MCS-based quantile value approach for reliability-based design of tunnel face support pressure

This paper develops a new approach for reliability-based design(RBD)of tunnel face support pressure from a quantile value perspective.A surrogate model is constructed to calculate the collapse pressures of the random samples generated by a single run of Monte Carlo simulation(MCS).The cumulative distribution function(CDF)of the collapse pressure is then obtained and the support pressure aiming at a target failure probability is chosen as the upper quantile value of the collapse pressures.The proposed approach does not require repetitive reliability analyses compared to the existing methods.Moreover,a direct relationship between the target failure probability and the required support pressure is established.An illustrative example is used to demonstrate the implementation procedure.The accuracy of the reliability-based support pressures is verified by direct MCS incorporating with three-dimensional numerical simulations.Finally,the influencing factors,including the sample size of MCS,the correlation coefficient between random variables,the choice of experimental points,and the surrogate model,are investigated.This method can play a complementary role to available approaches due to its advantages of simplicity and efficiency.

Seismic reliability analysis of shield tunnel faces under multiple failure modes by pseudo-dynamic method and response surface method

In order to investigate the stability problem of shield tunnel faces subjected to seismic loading,the pseudodynamic method(P-DM)was employed to analyze the seismic effect on the face.Two kinds of failure mechanisms of active collapse and passive extrusion were considered,and a seismic reliability model of shield tunnel faces under multifailure mode was established.The limit analysis method and the response surface method(RSM)were used together to solve the reliability of shield tunnel faces subjected to seismic action.Comparing with existing results,the results of this work are effective.The effects of seismic load and rock mass strength on the collapse pressure,extrusion pressure and reliability index were discussed,and reasonable ranges of support pressure of shield tunnel faces under seismic action were presented.This method can provide a new idea for solving the shield thrust parameter under the seismic loading.

Experimental study of face passive failure features of a shallow shield tunnel in coastal backfill sand

Face passive failure can severely damage existing structures and underground utilities during shallow shield tunneling,especially in coastal backfill sand.In this work,a series of laboratory model tests were developed and conducted to investigate such failure,for tunnels located at burial depth ratios for which C/D=0.5,0.8,1,and 1.3.Support pressures,the evolution of failure processes,the failure modes,and the distribution of velocity fields were examined through model tests and numerical analyses.The support pressure in the tests first rose rapidly to the elastic limit and then gradually increased to the maximum value in all cases.The maximum support pressure decreased slightly in cases where C/D=0.8,1,and 1.3,but the rebound was insignificant where C/D=0.5.In addition,the configuration of the failure mode with C/D=0.5 showed a wedge-shaped arch,which was determined by the outcropping shear failure.The configuration of failure modes was composed of an arch and the inverted trapezoid when C/D=0.8,1,and 1.3,in which the mode was divided into lower and upper failure zones.

An efficient probabilistic design approach for tunnel face stability by inverse reliability analysis

In order to maintain the safety of underground constructions that significantly involve geo-material uncertainties,this paper delivers a new computation framework for conducting reliability-based design(RBD)of shallow tunnel face stability,utilizing a simplified inverse first-order reliability method(FORM).The limit state functions defining tunnel face stability are established for both collapse and blow-out modes of the tunnel face failure,respectively,and the deterministic results of the tunnel face support pressure are obtained through three-dimensional finite element limit analysis(FELA).Because the inverse reliability method can directly capture the design support pressure according to prescribed target reliability index,the computational cost for probabilistic design of tunnel face stability is greatly reduced.By comparison with Monte Carlo simulation results,the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed method are verified.Further,this study presents a series of reliability-based design charts for vividly understanding the limit support pressure on tunnel face in both cohesionless(sandy)soil and cohesive soil stratums,and their optimal support pressure ranges are highlighted.The results show that in the case of sandy soil stratum,the blowout failure of tunnel face is extremely unlikely,whereas the collapse is the only possible failure mode.The parametric study of various geotechnical uncertainties also reveals that ignoring the potential correlation between soil shear strength parameters will lead to over-designed support pressure,and the coefficient of variation of internal friction angle has a greater influence on the tunnel face failure probability than that of the cohesion.

水位变化下浅埋盾构隧道开挖面渗透力与稳定性研究

为分析临江地区透水地层浅埋盾构开挖面渗流作用下的稳定性,结合安庆市沿江东路管廊盾构段典型断面,建立浅埋盾构三维流固耦合数值模型,分析水位变化、土体力学性质对开挖面稳定性影响以及渗透力的变化规律,明确浅埋盾构渗透作用下开挖面的失稳形式,建立区别于传统破坏模型的圆台-弧转体数学模型,提出一种基于极限分析上限法且考虑渗透力作用的极限支护压力的计算方法,并与已有研究结果相对比,验证该方法的可行性;根据该方法分析水位、土体力学参数、盾构掘进参数对极限支护压力的影响。研究结果表明:黏聚力及内摩擦角增加会导致破坏区高度显著减小,而水位增加会导致破坏区高度及长度显著增加;开挖面上渗透力随开挖面与拱顶的距离增大而增大,渗透力随水位变化呈线性变化,平均渗透力随水位变化率为2.75 kN·m^(-3);极限支护压力随黏聚力、水位呈线性变化,随摩擦角呈非线性变化;结合开挖面前方土层土体力学性质,极限支护压力随水位变化率为5.11~5.75 kPa,与实测土仓压力变化率6.38 kPa较吻合,控制土仓压力在80 kPa以上时能有效保证开挖面稳定。

基于上限定理的砂卵石地层盾构隧道开挖面稳定性分析

目前对砂卵石地层开挖面稳定理论模型的研究相对较少,施工过程中盾构机支护力的施加多凭借施工经验进行。为研究砂卵石地层开挖面失稳问题,运用极限分析法上限定理,结合椭球体放矿理论,建立盾构隧道开挖面极限分析模型的计算方法,研究开挖面前方土体变形未发展至地表与发展至地的表两种工况,得到了极限支护力的上限解析解。并选取五种典型的理论分析方法验证了计算结果的正确性。结果表明:所提出的对数螺线椭球体机制得到的开挖面极限支护力受地层内摩擦角、隧道直径以及土体重度的影响较大,埋深和黏聚力的影响较小,地表超载的影响最小;其中开挖面极限支护力均随着土体重度和隧道直径的增大而线性增大,随着摩擦角增大呈现非线性减小趋势;通过与旋转破坏机制、3D对数螺线机制、FLAC^(3D)数值模拟得到的开挖面前方塌落区域的对比,所提出的开挖面前方塌落机制与数值模拟能接近地层的失效形状。

基于多对数螺旋曲线破坏机构的富水软岩隧道开挖面支护应力分析

为了避免对胡克-布朗准则进行任何线性化处理,将广义胡克-布朗(generalized Hoek-Brown, GHB)强度准则直接引入到开挖面稳定性分析中,基于极限分析理论构建了富水地层浅埋隧道开挖面多对数螺旋线破坏机构。在考虑孔隙水压力的作用下,推导出能量平衡方程,得到开挖面极限支护应力表达式,并且通过程序优化得到支护应力最优上限解。在此基础上,分析了GHB强度参数、孔隙水压力系数、岩土体重度以及隧道埋深比对开挖面稳定性的影响。最后通过归一化处理得到不同情况下的开挖面极限支护应力稳定性图表,通过该图表能够快速便捷地获得富水地层隧道开挖面维持稳定性所需的极限支护应力,为盾构隧道初步设计提供理论依据。

基于M-C准则的任意角度隧道掌子面稳定性分析

为探究任意盾构角度影响下隧道掌子面的稳定情况,以向上倾斜盾构隧道为例,基于线性Mohr-Coulomb强度准则,运用空间离散技术及“点生点”技术,考虑倾斜角度对隧道掌子面稳定性的影响,通过改进现有的隧道掌子面三维主被动破坏模型,实现了倾斜隧道掌子面的主被动破坏极限支护压力的求解,并建立了线性Mohr-Coulomb准则下倾斜隧道掌子面三维主被动破坏模型,生成了与之对应的主被动破坏模型的能耗方程。通过本文模型计算结果与现有模型和数值模拟的计算结果进行对比分析,验证了本文所建立的倾斜隧道掌子面三维主被动破坏模型的合理性。结果表明,任意盾构纵向倾角是影响掌子面稳定性的重要因素,不可忽略;本文所建立的任意角度掌子面三维旋转主被动破坏模型相比现有模型更接近真实解,在掌子面稳定性分析时能够得到更优的分析结果,为类似隧道盾构施工的安全性提供了有效的理论指导与参考。

大断面管幕箱涵隧道开挖面极限支护压力研究

【目的】箱涵隧道具有断面大、推进缓慢等特点,开挖面易失稳。【方法】依托合肥市庐州大道浅埋隧道下穿机场跑道实例工程,利用极限平衡理论、摩尔-库伦强度准则、全覆土重理论进行理论推导,并结合大型三维精细化数值模型,对开挖面极限支护压力进行研究。【结果】结果表明:提出了一种简便的管幕作用下大断面箱涵隧道开挖面极限支护压力计算方法。基于此,通过毕肖普条分法计算值与文章提出的极限支护压力计算值相比较,误差极小,证明了该方法的准确性。通过建立管幕箱涵施工三维数值模型,发现地表沉降量和开挖面纵轴线方向位移量随着支护压力的增大而减小,并趋于稳定状态。当支护压力超过静止土压力时,上部土体受强挤压作用,开挖面状态易呈倒S形。【结论】以上结果可为相类似工程提供参考。

Effect of cutterhead configuration on tunnel face stability during shield machine maintenance outages

Owing to long-distance advancement or obstacles,shield tunneling machines are typically shut down for maintenance.Engineering safety during maintenance outages is determined by the stability of the tunnel face.Pressure maintenance openings are typically used under complicated hydrogeological conditions.The tunnel face is supported by a medium at the bottom of the excavation chamber and compressed air at the top.Owing to the high risk of face failure,the necessity of support pressure when cutterhead support is implemented and a method for determining the value of compressed air pressure using different support ratios must to be determined.In this study,a non-fully chamber supported rotational failure model considering cutterhead support is developed based on the upper-bound theorem of limit analysis.Numerical simulation is conducted to verify the accuracy of the proposed model.The results indicate that appropriately increasing the specific gravity of the supporting medium can reduce the risk of collapse.The required compressed air pressure increases significantly as the support ratio decreases.Disregarding the supporting effect of the cutterhead will result in a tunnel face with underestimated stability.To satisfy the requirement of chamber openings at atmospheric pressure,the stratum reinforcement strength and range at the shield end are provided based on different cutterhead aperture ratios.

Face stability analysis of a shield tunnel excavated along inclined strata

The horizontally layered or even inclined strata are often encountered in practical shield tunneling.The influence of inclined strata on face stability of shield tunnels is not fully investigated by the existing studies.This paper adopts both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation to carry out research on face stability in inclined strata.The spatial discretization technique is adopted to construct a threedimensional(3D)kinematic failure mechanism considering intersection between inclined soil interface and tunnel face.An analytical solution for critical support pressure is obtained.Besides,the critical support pressure and 3D kinematic mechanism are compared with numerical results to verify accuracy and effectiveness of analytical model.The influences of dip and position of inclined strata on face stability are thoroughly studied.The proposed failure mechanism can serve as a reference for face stability analysis in inclined strata.

浅埋盾构隧道开挖面被动失稳楔形体计算模型改进

以浅埋盾构隧道开挖面被动失稳模式为研究对象,对楔形体计算模型进行改进,提出了一种新的开挖面等效法,将楔形体计算模型里的倒棱台筒仓改进为倒圆台筒仓,推导了开挖面被动失稳极限支护压力计算公式。主要结论有:楔形体倾角(α)与土体内摩擦角(φ)有关,α最优值为40°-φ/2。通过与既有开挖面被动失稳的极限支护压力解析解及数值解对比,发现改进后的楔形体模型计算结果更接近数值解,说明本文推导的计算公式是可靠的。

盾构隧道开挖面改进三维模型和临界支护压力研究

为解决城市地铁隧道盾构掘进过程中开挖面稳定性较难准确评估的问题,以及针对目前采用极限平衡方法建立的模型无法准确描述隧道开挖面失稳破坏机制的现状,提出一种针对浅埋隧道的改进三维模型。通过将模型与物理试验和数值模拟进行对比,其偏差小于10%,验证改进模型的合理性和有效性。在此基础上,研究土壤参数、隧道直径和埋深对改进模型得出的临界支护压力和失效机制特征的影响规律。结果表明:1)土壤的内摩擦角和黏聚力对临界支护压力影响显著;2)由于土拱效应的存在,隧道埋深和直径在增大至临界值后,临界支护压力将保持不变;3)相比于黏聚力和隧道埋深,土壤内摩擦角的改变对失效机制特征的影响更加显著。

砂卵石层盾构开挖面失稳分析及双参数掘进控制

为探究砂卵石层盾构施工的开挖面失稳过程和支护力设定方法,针对成都地铁盾构掘进施工超挖失稳实例,开展了三维工程离散元(EDEM)分析,对不同支护力分布形式的极限支护力和开挖面稳定性进行分析。进而结合盾构施工超挖失稳区段的掘进参数,考虑盾构机整体机械性能配置,提出了开挖面稳定性双参数控制建议值。结果表明,开挖面失稳位置与支护力分布形式有关,开挖面处于极限状态时,盾构上方0.75 D(D为隧道直径)范围内产生土拱效应,当支护力逐渐减小至0.1 P_(0)(P_(0)为初始静止状态支护力)时,失稳区发展到地面;盾构掘进时应保持土仓适当欠压,并降低刀盘转速,为可能遇到的大粒径漂石和土仓压力控制预留足够的富余扭矩。

上软下硬地层盾构隧道掌子面稳定支护压力分析

准确控制掌子面压力是保证盾构隧道安全施工的重要因素之一,通过建立砂层占比分别为100%、87.5%、75%、62.5%、50%、37.5%、25%、12.5%的掌子面稳定性分析的三维数值模型,得到了砂层–泥质粉砂岩复合式上软下硬地层掌子面失稳破坏规律,并在此基础上推导出在上软下硬地层情况下掌子面极限支护力理论计算方法。计算结果表明:掌子面破坏模式主要受上部砂层控制,破坏面一般发生在砂土地层中;随着砂层占比的增大,掌子面极限支护力呈非线性增大趋势且当砂层占比低于75%时,掌子面极限支护力增长较快;所提出的掌子面支护力理论计算公式能较好地预测掌子面下限支护力,其结果与数值模拟计算值误差在5%以内,该计算方法可为上软下硬地层中盾构掌子面支护压力的确定提供参考。

朝上盾构开挖面被动失稳极限支护力研究

朝上掘进盾构法施工时开挖面压力控制不当会导致开挖面前方土体发生失稳破坏。对已有模型试验的结果进行分析,建立了朝上掘进盾构隧道开挖面上方土体破坏区的力学模型,基于极限平衡法推导出被动破坏模式下的开挖面极限支护力计算公式,研究了倒圆台体模型高度以及侧面与水平面的夹角对极限支护力的影响。研究结果表明,朝上掘进盾构开挖面上方土体的被动破坏模式呈现三维倒圆台体形态,极限支护力的大小随开挖面上覆土层的厚度增大而增加;当倒圆台体模型侧面与水平面的夹角在一定范围内变化时,极限支护力的大小随夹角的增大而减小,在实际工程中,如遇开挖面上层覆土厚度过小以及倒圆台模型侧面与水平面夹角过大的情况,土体极限支护力变小,易发生失稳。因此,为保证开挖面的稳定性,需要重点关注开挖面上层覆土厚度过小以及倒圆台模型侧面与水平面夹角过大带来的影响。

考虑坡度角的砂卵石地层盾构隧道开挖面稳定性研究

随着盾构隧道在城市中的应用越来越广泛,盾构隧道穿越的地层及障碍物的类型也愈发多样。为满足盾构隧道运营及穿越复杂地层或绕避重要构筑物的要求,盾构隧道线型设计中多采用一定的线型坡度角。现阶段关于坡度角对于盾构隧道开挖面稳定性影响的研究尚不全面,为研究不同坡度角对砂卵石盾构隧道开挖面稳定性的影响,以某砂卵石地层土压盾构项目为依托,基于极限平衡理论模型,采用离散元数值模拟对考虑隧道线路坡度角情况下的砂卵石地层盾构隧道开挖面失稳机理进行了分析。结合线路坡度角对极限分析上限解模型进行改进,并选用现有考虑线路坡度角的极限平衡法、极限分析法理论解与数值模拟结果进行验证。研究结果表明:开挖面极限支护压力受土体摩擦力、隧道直径与土体黏聚力影响,随着隧道直径由3 m增加到15 m,掌子面支护压力逐渐增加,而随着黏聚力逐渐增大,支护压力逐渐减小至0;同样条件下掌子面俯仰角10°时的支护压力大于俯仰角水平、-5°及-10°工况;当考虑坡度角计算开挖面极限支护压力时,仰角工况相对于水平工况及俯角工况更不利于开挖面的稳定。因此,在设计阶段,设计人员需要特别关注盾构穿越地层的地质情况综合确定线型,保障后续施工安全,当盾构遇到砂卵石地层上坡时,施工人员需要严格控制土舱压力及单环出土量。

铁路隧道掌子面极限支护力计算模型研究

为探究铁路隧道施工过程中掌子面支护力变化规律,根据铁路隧道掌子面的失稳模式,利用极限分析上限定理,建立了铁路隧道掌子面极限支护力计算模型;利用外力功率和内能耗散率计算得到掌子面的极限支护力,并通过实际工程验证了该计算模型在不同工况下的工程适用性。将极限支护力计算模型所得数据与现场实测数据进行对比分析,结果表明:该模型计算数据与现场实测数据接近,且在变化规律上呈一致性,有效地证明了极限支护力计算模型在工程应用中是合理可靠的。铁路隧道掌子面极限最小支护力的变化规律为:随地层复合角的增大而增大、随土体内摩擦角的增大而减小和随土体黏聚力的增大而减小。该研究成果为隧道开挖过程中的掌子面稳定性分析提供了理论指导与参考。

干砂盾构开挖面稳定性模型试验研究

盾构技术在地下空间开发中得到广泛应用,保持开挖面稳定性是盾构施工的关键,但这方面的大尺寸模型试验研究一直很少。利用直径1 m的盾构模型,研究了干砂地层中不同埋深比(C/D=0.5,1.0,2.0)下盾构开挖面稳定性问题。试验中分析了埋深比对开挖面极限支护力及地表沉降的影响,揭示了开挖面稳定性与极限支护力及地表沉降的关系,提出同时监测控制开挖面土舱压力及地表沉降的重要性,并给出关键控制键参数。对确定开挖面极限支护压力有重要的指导意义。

盾构法隧道开挖面极限支护压力研究

盾构法隧道施工中,通过在开挖面施加与原始地应力相等的支护压力来预防开挖引起地层变位较大或开挖面失稳,但是由于地层条件和施工等因素的影响,使得开挖面支护压力的设定和控制较为困难,合理的确定开挖面支护压力是盾构掘进施工中一项关键技术,开挖面支护压力大小的控制应该保证不至于压力过低发生开挖面坍塌,同时又不能压力过大而发生隆起破坏,因此目前开挖面支护压力研究中很大部分研究侧重于开挖面极限支护压力的确定。随着计算机技术的发展,数值模拟计算可以模拟盾构法复杂的地下开挖施工过程。文章采用数值模拟方法,研究了地下水位和土层参数对开挖面极限支护压力的影响,给出了合理的开挖面支护压力,并结合一工程实例进行了分析,得出了一些有用的结论,对盾构法隧道施工中合理的确定支护压力的大小具有一定的指导作用。