超大型油轮(Ultra Large Crude Carrier,ULCC)

超大型油轮是指32万载重吨以上的油轮。据统计,到1981年1月底,世界上共有特大型油轮(ULCC)和超大型油轮720艘,但有逐渐减少的趋势。到1981年6月底,世界上下水的最大油轮是由日本钢管公司建造的“海水巨人”号。

Advanced manufacturing technologies of large martensitic stainless steel castings with ultra low carbon and high cleanliness

The key manufacturing technologies associated with composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, casting quality and key process control for large martensitic stainless steel castings are involved in this paper. The achievements fully satisfeid the technical requirements of the large 700 MW stainless steel hydraulic turbine runner for the Three Gorges Hydropower Station, and become the major technical support for the design and manufacture of the largest 700 MW hydraulic turbine generator unit in the world developed through our own efforts. The characteristics of a new high yield to tensile strength (R p0.2/R m ) ratio and high obdurability martensitic stainless steel with ultra low carbon and high cleanliness are also described. Over the next ten years, the large martensitic stainless steel castings and advanced manufacturing technologies will see a huge demand in clean energy industry such as nuclear power, hydraulic power at home and abroad. Therefore, the new high yield o tensile strength (R p0.2/R m ) ratio and high obdurability martensitic stainless steel materials, the fast and flexible manufacturing technologies of large size castings, and new environment friendly sustainable process will face new challenges and opportunities.

Efficient development strategies for large ultra-deep structural gas fields in China

Through analyzing the development of large ultra-deep structural gas fields in China,strategies for the efficient development of such gas fields are proposed based on their geological characteristics and production performance.According to matrix properties,fracture development degree and configuration between matrix and fractures,the reservoirs are classified into three types:single porosity single permeability system,dual porosity dual permeability system,and dual porosity single permeability system.These three types of gas reservoirs show remarkable differences in different scales of permeability,the ratio of dynamic reserves to volumetric reserves and water invasion risk.It is pointed out that the key factors affecting development efficiency of these gas fields are determination of production scale and rapid identification of water invasion.Figuring out the characteristics of the gas fields and working out pertinent technical policies are the keys to achieve efficient development.The specific strategies include reinforcing early production appraisal before full scale production by deploying high precision development seismic survey,deploying development appraisal wells in batches and scale production test to get a clear understanding on the structure,reservoir type,distribution pattern of gas and water,and recoverable reserves,controlling production construction pace to ensure enough evaluation time and accurate evaluation results in the early stage,in line with the development program made according to the recoverable reserves,working out proper development strategies,optimizing pattern and proration of wells based on water invasion risk and gas supply capacity of matrix,and reinforcing research and development of key technologies.

Design of Ultra-Precision CNC Grinding Machine and Its Application in Machining Large Aspheric Mirrors

Large aspheric mirrors are needed for the remote sensing and ground based telescope optical systems,these mirrors are made of hard and brittle materials which require ultra-precision grinding process to guarantee the high profile accuracy and machining efficiency. The ultra-precision aspheric CNC grinding machine( UAG900) is presented by this paper,as well as its grinding capability. The hydrostatic bearings of high accuracy and stiffness are adopted by the linear and rotary motions to guarantee the mirror accuracy,material removal rate and subsurface damage. Disk type grinding wheel with arc edge is used. The material removal rate can be up to 360 mm3/ min to guarantee the machining efficiency during rough grinding using D180 diamond grinding wheel while the fine grinding is performed using D15 grinding wheel. It indicates that the grinding wheel radius measuring error is proportional to the profile error induced by the grinding path. The grinding step size is better to be 0. 01 mm for the reduction of the grinding movement accelerations and program length. The grinding path is planned and expressed based on the grinding mode according to the mirror shape. One540 mm×450 mm× 100 mm zerodur mirror is ground and re-ground using the measuring data acquired by the Leitz CMM. The final surface accuracy of P-V value is less than 5 μm after compensation grinding.

Research on Large Depth Diameter Ratio Ultra-precision Aspheric Grinding System

In this paper, the factors of affecting surface roughness and profiles accuracy of the machined larege depth diamter ratio aspheric surfaces in ultra-precision grinding process are analyzed theoretically. An ultra-precision aspheric grinding system is then designed and manufactured. Aerostatic form is adopted to build the spindle of the workpiece, transverse guideway, longitudinal guideway and the spindle of the grinder in this system. The following specification is achieved, such as the turning accuracy of the spindle of the workpiece is 0.05 μm, radial rigidity of the spindle is GE 220N/μm, axial rigidity is GE 160 N/μm, radial rigidity of the guideway is GE 200N/μm, the highest rotational speed of the grinder is 80 000 rev/min and its turning accuracy is 0.1 μm, the resolution of linear displacement of the transverse and longitudinal guideway is 4.9 nm. Adjusting range of this adjusting mechanism is 2 mm in the Y direction, the adjusting accuracy of the precise adjusting mechanism is 0.1 μm. Micro displacement measuring system of this ultra-precision aspheric grinding adopts two-backfeed strategy, and angle displacement back-feed is realized by photoelectric encoder, it’s resolution is 655 360 pulse/rev. after 4 frequency multiplication, it’s angle displacement resolution is achieved 2 621 440 pulse/rev. Straight-line displacement is monitored by single frequency laser interferometer (DLSTAX LTM-20B, made in Japan). This CNC system adopts inimitable bi-arc step length flex CN interpolation algorithm, it’s CN system resolution is 5 nm.So this aspheric grinding system ensures profile accuracy of the machined part. The resolution of this interferometer is 5 nm. Finally, lots of ultra-precision grinding experiments are carried out on this grinding system. Some optical aspheric parts, with profiles accuracy of 0.3 μm, surface roughness less than 0.01 μm, are obtained.

A Summary of the Large-Scale Access Convergence Network Structure

Under the requirement of everything over IP, network service shows the following characteristics:(1) network service increases its richness;(2) broadband streaming media becomes the mainstream. To achieve unified multi-service bearing in the IP network, the largescale access convergence network architecture is proposed. This flat access convergence structure with ultra-small hops, which shortens the service transmission path, reduces the complexity of the edge of the network, and achieves IP strong waist model with the integration of computation, storage and transmission. The key technologies are also introduced in this paper, including endto-end performance guarantee for real time interactive services, fog storing mechanism, and built-in safety transmission with integration of aggregation and control.

Experimental and Numerical Research on Deformation Behavior of Thin-Walled and Large Expansion Ratio Guide Vane Liner in Hydroforming Process

Some tube hydroforming process tests and further research work were conducted to manufacture hollow guide vane liners( made of super alloy GH3030).The relative thickness( t0/ OD) of the tubular blank is approximately 0. 01,and the maximum expansion ratio( Dmax/ OD) of the needed part is more than 40%,and the length to diameter ratio of the expansion regionis more than 3. 0. It is very hard to manufacture this kind of ultra-thin-wall,curved axis and large expansion ratio tubular part without fracture and wrinkles. The success of the process is highly dependent on useful wrinkles with appropriate internal pressure and axial feeding. A simplified finite element model and a theoretical model are used for detecting the deformation behavior and forming laws. Further study results demonstrate that the useful wrinkles do not appear at the same time and middle-wrinkles need bigger axial force than tube-end-wrinkles and feeding-wrinkles. The wrinkles can transfer bigger axial force after its wave peak has come into contact with the die inner surface. The thickness thinning rate of the element at the peak is bigger than that at the trough. With the increase of the axial and hoop stress ratio,the critical buckling stress also increases. Microstructure examination results show that the grain size in the maximum thinning zone has been stretched and refined after the large deformation and annealing treatment.The process is feasible and the finished part is qualified.

万米深井上部大尺寸井眼钻柱动力学特性研究

油气勘探已向更深、更复杂的超深层的万米勘探新领域推进,但上部大尺寸井眼给万米深井的钻井提出了巨大挑战:岩石硬和返速低导致钻速慢,大尺寸井眼内剧烈振动导致钻具裂纹多发,钻压小则钻速慢,钻压稍大则下部振动快速加剧从而导致大尺寸钻具使用寿命远低于预期。为此,在对比研究了深地川科1井(以下简称SDCK-1井)和毗邻8000 m超深井上部井段钻柱振动问题基础上,基于全井钻柱系统动力学模型和数值仿真方法,针对性研究了大尺寸井眼中的钻柱动力学特性。研究结果表明:①井眼尺寸越大,钻头和下部钻具的振动越剧烈,SDCK-1井二开大尺寸井眼与邻井中等尺寸井眼相比(井深500 m处),其钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别增加了48.0%和41.5%,比SDCK-1井三开中等尺寸3000 m井深的钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别高了29.0%和2.9%;②相同井眼尺寸和岩石特性情况下,下部钻具组合比钻柱整体长度对钻头振动的影响更大,优化下部钻具组合能够明显改善钻头振动,保护钻头,同时还可以提高钻头破岩能量利用效率实现钻井提速;③在大尺寸井眼中钻头破岩激励向上传播,横向振动衰减慢于轴向振动衰减,大尺寸钻头扭矩更大且钻压和扭矩波动更加明显,因此从保护下部钻具的角度出发,大尺寸井眼钻具组合对抑制横振更加有效;④大尺寸井眼中下部钻具弯矩和弯矩波动更大,现场频繁出现的钻具裂纹除受控于整体振动强度较大以外,交变弯矩是裂纹发生的重要原因。结论认为,该研究成果揭示了超深井大尺寸井眼中钻柱的动力学特性,指出了应着重控制横振和交变弯矩,该认识可以为超深井上部大尺寸井眼钻井提供技术指导。

西安城市展示中心长悬挑、大跨度钢结构设计

西安城市展示中心由南馆、北馆和连桥组成,其中南馆悬挑长度62m,连桥跨度150m。结合建筑方案特点,南馆与连桥采用整层钢桁架结构体系,结构布置与建筑形态高度契合。介绍了南馆、连桥、穹顶、屋面等位置的结构布置情况,明确了超限项和抗震性能目标,对于多杆件复杂交汇钢节点进行有限元分析。针对南馆、连桥屋楼盖振动舒适度不足,设计布置了调谐质量阻尼器(TMD),实测减振效果显著。对连桥提升过程进行施工模拟,结果表明该过程增加了连桥挠度,需要考虑提前起拱。对超长连体结构温度和地震行波效应进行分析,根据结果对连桥楼板配筋和局部框架柱进行了加强。大震弹塑性分析与防连续倒塌分析结果表明,结构满足“大震不倒”的性能目标,结构冗余度较高,具有良好的防连续倒塌能力。

基于单级多电平开关变流的超大容量海上风电变流器

海上风机正向超大容量方向发展,基于较低电平数目变流技术的风电变流器在电压、容量等级的提升方面受到限制。提出了基于单级多电平开关变流的超大容量海上风电变流器方案,采用直流电压可大范围调节的宽直流电压模块化多电平变流器(MMC),在单级多电平变流器中实现DC/DC和DC/AC两级变换功能。基于风电变流器的单向功率传输特性,采用单向电流型宽直流电压MMC优化开关器件用量,并基于负电平利用优化调制比大幅降低MMC的子模块电容用量。所提出的方案不仅具有电压与容量等级高、功率损耗低、谐波含量低的优势,还能最大限度降低开关器件和电容的用量。与现有风电变流器方案进行对比,结果表明所提方案在经济性、运行性能等方面具有显著优势。通过仿真验证了所提方案拓扑结构和控制策略的可行性和有效性。

超大型航天结构动力学与控制的保辛方法

超大型航天器是空间资源探索和利用的重要空间基础设施,也是实现航天强国目标的重大战略性航天装备。由于这类结构的质量和尺寸巨大,将带来在轨运行中的姿-轨-结构耦合和在轨姿态控制问题。同时,结构的超大尺度、构型变化与空间环境相互作用将产生极复杂的结构振动和大型结构特有的波动现象。这些为其动力学建模与数值求解、在轨精确姿态控制、低频结构振动抑制和振动波动耦合的特性调控等提出了新的挑战。本文介绍了本团队近十年基于保辛方法针对上述问题取得的研究进展,包括超大型航天结构在轨耦合动力学与姿态控制、超大型航天结构波动力学行为与控制、可展开结构设计以及变刚度主动控制方法等。

随州公共活动中心结构设计

随州公共活动中心是体型复杂的多馆合一式综合性城市公共建筑,具有平面单向超长、质量分布明显不对称、大跨度、大悬挑、顶板大开洞等特点。在对该结构体系进行了重难点分析的基础上,采用现浇预应力钢筋混凝土框架+屈曲约束支撑的减震结构体系,利用屈曲约束支撑解决平面单向超长造成的扭转,同时使结构形成多道抗震防线;大跨度楼盖采用预应力密肋楼盖控制结构高度;针对顶板大开洞的嵌固端问题提出了具体的加强措施。提出了针对该类结构的BRB布置及减震参数设计,通过有限元数值仿真分析论证了BRB的减震效果。针对超限情况提出了抗震性能目标及抗震措施。

浅谈中国未来大型水电装备技术挑战与创新

我国水电资源丰富、开发程度处于中等水平,远不及欧洲发达国家。“双碳”战略下,水电作为清洁能源,以其高调节性、高稳定性将在以新能源为主的新型电力系统中发挥“压舱石”作用。资源特点和经济性决定未来水电开发将朝向更高水头(高转速)、更大容量趋势发展,机组将具备高海拔环境运行、超高水头、超大容量的特点。开发难度极高,技术挑战前所未有,亟待攻克。该文从多个角度分析阐述特殊工况下我国水电装备开发面临的问题和技术挑战,探讨关键技术发展趋势以及创新技术应用潜力,为未来水电装备的技术创新和突破提供参考方向。

6082-T6铝合金构件及其超大跨空间结构的受力性能与设计方法

针对6082-T6铝合金,从材料力学性能、轴压与偏压构件稳定承载力、受弯构件受力性能方面进行了系统试验和数值仿真研究;建立了国产铝合金构件试验数据库,评估了中、欧、美规范及DSM、CSM共5种设计方法的可靠度水平;对6082-T6铝合金圆管及泡沫铝填充复合管开展侧向冲击试验与数值仿真研究,提出了构件动态响应计算方法,并建立了冲击下构件变形的预测方法;针对超大跨度铝合金巨型网格结构开展了探索性研究,提出了适用于超大跨度结构的新型节点形式及稳定受力性能分析。研究成果将对6082-T6铝合金构件及结构在工程中的推广应用、提升结构的承载与抗冲击防御能力提供依据与技术支撑。

固相萃取结合液质联用法快速筛查和分析生活饮用水中的56种抗生素

目的:建立生活饮用中56种抗生素的固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。方法:将生活饮用水通过大容量采样管连接到固相萃取柱上净化,用C18柱梯度洗脱分离目标物,以乙腈和0.1%甲酸水为流动相,经电喷雾离子源电离,多反应监测模式串联质谱检测。结果:56种抗生素的最低检测浓度为0.1~2.0μg·L^(-1),在其线性范围内的相关系数均大于0.995,3个浓度水平的加标回收率为63.3%~113.0%,相对标准偏差在3.1%~8.3%。结论:该方法前处理简单、快速,适用于生活饮用水中多种抗生素的快速筛查和定量检测。

甲醇双燃料动力系统在超大型集装箱船上的应用

详细分析甲醇双燃料系统在超大型集装箱船上的应用,包括系统的设计、运营和维护,以及面临的环境问题和安全挑战。通过对甲醇供给系统、主机配置和发电机配置的技术方案进行分析,阐述甲醇双燃料系统在超大型集装箱船上应用存在的问题,并提出一系列针对性的应对策略,确保该系统安全、高效运行,助力航运业实现绿色转型。

液体静压运动副的四轴联动精密加工机床结构设计

大口径平面、球面、非球面光学元件广泛应用于光刻机、高能激光器、高分相机等高端装备的光学系统中,尺寸大于400 mm×400 mm、表面轮廓精度均方根值(root mean square,RMS)优于1μm等技术指标是大口径光学元件在磨削加工阶段的目标精度要求。磨削工艺主要面临如何实现高平滑的表面轮廓加工以及控制亚表面损伤层深度等问题。根据已有的实验研究,磨削机床采用高精度的液体静压运动副,可以有效地提高光学元件抛光后表面轮廓的平滑程度以及降低亚表面损伤层的厚度。具备上述特性的高性能磨削机床国外对中国禁运,而国内尚无成熟的商品。因此,文章研制了一种采用液体静压运动副的四轴联动精密加工机床,分析了机床的主要构型,进行了机床主要运动部件的精度分配,完成了基于液体静压运动副的X/Y/Z/C四轴的设计方案,最后进行了光学元件磨削加工工艺实验,实现了380 mm×541 mm口径微晶玻璃磨削面形精度±0.471μm(RMS值)、表面粗糙度Ra0.3μm的加工目标。

深井超深井大尺寸井眼钻具疲劳失效分析与防控

地球深部蕴藏着丰富的油气资源,随着深井超深井钻井数量的递增,钻具失效(断钻具、钻具刺漏)事故呈现逐年递增趋势。为进一步明确深井超深井大尺寸井眼钻具失效原因、减少钻具失效事故,梳理了近年来中国石油西部三大油田钻具失效情况及特征,并以西部油田某口典型超深井?444.50 mm井眼连续5次断钻具事故为对象开展原因分析。首先基于弹性动力学密哈顿原理(Hamilton’s principle)和纽马克方法(Newmark-β)建立了钻具动力学模型,结合雨流法和Miner疲劳损伤累积理论实现对钻具运动、受力及疲劳寿命的定量评价,并验证了模型的准确性,最后提出了大尺寸井眼预防断钻具配套工艺措施。研究结果表明:(1)深井超深井中钻具失效主要发生在上部大尺寸井段,失效位置多集中在下部钻具接头或本体尺寸较小的薄弱位置;(2)因钻具横向振动诱发高频弯曲应力是导致钻具疲劳失效的主要因素,持续剧烈的横向振动在数小时内会导致钻具疲劳失效;(3)提高下部钻具组合刚度、使用“高钻压+低转速”参数钻进有助于降低钻具横振强度;(4)因钻具组合刚度偏小、钻井参数不合理导致下部钻具剧烈横向振动,叠加“中性点”在钻具接头及本体尺寸较小等薄弱位置反复交替,是典型案例井连续断钻具的直接原因。结论认为,建立的模型可以定量评估钻具疲劳失效情况,提出的预防措施可为深井超深井大尺寸井眼预防钻具失效提供技术参考。

大宁–吉县区块深部煤层气多轮次转向压裂技术及应用

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长距离输水管道工程超大跨径托管桥方案比选研究

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