Part II: Explaining Black Hole Growth due to Universal Expansion: Probabilistic Spacetime versus GEODEs

Recent research indicates that black holes can grow based on the expansion of the universe and not just through accretion and mergers. Two different models independently predicted that finding. One model, describing the relevant massive star remnants as “generic objects of dark energy”, rejects the traditional view of black holes while hypothesizing that dark energy causes the cosmologically coupled growth of these objects. The other model, based on the probabilistic spacetime theory, indicates the growth of black holes is based on the same spacetime mechanism underlying all universal expansion, and does so while leaving the traditional black hole conceptualization essentially intact. The fact these two models predicted this observational finding but did so from different perspectives suggests more can be learned by further study of their differences. This paper explores similarities and differences in the two models’ explanations for massive star remnants’ growth, concluding with suggestions for research testing their relative veracity. An exploration of the relative utility and parsimony of the two models is also described.

From the Hubble Constant to the Black Hole Model. Universe Expansion with Matter Creation and a New Perspective on Dark Energy Observations

Comparison of the Hubble parameter with cosmological quantities strongly supports the black hole model for the description of the Universe evolution. Such evolution requires matter creation and has implications for what is currently referred to as “dark energy” and the “cosmological constant”.

Residual stress around rail bolt holes after cold-expansion

Focused on rail bolt hole cold-expansion, the theoretical prediction models and results of residual stress analysis on related Problems are summarized. And a stress analyzing method based on both of the strain measurement duringthe Process of cold expansion and elastoc-plastic theory is developed. By the method proposed and the magneto-elasticmethod as well as the stress relief measurement detailed experimental study on the residual stress surrounding the coldexpanded tail bolt hole is performed. Relationship between the distribution of residual stress and cold expansion rateare established. The adaptability and limitation of theoretical predichon are also analyzed by comparing the theoreticaland experimental results.

Joule-Thomson Expansion of d-Dimensional Charged Anti-de Sitter Black Holes Surrounded by Quintessence with a Cloud of Strings Background

Effects of the dimension on the Joule-Thomson expansion are investigated in details by considering the case of d-dimensional(d≥5)charged anti-de Sitter(AdS)black hole which is surrounded by the quintessence with a cloud of strings background.Firstly,the thermodynamic quantity of this black hole is reviewed.Secondly,three important features of the Joule-Thomson expansion in different dimensions are discussed,including the Joule-Thomson coefficients,inversion curves,and isenthalpic curves.Finally,the effects of the charge,the quintessence and strings cloud parameters on the Joule-Thomson expansion in the case of six-dimensional black hole are studied.

On Our Peculiar Black Hole Universe

The black hole model of the Universe evolution, accompanied by matter creation, already successfully accounting for many features of the past is discussed and further justified. It is once more stressed that even a very large object but with a big mass is in its own right a black hole. As a consequence, the extrapolation of the past predicts for the future no big crunch, nor big bounce but a steady expansion with smaller matter density.

Black Holes and the Nature of the Expansion of the Universe

Black Holes absorb matter and because matter has structure in space and time, Black Holes absorb the grid points of space and time. It is this property that creates a void for the remaining visible space-time to expand into. This expansion is roughly proportional to the density of the black holes in space and this, because also time is expanding, leads to an apparent exponential expansion for the observer, who is unaware of this. Further the Quantum Mechanical effects: the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the Tunnelling of particles lead to a flow of matter from the present time into the past. The red-shift is thus not just a sign of an expanding universe but also (and perhaps all of it) that of matter hurling down into the black holes.

Critical behavior and Joule-Thomson expansion of charged AdS black holes surrounded by exotic fluid with modified Chaplygin equation of state

By considering the concept of a unified single fluid model,referred to as modified Chaplygin gas(MCG),which amalgamates dark energy and dark matter,we explore the thermodynamic characteristics of charged anti-de Sitter(AdS)black holes existing in an unconventional fluid accompanied by MCG.To accomplish this objective,we derive the equations of state by regarding the charge Q^(2) as a thermodynamic variable.The effects of MCG parameters on the critical thermodynamic quantities(ψ_(c),T_(c),Q_(c)^(2))are examined,followed by a detailed analysis of the Q^(2)-ψ diagram.To provide a clearer explanation of the phase transition,we present an analysis of the Gibbs free energy.It is important to note that if the Hawking temperature exceeds the critical temperature,a distinct pattern is observed known as swallowtail behavior.This indicates that the system undergoes a first-order phase transition from a smaller black hole to a larger one.The critical exponent of the system is found to be in complete agreement with that of the van der Waals fluid system.Furthermore,we investigate the impact of MCG parameters and black hole charge on Joule-Thomson(J-T)expansion in the extended phase space.The J-T coefficient is examined to pinpoint the exact region experiencing cooling or heating,and the observation reveals that the presence of negative heat capacity results in the occurrence of a cooling process.The impact of MCG on the inversion curve of charged black holes exhibits a striking resemblance to that observed in most multi-dimensional black hole systems.In addition,it is worth noting that certain parameters exert a significant influence on the ratio T_(min)/Tc.For specific values of the MCG parameters,the ratio is consistent with the charged AdS black hole.The parametersγandβhave a non-negligible effect on the isenthalpic curve.

Thermal analysis and Joule-Thomson expansion of black hole exhibiting metric-affine gravity

This study examines a recently hypothesized black hole,which is a perfect solution of metric-affine gravity with a positive cosmological constant,and its thermodynamic features as well as the Joule-Thomson expansion.We develop some thermodynamical quantities,such as volume,Gibbs free energy,and heat capacity,using the entropy and Hawking temperature.We also examine the first law of thermodynamics and thermal fluctuations,which might eliminate certain black hole instabilities.In this regard,a phase transition from unstable to stable is conceivable when the first law order corrections are present.In addition,we study the efficiency of this system as a heat engine and the effect of metric-affine gravity for the physical parameters q_(e),q_(m),κ_(s),κ_(d),and κ_(sh).Further,we study the Joule-Thomson coefficient and inversion temperature,and observe the isenthalpic curves in the Ti−Pi plane.In metric-affine gravity,a comparison is made between a van der Waals fluid and a black hole to study their similarities and differences.

Experimental study on expansion and cracking properties of static cracking agents in different assembly states

Rolled static cracking agent(RSCA)can solve the intractable problem of traditional bulk static cracking agent(BSCA)in engineering applications.This paper innovatively studies the rational water-cement ratio of BSCA and the immersion soaking time of RSCA under the condition of controlling temperature.Through the expansion and cracking performance experiments,the development characteristics of expansion pressure,the cracking effect of the single-hole specimen and the performance of hole spraying prevention under the action of BSCA and RSCA were compared and analyzed.The results show that:(1)The volume growth rate of static cracking agent decreases with the increase of water-cement ratio,and the fluidity increases with the increase of water-cement ratio.The rational water-cement ratio for BSCA application is 0.3,and the rational immersion time of RSCA is 2-2.5 min;(2)Under the bore diameters of 30,35,40 and 45 mm,the expansion pressure of BSCA with a water-cement ratio of 0.3 is 38.2,52.3,61.5 and 68 MPa,and the expansion pressure of RSCA immersed in water for 2.5 min is 43.5,58.8,69.5 and 75.1 MPa,respectively.Among them,the development speed of expansion pressure of BSCA is higher than that of RSCA,and the arrival time of the peak expansion pressure of RSCA is 1.7 times that of BSCA;(3)The crack initiation speed of single-hole specimen under the action of RSCA is 10.3%lower than that under the action of BSCA,but the cracking speed of the former is 72.6%higher than that of the latter;(4)The hole spraying occurs in BSCA under the bore diameter of 50,55 and 60 mm,while the hole spraying occurs in RSCA under the bore diameter of 60 mm.In terms of bore diameter,the hole spraying prevention of the RSCA is better than that of BSCA.The research results enrich the static blasting technology and provide data support and theoretical reference for field application.

Characteristics of helical flow in slim holes and calculation of hydraulics for ultra-deep wells

Due to the slim hole at the lower part of the ultra-deep and deep wells, the eccentricity and rotation of drill string and drilling fluid properties have great effects on the annular pressure drop. This leads to the fact that conventional computational models for predicting circulating pressure drop are inapplicable to hydraulics design of deep wells. With the adoption of helical flow theory and H-B rheological model, a computational model of velocity and pressure drop of non-Newtonian fluid flow in the eccentric annulus was established for the cases where the drill string rotates. The effects of eccentricity, rotation of the drill string and the dimensions of annulus on pressure drop in the annulus were analyzed. Drilling hydraulics was given for an ultra-deep well. The results show that the annular pressure drop decreases with an increase in eccentricity and rotary speed, and increases with a decrease in annular flow area. There is a great difference between static mud density and equivalent circulating density during deep well drilling.

Finite Element Method Investigation of the Effect of Cold Expansion Process on Fatigue Crack Growth in 6082 Aluminum Alloy

Cold expansion is an efficient way to improve the fatigue life of an open hole. In this paper, three finite element models have been established to crack growth from an expanded hole is simulated. Expansion and its degree influence are studied using a numerical analysis. Stress intensity factors are determined and used to evaluate the fatigue life. The residual stress field is evaluated using a nonlinear analysis and superposed with the applied stress field in order to estimate fatigue crack growth. Experimental test is conducted under constant loading. The results of this investigation indicate expansion and its degree are a benefit of fatigue life and a good agreement was observed between FEM simulations and experimental results.

Metric Expansion from Microscopic Dynamics in an Inhomogeneous Universe

Theories with ingredients like the Higgs mechanism, gravitons, and inflaton fields rejuvenate the idea that relativistic kinematics is dynamically emergent. Eternal inflation treats the Hubble constant H as depending on location. Microscopic dynamics implies that H is over much smaller lengths than pocket universes to be understood as a local space reproduction rate. We illustrate this via discussing that even exponential inflation in TeV-gravity is slow on the relevant time scale. In our on small scales inhomogeneous cosmos, a reproduction rate H depends on position. We therefore discuss Einstein-Strauss vacuoles and a Lindquist-Wheeler like lattice to connect the local rate properly with the scaling of an expanding cosmos. Consistency allows H to locally depend on Weyl curvature similar to vacuum polarization. We derive a proportionality constant known from Kepler＇s third law and discuss the implications for the finiteness of the cosmological constant.

Development and evaluation of a hot-rolled 780 MPa steel sheet with an ultra-high expansion ratio

This paper explores the development of a 780 MPa hot-rolled high-strength steel with an ultra-high hole expansion ratio(HER) by using a nanoprecipitation-controlled technology.Systematic analysis and evaluation of an industrially produced steel sheet have been performed to investigate the microstructure, nanoprecipitates, tensile properties, HER,bendability, and forming limit diagram.The newly developed 780 MPa hot-rolled high-strength steel sheet is composed of a fully ferritic microstructure of approximately 5 μm with precipitates of approximately 4-5 nm in ferrite grain interiors.The yield strength and tensile strength can reach above 700 and 780 MPa, respectively.Moreover, the fractured elongation is higher than 19% in the transversal direction, and the average HER exceeds 70%.Furthermore, the newly developed 780 MPa high-strength steel has good bendability reaching R/t=0.2 at 90°.Compared with the conventional 780 MPa high-strength steel, the newly developed 780 MPa high-strength steel exhibits superior forming ability, which is suitable for the production of complex components.High-cycle fatigue indicates that the fatigue limit of the newly developed high-strength steel is 430 MPa under a stress ratio of r=-1,indicating good fatigue properties.The excellent combined mechanical properties of the newly developed 780 MPa high-strength steel are attributed to the grain-refined ferritic microstructure with nanoprecipitates in ferrite grain interiors.

多孔套筒定向压裂力学机制及影响因素分析

坚硬顶板破断释放巨大冲击动能是诱发煤矿动力灾害的重要因素之一,在特定位置断顶实现岩层的定向断裂、减小坚硬顶板悬顶长度是防治煤岩动力灾害的关键。多孔套筒压裂技术具有操作简单、适用条件广泛等优点,在坚硬顶板弱化领域有着广泛的研究前景。为深入了解多孔套筒压裂机理,采用理论分析与数值模拟方法开展了多孔套筒压裂力学机制研究,揭示了不同影响因素下孔间应力变化规律,获得了压裂过程裂缝扩展规律及力链分布特征。通过钻孔切槽可提升套筒压裂预裂效果,为确定合理的布孔参数,基于线弹性断裂力学建立了含预制缝多孔套筒压裂力学模型,给出了缝端应力强度因子、临界膨胀力及裂缝临界起裂角计算方程,获得了不同影响因素下缝端应力强度因子、临界膨胀力及临界起裂角的变化规律。研究结果表明:①侧压系数k对钻孔最小起裂应力影响显著,当侧压系数k>1时,最小起裂应力随布孔角度的增大而减小;当侧压系数k<1时,最小起裂应力随布孔角度的增大而增大。②数值模拟结果表明:套筒间存在应力叠加效应,接触力链呈“放射状”分布。套筒压裂过程以张拉破坏为主,孔心连线处变形破坏最剧烈,均沿布孔方向形成了“条带状”断裂面。③缝槽改变了缝端附近的应力分布,相较无缝槽模型环向拉应力更大。当缝槽长度为0.5倍孔半径时,临界膨胀力最小,裂缝最易发生扩展。④临界起裂角由KⅠ与KⅡ共同决定,且小于70.53°。在泵压与地应力条件无法改变的情况下,可通过调节布孔角度与预制缝槽长度实现岩石的定向压裂。

压合衬套冷挤压强化的残余应力的数值模拟

孔用衬套冷挤压强化的残余应力分布对实现优异的挤压效果起到重要的作用,而被挤压件材料和挤压量对挤压残余应力分布的影响显著。根据非线性接触摩擦理论,建立了基于压合衬套冷挤压强化的三维有限元模型,模拟获得了TB6钛合金、7050铝合金及TC4钛合金材料耳片孔强化的切向残余应力分布情况,并通过残余应力检测实验验证了有限元模拟的有效性;同时,研究了挤压量对耳片孔冷挤压强化残余应力状态的影响,揭示了切向残余应力沿着挤入面、中间面、挤出面以及衬套厚度方向的分布规律。研究结果表明:冷挤压孔强化后的残余应力在沿孔壁厚度方向上分布不均匀,切向残余压应力在中间面的分布区域最广;增大挤压量可以在一定程度上扩大压应力的分布范围,且能够提高区域压应力数值,但是也会引入部分拉应力,易产生褶皱现象;在相同的挤压条件下,TB6钛合金耳片冷挤压后所产生的切向残余压应力在应力数值和分布区域上都具有明显的优势。

孔挤压强化技术研究进展

概述了直接、间接和复合孔挤压强化的研究现状,从残余应力与微观组织的角度总结了孔挤压强化的抗疲劳强化机理,基于孔结构的疲劳寿命和断口形貌详细分析了孔挤压强化的疲劳性能。研究结果表明,孔挤压强化的孔结构孔壁形成残余压应力,孔结构受到外加交变载荷时孔壁残余压应力能够抵消部分外加交变载荷产生的拉应力,降低了受载孔结构孔壁的应力峰值和平均应力;孔挤压强化的孔结构孔壁发生剧烈的塑性变形,孔壁微观组织发生细化,形成位错胞状结构,能够抑制晶粒的位错滑移,延缓了疲劳裂纹萌生,增大了疲劳裂纹萌生的门槛值,降低了疲劳裂纹扩展速率;在残余应力和微观组织的共同作用下,提高了孔挤压强化孔结构的疲劳寿命。最后,展望了孔挤压强化的发展趋势和研究问题。

自张式膨胀管技术的研究与应用

孔内膨胀管钻探技术是保障复杂地层孔壁稳定的有效技术之一。本文针对易出现缩径、坍塌、掉块的强水敏性地层,提出了一种自张式膨胀管护壁方法,并根据该方法的护壁原理研制了相适配的新型扩孔钻具、膨胀管及膨胀管投送装置,在不改变钻孔结构的情况下,对复杂孔段进行局部扩孔,投送膨胀管借助自身张力自然弹开而固定在相应的扩孔段,实现钻进时护壁。通过室内及现场试验对机具进行了优化,最终取得了良好的应用效果。试验证明:该方法操作简单可靠、易于定位,相较于水泥浆护壁具有处理速度快、停待时间短、减少重复处理等优势,适用于岩心钻探领域多孔段复杂地层的固壁与护壁,有利于降低孔内事故处理的成本、提高钻进效率,具有较好的推广应用价值。

影响CP980钢扩孔性能的因素

为了探究影响980 MPa级先进高强度钢扩孔性能的因素,按GB/T 15825.4—2008对两种不同成分的980 MPa级复相钢进行扩孔试验。采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计等分别观察和测量了扩孔后显微组织、冲孔光亮带和撕裂带、扩孔裂纹形貌以及距孔缘2 mm处硬度梯度等,以揭示影响980 MPa级复相钢扩孔性能的主要因素。结果表明:显微组织和冲孔表面质量对CP980钢的扩孔性能影响较大。孔缘附近组织与基体组织间的硬度相差越大,扩孔率越小;在扩孔阶段,裂纹的萌生和扩展遵循微孔聚积模型;通过改善显微组织和冲孔表面质量,可以获得更好的扩孔效果。

液氧相变气体膨胀技术在隧洞开挖中的应用研究

为了实现在不许可使用炸药爆破条件下的隧洞快速开挖施工,应用新型氧气膨胀破岩技术,成功探索、研究、总结出一套适用于一般隧洞开挖的掏槽、扩槽、辅助、周边孔气体膨胀破岩施工方法,详细给出了适用于隧道开挖的优化钻爆参数。隧洞穿越的山体为花岗岩,试验研究段属于Ⅳ~Ⅲ围岩,岩石的抗压强度为90~100 MPa,非常坚硬,解理裂隙比较发育,可爆性一般。采用现场试验研究方法,经过不断总结、改进、优化,对于面积约65 m^(2)的隧洞,实现了2 d一个循环,平均循环进尺约2.5 m,基本满足在不能使用炸药爆破情况下一般隧洞快速开挖施工的要求。研究表明:新型气体膨胀破岩技术可以在坚硬岩体中进行隧洞开挖,具有操作安全、破岩效率高、不涉及民爆物品和易制爆危险化学品、不产生爆炸冲击波、振动幅值较低等优点,可有效地解决复杂环境下不许可使用民爆物品及使用机械法开挖进度慢的问题。

温度变化对孔、轴配合性质的影响

以设定的孔、轴配合为研究对象,在工作温度偏离标准设计温度20℃时,孔、轴的配合性质会发生变化。考虑原设计为间隙配合,随着温度的升高,配合性质逐渐变为过渡配合,严重时甚至变为过盈配合,直接影响工作性能,因此理论计算和有限元仿真都证明温度变化会影响孔、轴的配合性质。研究结果将为数控机床、加工中心的孔、轴配合以及热变形研究提供了依据。