Ultra-Pure Ferritic Stainless Steels-Grade,Refining Operation,and Application

The grades of ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels, especially the grades used in automobile exhaust system, were reviewed. The dependence of properties on alloying elements, the refining facilities, and the mechanism of the reactions in steel melts were described in detail. Vacuum, strong stirring, and powder injection proved to be effective technologies in the melting of ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels. The application of the ferritic grades was also briefly introduced.

Development of low-cost high-strength stainless steel for new-energy bus frames

Along with strict environmental regulation, new-energy vehicles are becoming increasingly popular due to their low emissions, and they will inevitably replace existing fossil-fuel-based buses in China. To achieve a lightweight bus body ,high-strength steels are commonly used for the bus frame,but these grades are susceptible to corrosion. From the perspective of ＂lower life-cycle cost＂, high-strength stainless steel is a better bus structure choice than high-strength carbon steels, since stainless steel bus frames last 10-15 years without requiring any maintenance. The low-cost high-strength stainless steels developed by Baosteel are introduced,the yield and tensile strengths of which can be controlled to within the range of 350-700 MPa and 900-1 200 MPa,respectively, and the elongation values are above 30%. Measurements of the toughness and fatigue resistance of these high-strength stainless steels and their joints indicate that the structural integrity requirements for bus frames can be met. The results of salt spray corrosion studies indicate that stainless steels will substantially increase the service life of bus frames in wet and icy winter conditions where deicing with CaC12 is necessary for road safety. The results of our investigation clearly indicate that high-strength stainless steel is a potential bus-frame material that makes it possible to achieve substantial weight savings, excellent corrosion resistance, and prolonged operational life.

Development and prospect of secondary refining technology for ultra pure ferritic stainless steel

Ultra pure ferritic stainless steel has more advantages in the performance than the ordinary ferritic stainless steel because of ultra low carbon and nitrogen content,such as corrosion resistance,toughness and weldability,etc.Such steel has therefore been applied in many fields,leading to the very rapid development over the past 40 years.This study focuses on the secondary refining process which is the most important step of the whole steelmaking process for the ultra pure ferritic stainless.Firstly,some difficulties of the secondary refining process are described,including the high purification in terms of both carbon and nitrogen contents, high efficient and stable control.Secondly,the development and progress of the secondary refining technology for ultra pure ferritic stainless is introduced in terms of the refining equipments,metallurgical process and assistant technologies.Finally,the prospect was made for the development of secondary refining process for ultra pure ferritic stainless in the future.

Inclusion control of ultra clean ferritic stainless steel

The most important characteristics of the ultra clean ferritic stainless steel is that the carbon,nitrogen and other interstitial elements are very low.The ultra clean ferritic stainless steel has been widely used for household appliances,auto exhaust system,elevator,water treatment system,building roof and other various fields,because of its low cost,pro-environment,excellent properties.They can replace some traditional austenitic stainless steel.such 304 and 316L.The addition of titanium to liquid steel has become common for stabilizing nitrogen and carbon in steel.Titanium reacts with nitrogen,carbon,and oxygen to form titanium nitride,carbide, carbonitride and oxide.These inclusions may have a deleterious effect on the properties such as toughness, ductility,weldability and corrosion.In addition,the inclusions can also agglomerate and cause surface quality problem of the slab and clogging of the submerged entry nozzle during continuous casting process. The formation rules of inclusions in ultra clean ferritic stainless steel were investigated by the thermodynamic calculation,and methods of controlling inclusions were put forward to improve the quality of product.The composition,type,amount,size and distribution of the inclusions in the slab are investigated by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope.The results can be concluded as follows.(1) In the slab,the main original inclusions,with size of larger than 2μm,are Al_2O_3,TiN or Ti(CN) and complex TiN or Ti(CN) inclusion with core of MgO,MgO-Al_2O_3 and Ti_2o_3,which will not affect the performance of the steel if they are in diffusing distribution.The size of these inclusions are less than 10μm except some Al_2O_3 inclusions in size of 10-40μm.(2) Foreign inclusions are Ti_2O_3-Al_2O_3-MgO-SiO_2 in size above 50μm covered by TiN or Ti (CN).Although these inclusions are few,they do harm to the surface quality of stainless steel.It is able to reduce the risk of forming this kind of inclusion by aluminium deoxidation with increasing Al content to restrain the formation of Ti_2O_3.(3 ) TiN or Ti(CN) is easy to precipitate on inclusions such as MgO,MgO-Al_2O_3 and Ti_2O_3,except Al_2O_3.Controlling the content of[Ti]and[N]and the formation of the oxides can be used to control the precipitation of TiN or Ti(CN).

Advanced manufacturing technologies of large martensitic stainless steel castings with ultra low carbon and high cleanliness

The key manufacturing technologies associated with composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, casting quality and key process control for large martensitic stainless steel castings are involved in this paper. The achievements fully satisfeid the technical requirements of the large 700 MW stainless steel hydraulic turbine runner for the Three Gorges Hydropower Station, and become the major technical support for the design and manufacture of the largest 700 MW hydraulic turbine generator unit in the world developed through our own efforts. The characteristics of a new high yield to tensile strength (R p0.2/R m ) ratio and high obdurability martensitic stainless steel with ultra low carbon and high cleanliness are also described. Over the next ten years, the large martensitic stainless steel castings and advanced manufacturing technologies will see a huge demand in clean energy industry such as nuclear power, hydraulic power at home and abroad. Therefore, the new high yield o tensile strength (R p0.2/R m ) ratio and high obdurability martensitic stainless steel materials, the fast and flexible manufacturing technologies of large size castings, and new environment friendly sustainable process will face new challenges and opportunities.

Low molybdenum ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel for solar water heaters

In order to meet the demands of service life and the synthetical performance/price ratio of stainless steel in the solar water heater industry, the low molybdenum ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel （FSS） B445J1M was developed at Baosteel. In this study, comparative studies were carried out on the mechanical properties, the formability and the corrosion resistance of B445J1M ,304 and 444 ,and the advantages and application fields of B445J1M were summarized.

Effect of cold-rolled annealing processes on microstructure and properties of ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel

In this study, the influence of annealing processes for cold-rolled sheets on the microstructure and mechanical performance of ultra-pure 430 ferritic stainless steel was investigated. Thermo-Calc calculation, organization observation, SEM detection,and tensile tests were used to discern the optimal annealing process. It is found that the microstructure is made up by the fine and uniform recrystallized ferritic grains after annealing. The optimum annealing process for ultra-pure 430 stainless steel is 950 ℃ for 90 s. After annealing, the stainless steel can obtain the optimum microstructure,recrystallization texture, and mechanical properties.

超高强度不锈钢10Cr13Co13Mo5Ni3W1VE微观组织对局部腐蚀行为的影响

采用未时效、200、400℃以及500℃时效状态下10Cr13Co13Mo5Ni3W1VE(S280)马氏体超高强度不锈钢为研究对象,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、背散射电子衍射(EBSD)等测试方法,结合电化学测试手段与X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)测试,分析S280的微观组织结构特征演变与钝化膜结构成分与耐蚀性能,研究钝化膜稳定性特征与材料微观组织结构的关系。结果表明:500℃时效温度下的S280钢有细小弥散的富含Cr,Mo元素的析出相,分布在马氏体板条中。随着时效温度升高,无明显的残余奥氏体及逆转变奥氏体析出。在成膜电位(0.1~0.85 V)下,S280钝化膜在pH=8.5的硼酸盐缓冲液中呈p型半导体性质,表现为双层膜结构,外部由疏松多孔的Fe/Cr氢氧化物组成,内层由致密的Cr/Fe氧化物构成,其成分主要是Cr_(2)O_(3)。通过电化学阻抗测试结合Mott-Schottky分析,探明S280在200℃时效下耐蚀性最好,其耐蚀性能由晶界取向特性与沉淀相导致的元素偏析共同影响。

Nb微合金化对Cr-Co-Ni-Mo系超高强度不锈钢腐蚀疲劳性能的影响

为探讨超高强度不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂行为,采用Cr-Co-Ni-Mo系超高强度不锈钢为研究对象,利用OM、XRD、TEM等测试手段,结合腐蚀疲劳试验,研究了Nb微合金化对Cr-Co-Ni-Mo系超高强度不锈钢腐蚀疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中具有一定的应力腐蚀敏感性,其应力腐蚀开裂机理为氢致开裂和阳极溶解的混合机制。Nb微合金化提高了钢的腐蚀疲劳性能,钢中添加0.11%的Nb后,钢的腐蚀疲劳强度由440 MPa提高至495 MPa,其主要原因是,Nb微合金化可以细化钢的晶粒尺寸,促进钢中不可逆氢陷阱NbC的析出,增加了钢中原奥氏体晶界总量、小角晶界所占比例、Σ3晶界数量、奥氏体体积分数等。

不锈钢管道的比放气率研究

不锈钢管道的比放气率是超高真空系统设计的关键参数,降低比放气率是提高真空度的有效方法之一。在西安200 MeV质子应用装置(XiPAF)的重离子升级工程中,重离子同步环真空管道内要求达到超高真空度(10−10 Pa量级),要求不锈钢管道的比放气率不超过1.5×10^(−13)Pa·m^(3)/(s·cm^(2))。文章通过研究降低不锈钢管道比放气率的方法,得到一套不锈钢管道处理方案,使得不锈钢管道的比放气率不大于此数值。降低比放气率的方案包括三个关键问题,即不锈钢材料的选取、真空炉高温烘烤方案选择和加热带烘烤方案选择。论文设计了实验方案,定制加工了四根相同尺寸的不锈钢实验管道,304和316L两种材料各两根,四根管道分为两组分别进行真空炉500℃和950℃烘烤,每根管道做四次加热带烘烤实验,烘烤温度依次设定为150℃、200℃、250℃和300℃,并测量每根管道最终的比放气率。为测量不锈钢实验管道的比放气率,搭建了一套比放气率测试平台。测量结果表明,加工厂家提供的304和316L两种不锈钢材料的初始管道比放气率的大小与材料种类无特定规律;实验中真空炉或者加热带的烘烤均能使比放气率降低1~2个数量级;管道依次进行真空炉950℃烘烤和加热带300℃烘烤之后,比放气率可以达到5×10^(−14)Pa·m^(3)/(s·cm^(2))以下,满足XiPAF重离子升级工程要求。

基于液氢储运的超低温不锈钢微观组织演变与力学性能研究进展

针对不锈钢在低温服役过程中面临高强低韧、低耐磨以及氢脆等一系列问题,阐述3种典型的氢脆理论,并分析不锈钢超低温下材料化学成分、应变量和应变速率等参量对其力学性能的影响规律,从微观角度明晰不锈钢超低温下的组织演变机制,揭示位错组态、滑移带、机械孪晶、奥氏体相、马氏体相的变化与力学性能改变的内在联系,对改善加工工艺、调控材料化学成分比例以及减小晶粒尺寸3种强化手段进行机理分析。最后介绍不锈钢在氢能储运领域中的典型应用以及未来发展趋势。

不锈钢冶金废渣制备超细掺合料配比研究

在节能减排和绿色发展的背景下,大量堆放的冶金固废对环境污染的问题亟待解决。针对不锈钢生产过程中排放的工业固废—镍铁渣与不锈钢尾渣,复掺粉煤灰、脱硫石膏,以7d活性和28d活性为性能指标,基于力学性能进行配比优化研究。结果表明:不锈钢尾渣和镍铁渣的掺入比例对于超细掺合料的活性影响最大,其次是粉煤灰的掺入量,脱硫石膏的掺入量对于活性的影响相对较小。比表面积超过600cm^(2)/g以后继续粉磨对活性提升不明显。综合考虑制备超细固废掺合料的配比为镍铁渣:不锈钢尾渣=8∶2,粉煤灰掺量为20%,SO_(3)的含量控制在3.0%,比表面积为600cm^(2)/g,此时超细掺合料的28d活性最高,7d活性80%,28d活性达91%。

Mechanisms of Solidification Structure Improvement of Ultra Pure 17 wt% Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel by Ti,Nb Addition

The grain structures and the precipitates in the solidification microstructure of the ultra pure 17 wt% Cr ferritic stainless steels with different Ti and/or Nb micro-alloying were investigated both experimentally and theoretically. It was found by the grain structure observation that the addition of Ti or Nb to the steel reduced the grain size （D） and elongation factor （E）, and improved the equiaxed grain proportion （P） and globularity factor （￡）. Among the four steels studied, the minimum grain size and maximum equiaxed grain proportion were obtained by jointly adding both Ti and Nb to the steel. The SEM observation indicated that several kinds of precipitations, such as TiN, MC （rich in Nb）, Laves phase （Fe2Nb） and so on, formed in the corresponding steels. In addition, the results calculated using the Thermo-Calc software illustrated that TiN precipitates in the liquid at proper Ti and N contents. Meanwhile, the solidification interval （△T） was enlarged by the addition of Ti or Nb, and the effectiveness of Nb was stronger than Ti. Based on the experimental and calculation results, the mechanisms of grain refinement and increment in equiaxed grain proportion were discussed.

微米级厚度金属箔杯突成形极限研究

304不锈钢应用在某些精密零件上时往往需要将材料超薄化处理,因此研究超薄304不锈钢金属箔的成形性能十分有意义。以微米级厚度的304不锈钢金属箔为研究材料,研究摩擦因数、厚度异向系数及压边力对30、60、100μm这3种厚度试件的成形性能的影响。通过拉伸试验获取3种不同厚度试件的力学参数,再将所获得的力学参数输入LS-DYNA有限元软件进行仿真,用杯突试验验证仿真结果,两者具有一致性。通过有限元仿真研究试件成形性能的影响因素,结果表明摩擦因数越小、厚度异向系数越大,在一定范围内压边力越小试件成形性能越好。最后采用光刻法对超薄金属箔材料进行网格印制,并以60μm厚度的试件为例绘制成形极限图。

Repetitive Thermomechanical Processing towards Ultra Fine Grain Structure in 301,304 and 304L Stainless Steels

Thermomechanical processing as a combination of cold rolling and annealing was performed on austenitic stainless steels 301,304 and 304L. Two cold rolling steps each one up to a reduction of 75% were combined with an intermediate annealing at 800℃ for 20 min. The final annealing was performed at.the same temperature and time. Cold rolling contributed to martensite formation at the expense of metastable austenite in the studied materials. Austenite in 301 was found to be less stable than that in 304 and 304L. Hence, higher strength characteristics in the as-quenched 301 stainless steels were attributed to the higher volume fraction of martensite. Both α′-martensite and ε-martensite were found to form as induced by deformation. However, the intensity of ε-martensite increased as the stability of austenite decreased. Annealing after cold rolling led to the reversion of austenite with an ultra fine grained structure in the order of 0.5-1 μm from the strain induced martensite. The final grain size was found to be an inverse function of the amount of strain induced martensite. The thermomechanical processing considerably improved the strength characteristics while the simultaneous decrease of elongation was rather low.

Evolution of Through-Thickness Texture in Ultra Purified 17%Cr Ferritic Stainless Steels

Texture inhomogeneity usually takes place in ferritic stainless steels due to the lack of phase transformation and recrystallization during hot strip rolling,which can deteriorate the formability of final sheets.In order to work out the way of weakening texture inhomogeneity,conventional hot rolling and warm rolling processes have been carried out with an ultra purified ferritic stainless steel.The results showed that the evolution of through-thickness texture is closely dependent on rolling process,especially for the texture in the center layer.For both conventional and warm rolling processes,shear texture components were formed in the surface layers after hot rolling and annealing;sharp α-fiber and weakγ-fiber with the major component at{111}〈110〉 were developed in both cold rolled sheet surfaces,leading to the formation of inhomogeneousγ-fiber dominated by{111}〈112〉after recrystallization annealing.In the center layer of conventional rolled and annealed bands,strongα-fiber and weakγ-fiber textures were formed;the cold rolled textures were comprised of sharpα-fiber and weakγ-fiber with the major component at{111}〈110〉,and inhomogeneousγ-fiber dominated by{111}〈112〉 was formed after recrystallization annealing.By contrast,in the centre layer of warm rolled bands,the texture was comprised of weakα-fiber and sharpγ-fiber,andγ-fiber became the only component after annealing.The cold rolled texture displayed a sharpγ-fiber with the major component at{111}〈112〉and the intensity ofγ-fiber close to that ofα-fiber,resulting in the formation of a nearly homogeneousγ-fiber recrystallization texture in the center layer of the final sheet.

Inclusions for Ultra-pure Ferritic Stainless Steels Containing 21% Chromium

As stabilizing elements added into ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels, niobium and titanium react with car- bon and nitrogen to form carbonitrides and have great effects on the ratio of equiaxed zone and the grain size of solidi- fication structure of ingots, which remarkably affect the quality of cold-rolled sheets. Combined with thermodynamic calculation, style and precipitation progress of inclusions in ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectros- copy. The results indicate that the inclusions are mainly Ti-Al-N- O system inclusions in ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels. Al2Oa starts to precipitate firstly and then TiOx and TiN precipitates sequently. The inclusions are mainly single TiN particles and complex inclusions with Al2O3-Ti2O3 as cores and covered with TiN under the condition of 0.31% titanium addition and mainly Al2O3 under the condition of 0.01% titanium addition. A few （Nb,Ti）N parti- cles precipitate because of no enough titanium to react with nitrogen when titanium addition is 0.01 %. In addition, fine Nb（C, N） particles with size of less than 500 nm precipitate at relatively low temperature.

不锈钢筋混凝土梁受弯性能试验研究

对不锈钢筋混凝土(HSS-RC)梁、不锈钢筋超高性能混凝土(HSS-UHPC)梁进行抗弯性能试验研究,得到不锈钢筋超高性能混凝土(HSS-UHPC)梁的受弯性能。结果表明:不锈钢筋与UHPC共同工作时,承载能力、抗裂性能均显著提高;配筋率和截面积与试件承载能力呈正相关,与裂缝宽度呈负相关;平截面假定仍适用于HSS-PC梁与HSS-UHPC梁;GB 5010—2010《混凝土结构设计规范》中普通钢筋混凝土受弯承载力公式及裂缝宽度计算公式仍适用于HSS-RC梁;考虑受拉区UHPC的抗拉性能,提出了适用于HSS-UHPC梁的受弯承载力公式和裂缝宽度计算公式。为不锈钢筋混凝土梁的设计及工程应用提供试验依据与理论基础。

超高性能混凝土中纤维的界面效应及其与水泥基材的匹配性研究

为了解决超高性能混凝土脆性大和易开裂的问题,增加其抗拉强度和韧性,研究建立了室内试验模型,通过单纤维拉拔试验研究不同纤维类型和纤维埋置深度对水泥基材界面的黏结性能影响。结果表明,在相同的水泥基材料条件下,不锈钢纤维的抗拔荷载最大,束状单丝聚丙烯纤维的抗拔荷载次之,短切丝碳纤维的抗拔荷载远小于不锈钢纤维和束状单丝聚丙烯纤维,纤维类型对界面黏结强度、抗拔荷载影响规律一致;随着纤维埋置深度的增加,不锈钢纤维的和束状单丝聚丙烯纤维的最大拔出荷载均不断增加,而界面黏结强度均不断减小,短切丝碳纤维的最大拔出荷载和界面黏结强度变化不明显。

钛含量对443超纯铁素体不锈钢凝固组织的影响

通过真空感应炉浇注不同钛含量的443超纯铁素体不锈钢铸锭,并分析研究不同钛含量对443超纯铁素体不锈钢铸锭凝固组织的影响。试验结果表明:443超纯铁素体不锈钢凝固过程中先从液相中析出高温铁素体,随着温度降低析出TiN和NbC。钛含量越高凝固组织的等轴晶率越高、晶粒尺寸越小,在[Ti]为0.3%时,铸锭组织全部为等轴晶,等轴晶率为100%,平均尺寸达到0.56 mm,晶粒球化率为0.85。