Prediction of mechanical properties for deep drawing steel by deep learning

At present,iron and steel enterprises mainly use“after spot test ward”to control final product quality.However,it is impossible to realize on-line quality predetermining for all products by this traditional approach,hence claims and returns often occur,resulting in major eco-nomic losses of enterprises.In order to realize the on-line quality predetermining for steel products during manufacturing process,the predic-tion models of mechanical properties based on deep learning have been proposed in this work.First,the mechanical properties of deep drawing steels were predicted by using LSTM(long short team memory),GRU(gated recurrent unit)network,and GPR(Gaussian process regression)model,and prediction accuracy and learning efficiency for different models were also discussed.Then,on-line re-learning methods for transfer learning models and model parameters were proposed.The experimental results show that not only the prediction accuracy of optimized trans-fer learning models has been improved,but also predetermining time was shortened to meet real time requirements of on-line property prede-termining.The industrial production data of interstitial-free(IF)steel was used to demonstrate that R2 value of GRU model in training stage reaches more than 0.99,and R2 value in testing stage is more than 0.96.

Subsurface macro-inclusions and solidified hook character in aluminum-killed deep-drawing steel slabs

Subsurface macro-inclusions and hooks are detrimental to the surface quality of deep-drawing steel sheets. However, little is known about the relationship between macro-inclusions and hooks. Thus, in this work, two ultralow carbon （ULC） steel slabs and two low carbon （LC） aluminum-killed steel slabs were sampled to study the relationship between hooks and subsurface macro-inclusions, which were detected on the cross-sections of steel samples with an area of 56058 mm2 using an automated scanning electron microscopy/energy-disper-sive X-ray spectroscopy system. Results show that subsurface inclusions larger than 200 μm were almost entrapped by hook structures, whereas the location of other inclusions smaller than 200μm had no obvious dependence on the location of solidified hooks. Furthermore, the number density （ND） of subsurface inclusions larger than 200μm decreased from 0.02 to 0 cm-2 in ULC steel as the mean hook depth decreased from 1.57 to 1.01 mm. Similar trends were also observed in LC steel. In addition, the detected inclusions larger than 200μm were concentrated in the region near the slab center （3/8 width-5/8 width）, where hook depths were also larger than those at any other locations. Therefore, minimizing the hook depth is an effective way to reduce inclusion-induced sliver defects in deep-drawing steels.

Investigation of SUS304 Stainless Steel with Warm Hydro-mechanical Deep Drawing

Basing on warm mechanical property of SUS304 stainless steel and hydro-mechanical deep drawing process, warm hydro-mechanical deep drawing process is proposed and discussed with experiments in this paper. The experiments are performed at four different temperatures. The results show that the formability of stainless steel is improved under the condition of warm temperature. Warm hydro-mechanical deep drawing raises limiting drawing ratio of SUS304 effectively, and limiting drawing ratio 3.3 is obtained, which is beyond 2.0 with conventional deep drawing. The temperature of 90℃ is beneficial to the forming of SUS304 stainless steel, the strain-induced martensite is controlled effectively, and the thickness distribution is more uniform.

Effect of Variable Blank Holder Force on Rectangular Box Drawing Process of Hot-galvanized Sheet Steel

At first, a series of finite element method （FEM） simulation tests were used to find the critical forming conditions of hot-galvanized sheet steel during the rectangular box drawing processing when constant blank holder forces were applied. According the test results, the reasonable alteration scope of initial variable blank holder force （VBHF） was as 1.9-2.3 T. Then, based on the test productions of blank holder force, 12 typical VBHF curves were applied to perform the simulation tests by the simulation software of DYNAFORM. The simulation test results showed that VBHF had great effects on drawing formability of hot-galvanized sheet steel during the rectangular box drawing. However, the different VBHF curves were applied to control the whole drawing and it would get great different effects. At the same tine, the VBHF had great effects on the maximum thick thinning ratio, but had little effect on the maximum thick incrassation ratio. So, reasonable application of the VBHF would greatly decrease the fractures. When the VBHF profile is taken as curve L, the best effect of drawing formability could be obtained. When curve I is used, contrary effect could be gotten. The other types of curves would cause effects between above two types of VBHF curves. Finally, the actual tests were applied to check the validity of the FEM simulation tests. The results show that the FEM simulation tests are good ways for predicting and optimizing the VBHF.

Experimental Investigation on Micro Deep Drawing of Stainless Steel Foils with Different Microstructural Characteristics

In the present work,austenitic stainless steel(ASS)304 foils with a thickness of 50μm were first annealed at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1100℃for 1 h to obtain different microstructural characteristics.Then the effects of microstructural characteristics on the formability of ASS 304 foils and the quality of drawn cups using micro deep drawing(MDD)were studied,and the mechanism involved was discussed.The results show that the as-received ASS 304 foil has a poor formability and cannot be used to form a cup using MDD.Serious wrinkling problem occurs on the drawn cup,and the height profile distribution on the mouth and the symmetry of the drawn cup is quite non-uniform when the annealing temperature is 700℃.At annealing temperatures of 900 and 950℃,the drawn cups are both characterized with very few wrinkles,and the distribution of height profile,symmetry and mouth thickness are uniform on the mouths of the drawn cups.The wrinkling becomes increasingly significant with a further increase of annealing temperature from 950 to 1100℃.The optimal annealing temperatures obtained in this study are 900 and 950℃for reducing the generation of wrinkling,and therefore improving the quality of drawn cups.With non-optimized microstructure,the distribution of the compressive stress in the circumferential direction of the drawn foils becomes inhomogeneous,which is thought to be the cause of the occurrence of localized deformation till wrinkling during MDD.

Effect of Friction on the Drawing Process of Hot-Galvanized Sheet Steel

A probe test method was employed to detect the friction condition of the interfaces between tools and blank. At the same time a self-developed measurement apparatus to realize the probe test method was also presented. Based on the analysis of force, a correlative friction model was also given. With the self-developed measurement apparatus,the effects of three kinds of lubricating oils which were in common use during the process of sheet steel drawing were studied. By probing the friction coefficient values of different lubricating oils during the drawing process of the hot-galvanized sheet steel （steel brand： ST07Zn）, we can see that the friction caused by PK oil was the lowest, so the effect of PK oil was the best. Then PK oil was used as the base lubricating oil and some solid additive powers was added into it to make a new type lubrication （named as L oil）.The result of test proved that the new lubricating oil had remarkable effect on the drawing process of hot-galvanized sheet steel.

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENTS ON FORMABILITY OF TWO NEW DEEP DRAWING STEELS

The factors of heat treatments were discussed, which affect the formability of two low carbon, low alloy steels. Experiment concerns mechanical properties, R-values, orientation intensity, texture internal friction and their relationship with annealing and ageing.

Microstructure and texture evolution of cold-rolled deep-drawing steel sheet during annealing

In accordance with experimental results about the annealing microstructure and texture of cold-rolled deep- drawing sheet based on the compact strip production （CSP） process, a two-dimensional cellular automation simulation model, considering real space and time scale, was established to simulate recrystallization and grain growth during the actual batch annealing process. The simulation results show that pancaked grains form during recrystallization. （111} advantageous texture components become the main parts of the recrystallization texture. After grain growth, the pancaked grains coarsen gradually. The content of （111} advantageous texture components in the annealing texture increases from 55vo1% to 65vo1%; meanwhile, the contents of {112}〈110〉 and {100}〈110〉 texture components decrease by 4% and 8%, respectively, compared with the recrystallization texture. The simulation results of microstructure and texture evolution are also consistent with the experimental ones, proving the accuracy and usefulness of the model.

DRAWING OF ALUMINUM-CLAD STEEL WIRE BY FORCE-FEED LUBRICATION

The force feed lubrication method is used for drawing aluminum clad steel wire. It is studied how deformation of wire and aspect of the lubricant film are influenced by the die angle, the reduction, the drawing speed and the gap between pressure die and wire. It has been concluded that when the factors above mentioned promote to thicken lubricant film, the drawing force is reduced and this favors the homogenous deformation of aluminum coating and steel core.

Correlation of morphological anisotropy and Lankford value of deep drawing sheets hot-rolled by compact strip production

Cold-rolled steel sheets in automotive applications require an excellent deep draw ability, which is characterized by the Lankford value （r-value）. In this study, a correlation was identified between r-value and pancake-shaped grain flatness which is indicated as the ratio of grain diameter in the rolling direction （RD） and normal direction （ND） of sheets （dr/dn）. A mathematical model （ r = e^0.345（dn^1/2-dr^1/2） ） was developed to calculate r-value by the microstructure of steel sheets hot-rolled by compact strip production （CSP）. It is shown that the r-value is higher, if the microstructure of steel sheet is of pancake-shaped grains elongated in the rolling direction. The calculated r-value is confirmed to fit exactly to the measured one from the large-scale production.

Microstructure Evolution and Its Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of Cold Drawn Pearlite Steel Wires for Bridge Cables

The microstructure evolution and its effects on the mechanical performance of 2000 MPa bridge cable steel wires were investigated by transmission electron microscope(TEM),electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),X-ray diffractometer(XRD)and mechanical tests.Experimental results reveal that,with the increasing strain from 0 to 1.42,a fiber structure and a<110>fiber texture aligned with the wire axis are gradually developed accompanied by cementite decomposition and the formation of sub-grains;the tensile strength increases linearly from 1510 to 2025 MPa,and the reduction of the area is stable with a slight decline from 44%to 36%.After annealing at 450℃for different times,pronounced changes in the microstructure occur.Cementite lamella fragment into coarser globules corresponding to a remarkable spheroidization process,while ferrite domains recover and recrystallize,and this process is associated to modifications in the mechanical properties.Furthermore,based on the observations on dislocation lines crossing through cementite lamellae,a possible mechanism of cementite decomposition is discussed.

Determination of the Friction Coefficient in the Flat Strip Drawing Test

Current work is focused on the influence of friction in deep drawing process. Friction measurements were also conducted using a modified tribotester based on strip sliding between tools. Four different tool surfaces were tested under similar contact conditions regarding contact area, normal pressure, sliding speed, lubricant and surface characteristics to calculate the friction coefficient between the tool surface and a high strength low alloy steel sheet HSLA 380. The results showed that friction coefficient varies over a wide range with different lubricating conditions and different sliding velocities. For some sliding velocities, the coefficient of friction is stable and low, while for others it is unstable and higher. Results of the experiments reveal that this novel tribotester is a very useful tool to evaluate and compare the friction between steel sheet and tool surfaces in alloyed steel for cold working applications. The outcomes have only small dispersion within the different test series, which indicates a stable process with good repeatability. The test method enables comparison of different surface finishes and treatments, lubricants and coatings in terms of friction and galling under conditions similar to those found in sheet metal forming processes. The four different types of surfaces considered for this study were grinded, polished, nitrided and quenched/tempered. The main difference among the tested tools in this work was the surface roughness, which was found to have a strong influence on friction.

高速拉拔ER70S-6焊丝钢生产工艺优化

通过总结分析ER70S-6焊丝钢存在的质量问题,提出了有针对性的优化改进措施,重点对ER70S-6焊丝钢的化学成分范围、气体氮含量、尺寸精度、显微组织等关键指标严格控制,攻关后C、Si、Mn、N含量内控达标率提高,尺寸偏差C级精度得到改善,而且消除了混晶异常组织。用户拉拔使用结果表明,优化后的焊丝钢质量得到进一步的提高,可满足用户拉拔速度28 m/s以上高速拉拔的要求。

全轻页岩陶粒混凝土与钢筋的极限粘接强度影响研究

全轻页岩陶粒混凝土和钢筋之间的粘接作用较为复杂,粘接强度受钢筋类型、锚固长度、混凝土强度等因素影响,通常采用中心拉拔试验方法分析全轻页岩陶粒混凝土的粘接效果。对此,采用该方法进行了12组不同标准的全轻页岩陶粒钢筋混凝土试件粘接强度测试试验,分析了试件拉拔破坏和劈裂破坏二种破坏形态,对比了不同钢筋直径、钢筋类型和混凝土强度等级下试件的粘接强度变化,并提出了更加合理的极限粘接强度计算方式。以期促进全轻页岩陶粒混凝土的深入研究和在建筑行业的广泛应用。

厚壁不锈钢管弯曲成形试验及其回弹特性分析

借助数控弯管机,分别完成了壁厚为5.5 mm和3.5 mm不锈钢管材的弯曲成形试验。根据回弹理论,通过弯曲简化模型,进行了管材弯曲回弹机理分析,推导了金属管材弯曲回弹角的工程近似解析公式。利用多目测量机完成了弯曲回弹角的测量,通过数据分析,研究了变形条件及管材结构尺寸对弯曲回弹角的影响规律。结果表明:在单一变量情况下,弯曲回弹角随折弯角的增大而增大;相同规格管材在同一折弯角下,弯曲回弹角随着时间推移持续增大,且回弹角的回弹速度随时间增长快速衰减,回弹主要发生在弯曲完成后的24 h内。文中试验数据及研究结论为厚壁不锈钢管路的弯曲成形及其工程应用提供了参考。

变形量对冷拉拔低碳镀锌钢丝力学性能的影响

冷拉拔低碳镀锌钢丝以良好的耐蚀性能、焊接性能、与力学性能协同匹配的良好综合性能和低廉的价格广泛应用于轻工业及建筑行业,其中变形量是影响其力学性能、生产成本及良品率的关键因素。通过显微组织分析、力学性能测定、断口观察,研究了Q235冷拉拔低碳镀锌钢丝不同变形量下的加工硬化过程,并分析了断丝及钢丝表面出现箭头状裂纹的原因。结果表明:真应变从0增加到2.41的过程中,抗拉强度、横纵截面硬度随应变量增加呈抛物线状增加,抗拉强度从586.8 MPa增加到1157.1 MPa,横截面硬度比纵截面增加了5.8 HV。塑性变形初期,加工硬化率最大,为364.7 MPa。真应变从0增加到1.91过程中,加工硬化率从364.7 MPa降低到162.2 MPa,真应变从1.91增加到2.41的过程中,加工硬化率又增加到了172.0 MPa。钢丝中存在CaO夹杂物是导致钢丝出现断丝和表面箭头状裂纹的主要原因。

罩式炉GCr15钢丝球化退火工艺研究

对比分析了GCr15轴承钢普通球化退火工艺和改进球化退火工艺处理后的金相组织和硬度。结果表明,GCr15轴承钢采用改进球化退火工艺处理后比普通球化退火处理后硬度值低6 HBW,金相组织级别波动小,经0.2~0.3 mm拉拔减径后,成品材料硬度满足要求。改进球化退火工艺采用氢气作为保护气氛,材料无附加脱碳;采用快速加热方式,工艺周期缩短2 h,材料金相组织和硬度均匀性较改进前明显提高;生产效率提高,经济效益显著。

深冲钢S20A热轧性能优化及改进

某钢厂采用铁水+废钢→超高功率EBT电炉冶炼→LF炉精炼→RH炉真空处理→连铸180×220 mm连铸坯→连续式步进炉加热→650连轧机组轧制生产S20A深冲钢,通过合理的铁水、废钢配比、并经过LF炉炉外精炼、RH炉真空处理,P元素含量控制在0.010%以内、S元素含量控制在0.005%以内,非金属夹杂物的级别A类均控制在1.0级以内、B类及D类夹杂物级别可控制在0.5级以内、C类夹杂物级别为0。通过提高坯料加热温度,保证开轧温度由1100℃提高至1200℃以上、终轧速度由6.1m/s提高至7.2m/s,轧制过程中终轧温度可由850℃左右提高至950℃左右。轧后通过辊道预热、冷床加盖保温罩的方式降低轧件的冷却速度。钢材的抗拉强度、断后伸长率及冲击功无明显的变化,实际晶粒度由10级变为8级。最终生产的圆钢可满足下一步深加工的需求。

复杂山区峡谷特大跨径钢管拱桥施工关键技术研究

钢管拱最为显著的外在特点是其自重轻、强度较高、跨越能力较大且节省钢材,比较符合我们国家建设的实际需要,而且由于曲线设计姿态优美,受力合理,维修、养护费用少,故长期受到桥梁界的推崇。拱桥以其力学特点,将桥面的竖向荷载转化为部分水平推力,大大降低了主拱的弯矩,拱肋主要承受压力,充分发挥材料抗压性能。当线路跨越山区深谷时,受桥位处地形以及施工场地和运输条件等限制,钢管拱桥以其结构简单,施工方便,可以避免高墩、高塔及与地形协调等诸多优点,成为复杂山区峡谷地带比较理想的桥梁结构形式之一。拱桥历史悠久,钢管拱桥亦是很有竞争力的桥型,但业内对于山区峡谷大跨径钢管拱桥施工技术的研究并不多见。本文以重庆东溪河特大桥施工相关技术研发应用为例,讲述该桥在复杂地质环境下的相关技术突破及成功应用。

大孔径不锈钢薄壁焊管金刚石涂层拉拔模具制备及应用

研究了利用直流电弧等离子体喷射法,在硬质合金拉拔模具表面沉积CVD金刚石涂层。采用孔径测量仪、接触式粗糙度仪和Raman光谱仪对金刚石涂层厚度、表面粗糙度和质量进行了测试分析。结果表明:金刚石涂层厚度d为24.5μm,沉积速率v为2.45μm/h,抛光后定径区表面平均粗糙度Ra为46 nm,拉拔模具入口区、压缩区和定径区在1 332 cm~(-1)附近都有明显的金刚石涂层特征峰。将制备的金刚石涂层拉拔模具应用于不锈钢焊管生产线中,经与硬质合金拉拔模具对比,使用寿命提高200倍,并在环保、降低劳动强度和管材一致性上都有了明显的优势。