Development of study on the dynamic characteristics of deep water mooring system

To meet the needs of those exploiting deepwater resources, TLP and SPAR platforms are used in some areas and are considered excellent platforms in deep water. However, many problems remain to be resolved. The design of mooring systems is a key issue for deep water platforms. Environmental loads in deep water effect the physical characteristics of mooring line materials. The configuration and analysis of mooring systems involve nonlinearity due to this fluid-solid coupling, nonlinear hydrodynamic forces, and their effects on stability of motion. In this paper, some pivotal theories and technical questions are presented, including modeling of mooring lines, the theory and method of coupled dynamics analysis on the mooring system, and the development of methodologies for the study of nonlinear dynamics of mooring systems. Further study on mooring systems in deep water are recommended based on current knowledge, particularly dynamic parameters of different materials and cable configuration, interactions between seabed and cable, mechanisms of mooring system response induced by taut/slack mooring cables, discontinuous stiffness due to system materials, mooring construction, and motion instability, etc.

A Mooring System Deployment Design Methodology for Vessels at Varying Water Depths

In this paper,a methodology for designing mooring system deployment for vessels at varying water depths is proposed.The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II(NSGA-II)is combined with a self-dependently developed vessel-mooring coupled program to find the optimal mooring system deployment considering both station-keeping requirements and the safety of the mooring system.Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the methodology by designing the mooring system deployments for a very large floating structure(VLFS)module and a semi-submersible platform respectively at three different water depths.It can be concluded from the obtained results that the mooring system can achieve a better station-keeping ability with relatively shorter mooring line when deployed in the shallow water.The safety factor of mooring line is mainly dominated by the maximum instantaneous tension increment in the shallow water,while the pre-tension has a decisive influence on the safety factor of the mooring line in the deep water.

Investigation on Optimization Design of an Equivalent Water Depth Truncated Mooring System Based on INSGA-Ⅱ

At present,equivalent water depth truncated mooring system optimization design is regarded as the priority of hybrid model testing for deep sea platforms,and will replace the full depth system test in the future.Compared with the full depth system,the working depth and span are smaller in the truncated one,and the other characteristics maintain more consistency as well.In this paper,an inner turret moored floating production storage ＆ offloading system（FPSO） which works at a water depth of 320m,was selected to be a research example while the truncated water depth was 80m.Furthermore,an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm（INSGA-II） was selected to optimally calculate the equivalent water depth truncated system,considering the stress condition of the total mooring system in both the horizontal and vertical directions,as well as the static characteristic similarity of the representative single mooring line.The results of numerical calculations indicate that the mathematical model is feasible,and the optimization method is fast and effective.

Shallow Water Effects on Surge Motion and Load of Soft Yoke Moored FPSO

Much attention should be paid to a large FPSO moored permanently in an oil field with water depth of only about 20 m, since shallow water effects on the hydrodynamics may bring about collision and damage. A 160kDWT FPSO with a permanent soft yoke mooring system is investigated with various shallow water depths and focuses are the low frequency surge motion and mooring load. Computation for the FPSO system is made based on linear 3-D potential fluid theory and time-domain numerical simulation method. Corresponding model test is carried out in the ocean engineering basin of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. It is shown that, in the surge natural period, low frequency surge motion and mooring force increase remarkably with the decrease of water depth. Especially, the smaller the ratio of water depth and draught is, the quicker the increase is. The shallow water effects should be taken into account carefully for determining the design load of a single point mooring system.

Theoretical Model and Dynamic Analysis of Soft Yoke Mooring System

As a popular solution for mooring an FPSO （Floating Production, Storage and Offloading） permanently in shallow water, the soft yoke mooring system has been widely used in ocean oil production activities in the Bohai Bay of China. In order to simulate the interaction mechanism and conduct dynamic analysis of the soft yoke mooring system, a theoretical model with basic dynamic equations is established. A numerical iteration algorithm based on error estimation is developed to solve the equations and calculate the dynanfic response of the mooring system due to FPSO motions. Validation is conducted by wave basin experimentation. It is shown that the numerical simulation takes only a few iteration times and the final errors are small. Furthermore, the calculated results of both the static and dynamic responses agree well with those ones obtained by the model test. It indicates that the efficiency, the precision, the reliability and the validity of the developed numerical algorithm and program are rather good. It is proposed to develop a real-time monitoring system to further monitor the dynamic performance of the FPSO with a soft yoke mooring system under various real sea environments.

Optimum Design and Global Analysis of Flexible Jumper for An Innovative Subsurface Production System in Ultra-Deep Water

The study focuses on the flexible jumper issue of Subsurface Tension Leg Production （STLP） system concept, which is considered as a competing alternative system to support well completion devices and rigid risers in ultra-deep water for offshore petroleum production. The paper presents analytical and numerical approaches for the optimum design and global analysis of the flexible jumper. Criteria using catenary concept are developed to define the critical length for optimum design. Based on the criteria, detailed hydrodynamic analyses including quasi-static analysis, modal analysis, and dynamic analysis are performed. Modal analysis with respect to the quasi-static analysis shows that the existence of resonant modes requires special consideration. The results of dynamic analysis confirm the effectiveness of the de-coupled effect from the jumper on STLP system. The approaches developed in the study also have wide application prospect in reference to the optimum design and analysis of any Hybrid Riser （HR） concept.

Parametric Study on the Behavior of An Innovative Subsurface Tension Leg Platform in Ultra-Deep Water

This study focuses on a new technology of Subsurface Tension Leg Platform （STLP）, which utilizes the shallow- water rated well completion equipment and technology for the development of large oil and gas fields in ultra-deep water （UDW）. Thus, the STLP concept offers attractive advantages over conventional field development concepts. STLP is basically a pre-installed Subsurface Sea-star Platform （SSP）, which supports rigid risers and shallow-water rated well completion equipment. The paper details the results of the parametric study on the behavior of STLP at a water depth of 3000 m. At first, a general description of the STLP configuration and working principle is introduced. Then, the numerical models for the global analysis of the STLP in waves and current are presented. After that, extensive parametric studies are carried out with regarding to SSP/tethers system analysis, global dynamic analysis and riser interference analysis. Critical points are addressed on the mooring pattern and riser arrangement under the influence of ocean current, to ensure that the requirements on SSP stability and riser interference are well satisfied. Finally, conclusions and discussions are made. The results indicate that STLP is a competitive well and riser solution in up to 3000 m water depth for offshore petroleum production.

Parametric Dimensional Analysis on the Structural Response of An Innovative Subsurface Tension Leg Platform in Ultra-Deep Water

The innovative Subsurface Tension Leg Platform(STLP), which is designed to be located below Mean Water Level(M.W.L) to minimize direct wave loading and mitigate the effect of strong surface currents, is considered as a competitive alternative system to support shallow-water rated well completion equipment and rigid risers for large ultra-deep water oil field development. A detailed description of the design philosophy of STLP has been published in the series of papers and patents. Nonetheless, design uncertainties arise as limited understanding of various parameters effects on the structural response of STLP, pertaining to the environmental loading, structural properties and hydrodynamic characteristics. This paper focuses on providing quantitative methodology on how each parameter affects the structural response of STLP, which will facilitate establishing the unique design criteria as regards to STLP. Firstly, the entire list of dimensionless groups of input and output parameters is proposed based on VaschyBuckingham theory. Then, numerical models are built and a series of numerical tests are carried out for validating the obtained dimensionless groups. On this basis, the calculation results of a great quantity of parametric studies on the structural response of STLP are presented and discussed in detail. Further, empirical formulae for predicting STLP response are derived through nonlinear regression analysis. Finally, conclusions and discussions are made. It has been demonstrated that the study provides a methodology for better control of key parameters and lays the foundation for optimal design of STLP. The obtained conclusions also have wide ranging applicability in reference to the engineering design and design analysis aspects of deepwater buoy supporting installations, such as Grouped SLOR or TLR system.

Multi-Objective Optimization of A Semisubmersible for Ultra-Deep Water

Semisubmersible will work well when oil exploitation goes to ultra-deep water because of its variable load capacities, and good motion performance in extreme waves. It is considered to be a main type of platform while the water depth is more than 3000 meters. This paper establishes a multi-objective optimization model of semisubmersible for ultra-deep water, and it is solved by a multi-objective genetic algorithm--NSGA-Ⅱ. The model is applied to a practical design, and Pareto results are obtained. The effectiveness of the method is verified by hydrodynamic analysis.

小水深下浮式风机系泊系统配件特性研究

海上风能资源远超陆地,而我国海域随着离岸距离增加,大陆架水深增加幅度减缓,针对此特点,如何优化设计适应我国海域水深条件的系泊系统是目前发展浮式风机遇到的重大难题之一。本文以5MW-OC4半潜式浮式风机作为研究对象,浮式风机采用悬链线式系泊方式,使用SESAM软件在渤海某海域40 m水深下对浮式风机进行频域和时域计算。系泊配件在单独和组合使用时分别进行参数敏感性分析,再将浮筒和配重块组合使用对系泊系统进行优化。研究结果表明:浅水条件下,系泊配件组合使用和单独使用时改变相同系泊参数对浮式风机整体响应影响规律相同,但组合使用时改变系泊参数对系泊系统性能优化的效果要更明显,组合使用时更改配重块位置参数时均值的优化差值能达到15.7%,而纵荡、纵摇以及张力响应的优化差值基本都在10%以内,因此选择合理的配件组合方式可以显著改变浮式系统的整体特性并影响系统的安全性和成本。

BDS锚碇浮标监测海洋大气水汽初步探究

精细化、动态化监测海洋大气水汽含量对全球海洋气候相关研究具有重要意义。为探究基于北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的锚碇浮标平台在海洋水汽探测应用中的潜力,本研究利用白龙浮标搭载的测量型接收机,分别在岸基静态模式和海面动态模式下,对获取的BDS和全球定位系统(GPS)观测数据进行精密单点定位处理,并进行大气可降水量(PWV)反演,同时以欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代全球气候再分析数据集(ERA5)获取的PWV为参考值进行精度评估。结果表明:岸基静态模式下利用BDS观测值反演的PWV精度为0.7 mm,GPS反演的PWV精度为0.6 mm。海面动态模式下利用BDS观测值反演的PWV精度为1.2 mm,GPS反演的PWV精度为2.0 mm,与岸基静态模式探测的水汽产品精度基本相符。初步证明了利用BDS锚碇浮标在海洋动态观测条件下进行水汽含量监测的可行性,但仍需更长期更充分的观测以进一步验证。

闸墙长廊道侧支孔船闸阀门运行方式优化试验研究

船闸阀门开启时间对闸室通航效率、输水廊道压力和闸室停泊条件等产生影响,针对阀门运行方式优化问题,采用物理模型试验对船闸进水口水位、阀门段输水廊道压力特性、闸室和下引航道内船舶系缆力等水力特性进行分析,结果表明:闸室和下引航道内前横、后横和纵向3个方向的船舶系缆力均随阀门开启时间增大而减小,且纵向船舶系缆力大于横向船舶系缆力。随着阀门开启时间增加,充水时阀门段输水廊道压力先减小后增大,泄水时则逐渐增大。综合考虑当阀门开启时间为6 min时船闸整体运行效果较好,该成果可为实际船闸运行提供技术支撑。

浮式风机浅水系泊松弛-张紧特性

以10 MW浮式风机的系泊系统为研究对象,分析不同工况、不同系泊参数下系泊缆张力和风机运动响应变化规律,探讨系泊缆松弛-张紧现象产生的原因,分析不同系泊参数对系泊缆极限张力的影响。结果表明:提高导缆孔高度、在系泊缆上增加质量块和浮筒均可有效消除系泊缆松弛状态,减小系泊极限张力,保证系泊安全。

近海深水区混凝土半潜型浮式风机一体化计算与耦合动力特性分析

[目的]文章旨在探索10 MW级半潜型浮式风机的一体化计算方法并分析其在40~50 m近海深水区的耦合动力响应特性。[方法]以10 MW混凝土半潜型浮式风机为例,构建一体化时域数值计算模型,统计分析其额定发电和极端工况下的平台动力响应和系泊张力特征。[结果]平台水平运动主要受波浪荷载、风荷载和系泊刚度特性的影响,最大水平运动和系泊张力发生在生存工况,垂向运动主要受波浪荷载影响,摇摆运动的均值主要受风荷载影响,上述浮式风机动力响应均满足设计指标。[结论]一体化数值计算方法较好地考虑浮式风机耦合动力特性,由于水深限制,近海深水区的海上漂浮式风机对水平运动约束和系泊非线性问题的优化更为重要,响应极值主要发生在极端工况,上述结论为此类漂浮式海上风机基础结构的研究与设计工作提供了一定的参考。

基于英国标准的系缆墩设计探讨

基于具体的工程实例,本文阐述了基于英国标准的系缆力计算方法及流程,包括风荷载的计算、水流力的计算以及单根缆绳最大系缆力的计算,从而确定系缆设施规格。在系缆力计算的基础上,进一步分析了基于英国标准设计系缆墩时需要考虑的各种不同工况,并与中国标准的计算要求进行了对比分析。英国标准与中国标准的对比结果显示,英国标准计算得到的最大系缆力数值较中国标准大、英国标准对位移控制的要求较为严格。本文研究可为国外港口工程系缆墩的设计提供一定借鉴。

锚系作业船在超深水锚腿预铺设中的应用实践

海上浮式生产设施通常采用多条系泊锚腿将上部平台设施与海底锚桩连接,水深超过1500m时锚腿的预铺设工作面临前所未有的挑战和困难。本文结合中国南海西部半潜式平台系泊锚腿预铺设作业的工程实践,以动力定位系统、主动深沉补偿式折臂吊机、500t锚系处理绞车配合作业的方法下放锚腿;结合锚头链与锚桩连接、锚腿中段聚酯缆下放、锚腿湿存等问题,深入分析、探讨、总结锚系作业船舶在施工中的要点和难点。

Evolution of diagenetic fluid of ultra-deep Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kuqa depression

Diagenetic fluid types of the Cretaceous Bashijiqike formation are restored based on the analysis of petrographic,electron microprobe composition,inclusions homogenization temperature,salinity and vapor composition and laser carbon and oxygen isotope of diagenetic mineral,and regional geological background.Diagenetic fluid evolution sequence is analyzed on this basis.The crystalline dolomite cement has a low concerntration of Sr,high concerntration of Mn and higher carbon isotope,showing that the crystalline dolomite is affected by meteoric fresh water,associated with the tectonic uplift of late Cretaceous.Similarδ13CPDB,negative transfer ofδ18OPDB and the differentiation of the concerntration of Fe and Mn indicate that the diagenetic fluid of the vein dolomite cement is homologous with the diagenetic fluid of the crystalline dolomite cement,temperature and depth are the dominant factors of differential precipitation between these two carbonate cements.Anhydrite cements have high concerntration of Na,extremely low concerntration of Fe and Mn contents.Based on these data,anhydrite cements can be thought to be related to the alkaline fluid overlying gypsum-salt layer produced by dehydration.The barite vein has abnormally high concerntration of Sr,ultra-high homogenization temperature and high-density gas hydrocarbon inclusions,which is speculated to be the forward fluid by intrusion of late natural gas.Coexistence of methane inclusions with CO2 gas proves existence of acid water during the accumulation of natural gas in the late stages.Therefore,the alkaline environment and associated diagenesis between the meteoric fresh water in epidiagentic stage and carbonic acid in the late diagenesis have dominated the process of diagenesis and reservoir,the secondary porosity and fracture zone formed by gas accumulation is a favorable play for the exploration of ultra-deep reservoirs.

Efficient development strategies for large ultra-deep structural gas fields in China

Through analyzing the development of large ultra-deep structural gas fields in China,strategies for the efficient development of such gas fields are proposed based on their geological characteristics and production performance.According to matrix properties,fracture development degree and configuration between matrix and fractures,the reservoirs are classified into three types:single porosity single permeability system,dual porosity dual permeability system,and dual porosity single permeability system.These three types of gas reservoirs show remarkable differences in different scales of permeability,the ratio of dynamic reserves to volumetric reserves and water invasion risk.It is pointed out that the key factors affecting development efficiency of these gas fields are determination of production scale and rapid identification of water invasion.Figuring out the characteristics of the gas fields and working out pertinent technical policies are the keys to achieve efficient development.The specific strategies include reinforcing early production appraisal before full scale production by deploying high precision development seismic survey,deploying development appraisal wells in batches and scale production test to get a clear understanding on the structure,reservoir type,distribution pattern of gas and water,and recoverable reserves,controlling production construction pace to ensure enough evaluation time and accurate evaluation results in the early stage,in line with the development program made according to the recoverable reserves,working out proper development strategies,optimizing pattern and proration of wells based on water invasion risk and gas supply capacity of matrix,and reinforcing research and development of key technologies.

考虑潮汐影响下浅水浮式风电结构动力响应研究

以OC4-DeepCWind半潜式风电机组基础和NREL的5 MW风电机组为研究对象,考虑浅水环境条件和潮汐影响,进行浮体水动力分析和系泊布置方案设计,对风电机组-浮体-系泊耦合系统进行整体动力响应分析。研究结果表明,在浅水条件下,浮体水动力特性和系泊回复刚度受水深影响显著,且在水深与结构的吃水比过小时,结构物与海底之间相对流速增大也会对结构物的安全性能产生不利影响,在结构设计阶段需特别考虑。

三锚系大型浮标运动响应特性数值研究

以三锚系浮标系统为研究对象,基于AQWA与OrcaFlex软件开展了三锚系大型浮标系统运动响应特性数值模拟研究。对直径10 m的浮标结构在波浪荷载下的水动力特性进行研究,校核了浮标的初稳性和大倾角稳性特征,计算分析了浮标的附加质量、辐射阻尼、运动响应幅值算子RAO等水动力参数,阐明了不同风、浪、流工况下三锚系浮标与辅助浮筒的运动响应特性,揭示了浮标三锚链导缆孔处锚泊张力随入射角度、波高和周期等的变化规律。研究结果表明:该浮标稳性和随波性能较好。与无浮筒三锚系浮标相比,带辅助浮筒的三锚系浮标系统的运动响应和锚泊张力减小,随着波高和周期增大,三锚系浮标系泊锚链的极端张力值逐渐增大,尤其是在极端海况下,迎浪向锚链极端张力急剧增大。