组设计及运行的气象因素,确定平均温度、最高温度、最低温度、平均风速和最大风速等5个气象参数作为因子,利用Finkelstein-Schafer(FS)统计方法选取TMY,并与传统的典型代表年(typical reference year,TRY)进行设计气温、满发气温等几方面的对比分析。结果表明,TMY较TRY更能反映建设项目所在地气温变化的长期规律,适应机组夏季满发的"多发电量"性质要求,且TMY所选设计气温更有利于机组经济运行,因此可以得出FS方法选择TMY是切实可行的,且明显优于TRY,对空冷系统的设计更具应用价值,同时总结典型年选取的步骤,首先确定资料统计时段,然后选取典型月(typical meteorological month,TMM)组成一个"虚拟"气象年。