Preparation technology of ultra-fine powders of Auricularia auricular

Conventional mechanical method and mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying technology were used to make the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus (Auricularia auricular). The content of basic nutrients, amino acid, micro structure and their properties of raw edible fungus and the edible fungus powders obtained with the two methods were analyzed and compared. The granularity size and micro-structure of the pulverized samples were analyzed by SEM and TEM technology. The average granularity size of the edible fungus powder obtained with mechanical method was 1–5 μm, while that obtained with mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying process was 0.5–1 μm. The ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the two methods had better water recovery capability and quality, and their preserving time was longer than that of raw edible fungus. All the properties of the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the vacuum freeze-drying technology were evidently superior to that of the conventional mechanical method. Keywords Auricularia auricula - Edible fungus - Ultra-fine powders - Vacuum freeze-drying CLC number TS205 Document code B Biography: YANG Chun-yu (1975), female, Ph. D. in Engineering Technology Center of Forestry and Wood Workine, Machinery, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong

激光粉末床熔融WC-12Co硬质合金温度场模拟

结合有限元软件ANSYS建立三维有限元热模型,利用APDL命令及生死单元方法实现对高斯热源的施加和WC-12Co硬质合金打印过程的模拟,得到WC-12Co硬质合金在激光粉末床熔融(LPBF)成形过程中的温度场分布,研究不同工艺参数(激光功率、扫描速度)对温度场分布及熔池特征的影响。结果表明:WC-12Co硬质合金在LPBF过程成形时,利用有限元能够有效模拟其成形过程。位于热源前部的等温线比尾部更为密集,温度梯度更大;而扫描路径终端边缘处熔池中心的温度最高。随着激光功率的增大和扫描速度的减小,熔池宽度、深度和长度均相应增大。通过相关实验分析不同工艺参数对晶粒尺寸的影响,发现晶粒尺寸随扫描速度的增加而减小,随激光功率的增加而增大;但过高的激光功率会引起一定的热裂纹现象发生。

Optimal Conditions for Preparing Ultra-Fine CeO_2 Powders in A Submerged Circulative Impinging Stream Reactor

Cerium carbonate powders were produced in a submerged circulation impinging stream reactor （SCISR） from Ce（NO3）3· 6H2O. NH4HCO3 was used as a precipitant in the reaction. Cerium carbonate powders were roasted to produce ultra-fine cerium dioxide （CeO2） powders. The optimal conditions of such production process were obtained by orthogonal and one-factor experiments. The results showed that ultra-fine and narrowly distributed cerium carbonate powders were produced under the optimal flowing conditions. The concentrations of Ce（NO3）3 and NH4HCO3 solutions were 02,5 and 0.3 mol · L^-1, respectively. The concentration of PEG4000 added in these two solutions was 4 g · L^-1. The stirring ratio, reaction temperature, feeding time, solution pH, reaction time and digestion time were 900 r · min^- 1,80 ℃, 20 min, 5 - 6, 5 min and 1 h, respectively. The final product, CeO2 powders, was obtained by roasting the produced cerium carbonate in air for 3 h at 500 ℃. The finally produced CeO2 powders were torispherical particles with a narrow size distribution of 0.8 -2.5 μm. The crystal structure of CeO2 powders belonged to cubic crystal system and its space point 5 group was OH^5-FM3M. Under optimal conditions, powders produced by SCISR were finer and more narrowly distributed than that by Stirred Tank Reactor （STR）.

DYNAMIC RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH ULTRA-FINE POWDERED RUBBER PARTICLES

Dynamic rheological characteristics of polypropylene (PP) filled with ultra-fine full-vulcanized powdered rubber (UFPR) composed of styrene-butadiene copolymer were studied through dynamic rheological measurements on an Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES). A specific viscoelastic phenomenon, i.e. 'the second plateau', appeared at low frequencies, and exhibits a certain dependence on the amount of rubber particles and the dispersion state in the matrix. This phenomenon is attributed to the formation of aggregation structure of rubber particles. The analyses of Cole-Cole diagrams of the dynamic viscoelastic functions suggest that the heterogeneity of the composites is enhanced on increasing both particle content and temperature.

An improved sodium silicate binder modified by ultra-fine powder materials

This paper presents a new method of modifying sodium silicate binder with ultra-fine powders. The sodium silicate binder modified by ultra-fine powder A and the organic B can reduce the addition amount of the binder. The results indicate that the 24 h strength has increased by 39.9% at room temperature and the residual strength has decreased by 30.7% at 800℃, compared to the conventional sodium silicate. An available material to improve the moisture resistance was also found by adding about 2% more inorganic C, and it can increase the moist strength by 20%. In the end, the microanalyses are given to explain the modifying machanism, i. e., the ultra-fine powder A can refine the sodium silicate binder to avoid holes in the binder bond, which can increase the 24 h strength at room temperture, and can lead to more cracks in the bond after the molding sand is heated to 800℃. This is because of the stress caused by the new eutectic complex of modified sodium silicate binder.

WC–xVC复合粉的制备及高含量VC对WC–Co基硬质合金微观结构和力学性能的影响

采用两步碳热还原法合成了WC–xVC复合粉,并以此为原料通过真空烧结法制备了不同Co含量(6%和10%,质量分数)的WC–Co–VC硬质合金,研究了烧结温度(1420℃、1440℃和1460℃)对硬质合金致密化过程的影响,分析了Co和VC含量对WC晶粒尺寸以及硬质合金维氏硬度和断裂韧性的影响。结果表明,随着烧结温度的升高,合金的相对密度增大,当烧结温度为1460℃时,所有合金试样的相对密度均大于98.5%。此外,随着VC含量的增加,WC的平均晶粒尺寸减小,这导致样品的硬度提高,断裂韧性降低。当VC质量分数为6%时,WC–6Co硬质合金和WC–10Co硬质合金的硬度均达到最大值,分别为HV301941和HV301838。在烧结温度和VC含量一定的情况下,试样的断裂韧性随着Co含量的增加而增加,试样的硬度随着Co含量的增加而减小。

Hydrogen Reduction:A Novel Method of Synthesizing Ultra-fine Chromic Oxide Powder

The ultra-fine chromic oxide powder was prepared by a novel gas-solid reduction reaction.Na2CrO4 was firstly reduced with hydrogen at 400-600 ℃.The obtained reduction products,mainly the mixture of NaCrO2 and sodium hydroxide（NaOH）,were converted into chromic oxide through hydrolysis followed by calcination.The obtained chromic oxide product was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction（XRD） and SEM.The results show that the hydrolysis process of sodium chromite is the key step and lower reduction temperature helps intensify the hydrolysis process.

WC粉体对ZL102合金组织和性能影响的研究

将不同量的WC粉体加入到ZL102合金试样,利用SEM、三维视频显微镜以及拉伸试验机等表征手段,研究WC粉体对ZL102合金性能的影响。试验结果表明:随着WC粉体加入量的增加,ZL102合金的微观组织明显细化,同时合金的力学性能得到明显的改善。当WC粉体加入量为0.20%时,ZL102合金获得了相对最好的显微组织和拉伸性能。共晶硅由不均匀分布的长针状逐渐转变为短棒状或点状在晶间均匀分布,晶粒组织从大量的柱状晶向等轴晶转化;抗拉强度及拉伸断口最大凸起高度先上升后下降,延伸率变化趋势不明显,抗拉强度237 MPa,提高了10.50%;拉伸断口最大凸起高度是1558.30μm,提高了72.21%。

Strengthening of HT250 by modified ultra-fine ceramic powders

In this study, three kinds of modified ultra-fine ceramic powders marked A, B and C, which were prepared by each of three different modifiers mixing with a commercial SiC, were added to HT250 cast iron, respectively, and the effects of the modified ultra-fine ceramic powders on microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance were studied. Metallographic examination, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy, and three-dimensional surface topography were applied to analyze and compare the samples containing modified powder with the original samples. The results showed that the most obvious modification effect among the powders was seen in the sample containing powder A, with the graphite and eutectic cells being refined, the tensile strength being increased by 36.9%, and the wear resistance being improved by 45.5% and 47.2% under loads of 150 N and 300 N, respectively. The improvements of mechanical properties and wear resistance in the HT250 cast iron with the modified ultra-fine ceramic powders were attributed to the synergistic effect of the grain refinement with the powder acting as a hard particle phase and the lubrication by the graphite.

配碳方式对超细WC粉末性能的影响

为了改善超细WC粉末的性能,尤其是降低其压制压力,本文研究了配碳方式对超细WC粉末性能的影响。结果表明:碳黑类型、配碳器类型、配碳时间和晶粒长大抑制剂碳化铬的添加次序对WC粉末性能有显著影响;碳黑类型影响WC的总碳和氧含量,对粉末的压制压力没有明显影响;配碳器类型对WC总碳和氧含量没有明显影响,与卧式配碳器比较,立式配碳器制备的WC粒度较小,压制压力更大;配碳时间对总碳、氧含量、粒度都没有明显的影响,配碳时间过长会提高压制压力;碳化铬添加次序对总碳没有明显的影响,添加碳化铬会增加WC的氧含量,降低WC粉末的粒度,增加压制压力。

Preparation of Ultra-fine Salbutamol Sulfate Particles by Reactive Precipitation and Characterization of Dry Powder Inhalant

The preparation of ultra-fine particles of salbutamol sulphate （SS） was accomplished with a reactive precipitation pathway, in which salbutamol and sulphuric acid were Used as reactants with the solvents of ethanol.The effects of sulphuric acid concentration, reaction temperature, stirring rate, and reaction time onthesize of the particle were investigated. A binary mixture composed of lactose and SS was prepared to evaluate SS. The results showed that ultra-fine SS particles with controlled diameters ranging between 3 μm and 0.8 μm and with a narrow distribution could be achieved. The morphology consisting of clubbed particles wassuccess.fully obtained. The purity of the particles reached above 98% with-UV detection. The dose- of dry powder inhalation was obtained by blending the particles with recrystallized lactose, which acted as a carrier. The deposition quantity of the drug in breathing tract was estimated using a twin imPinger apparatus. Compared with the Shapuer powder （purchased in the market）, the results showed that SS_particles had more quantifies.subsided in simulative lung.. _

双硬质相材料Cr_(3)C_(2)-WC-NiCoCrMo热喷涂工艺研究

采用团聚-烧结法制备了双硬质相材料Cr_(3)C_(2)-WC-NiCoCrMo热喷涂粉末,并利用超音速火焰(HVOF)喷涂技术制备了涂层,研究了粉末微观结构和热喷涂氧燃比(λ)对涂层显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明:随着烧结温度升高,喷涂粉末的松装密度和流动性增加,微观结构趋于致密;在热喷涂氧燃比固定为1.09的条件下,当喷涂粉末的烧结温度为1 295℃时,制备的涂层综合性能较好,显微硬度为(1 135.8±40.7)HV_(0.3),孔隙率为1.1%±0.1%;在喷涂粉末的烧结温度固定为1 295℃的条件下,当热喷涂氧燃比为1.0时,制备的涂层综合性能最好,其显微硬度为(1 145.8±39.6)HV_(0.3),沉积效率为48.8%,孔隙率为1.0%±0.1%。

Ni-WS_(2)/MoS_(2)包覆WC-12Ni粉体对HVOF涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响

以化学共沉积Ni-WS_(2)/MoS_(2)包覆WC-12Ni粉体为原料,在17-4PH不锈钢基体上制备了超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)涂层。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜对涂层组织结构进行表征,分别通过测定涂层的显微硬度、摩擦系数和磨损率,并结合粉体特征及涂层的孔隙结构分析来评价涂层摩擦学性能。实验结果表明,通过化学共沉积包覆喷涂粉体引入固体润滑剂,不仅能保证喷涂粉体的流动性,还能实现较均匀固体润滑剂掺杂,显著降低涂层孔隙率、提高致密化程度,获得低摩擦系数、低磨损率以及提高的涂层硬度和耐磨性。其中,由于WS_(2)与WC硬质合金有更好的成分相容性,WC-Ni-WS_(2)涂层的减摩耐磨性能要优于WC-Ni-MoS_(2)涂层。

超粗晶WC-Co硬质合金制备技术及发展趋势

超粗晶硬质合金因其独特的组织特征,表现出良好的抗冲击性、耐磨性、抗热疲劳性等优势,在凿岩、冲压模具、热轧辊领域具有极大的发展潜力,在硬质合金领域备受关注。本文概述了超粗晶硬质合金的特点及增韧机理,介绍了目前粗颗粒WC原料粉末和超粗晶硬质合金的制备工艺,以及超粗晶硬质合金性能强化方法的探索情况,最后对超粗晶硬质合金的发展趋势提出了几点思考。

Effect of jet milling on micro-strain behavior and rupture behavior of agglomerates of ultrafine WC powders

The Williamson-Hall and uniaxial compression methods were used to study the variations of the micro-strain and stress-strain relations in WC powders after jet milling and ball milling, respectively. The rupture behavior of agglomerates in WC powders was investigated. Meanwhile, the as-obtained WC powders treated by different milling methods were used to fabricate WC-10%Co cemented carbides, followed by the performance assessment of cemented carbides. The results show that the micro-strain of the jet-milled WC powders decreases significantly compared with that of the ball-milled WC powders, and that the cemented carbides prepared by jet-milled WC powders exhibit excellent properties with a transverse-rupture strength of 4260 MPa, due to the elimination of agglomerates and the reduction of lattice strain.

Preparation of Well Dispersed and Ultra-Fine Ce(Zr)O_2 Mixed Oxide by Mechanochemical Processing

Ultra-fine CeO_2-ZrO_2 mixed oxide was successfully synthesized by wet-solid phase mechanochemical processing, Ce_2(CO_3)_3·8H_2O, ZrOCl_2·xH_2O and ammonia were used as reactants. It is found that the crystalline Ce_2(CO_3)_3·8H_2O and ZrOCl_2·xH_2O are changed to amorphous cerium and zirconium hydroxide precursor after milling with ammonia, and Ce_(0.15)Zr_(0.85)O_2 mixed oxide with pure tetragonal phase structure and medium particle size(D_(50))less than 1μm is formed by calcining precursor over 673 K. The XRD patterns indicate that the crystal unite size increases with rising calcining temperature due to crystal growth. However, the particle size and BET surface area of the Ce(Zr)O_2 mixed oxide decreases with rising calcining temperature, which may be attributed to the contract of particles and the vanish of holes inside grains.

STUDY ON PREPARATION OF CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITE OF WC-Co ULTRAFINE POWDERS

The W -Co compound precursor powders with an average particle sife of 60 nm were prepared by the chemical coprecipitation as the raw materials of Na2WO1 and CoCl2 and as the reagents of HCI and NH3 ?H2O. After re-ducing and carburizing the precursor powders by hydrogen gas and CO-CO 2 mixture gas. the WC-Co composite povvders ivith an average particle size of 0. 18/wi can be obtained. The purity and particle size of powders -were analysed by XRD and TEM. respectively. Meanwhile, the key factors to influ-ence the reducing and carburizing process of powders were also studied.

Powder Extrusion Molding of Nanocrystalline WC-10Co Composite Cemented Carbide

The rods that were shaped from nanocrystalline WC- 10.21 Co-0.42 VC/ Cr3 C2 （ wt% ） composite powders by using powder extrusion molding （PEM） were investigated. The nanocrystalline WC- 10.21 Co- 0. 42 VC/ Cr3 C2 （ wt% ） composite powders were prepared by the spray thermal decomposition-continuous reduction and carburization technology. In order to improve the properties of rods shaped by using powder extrusion molding, the cold isostatic pressing （CIP） technology was used before or after debinding. Specimens were siutered by vacuum siutering and hot isostatic pressing （HIP）. The density, Rockwell A hardness, magnetic coercivity , and magnetic saturation induction of siutered specimen were measured. The microstructure of the green bodies and the siutered specimens was studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Results show that the rod formed by using powder extrusion molding after debinding and followed by cold isostatic pressing can be siutered to 99.5% density of composite cemented carbide rods with an average grain size of about 200- 300 nm, magnetic coercivity of 30.4 KA / m, Rockwell A hardness of 92.6 and magnetic saturation induction of 85% . Superfine WC- 10 Co cemented carbide rods with excellent properties were obtained.

Atomic force microscope study of WC-10Co cemented carbide sintered from nanocrystalline composite powders

In order to compare the spark plasma sintedng （SPS） process plus hot isostatic press （HIP） with vacuum sintedng plus HIP, an investigation was carried out on the topography, microstructure and gain size distribution of nanocrystalline WC-10Co composite powder and the sintered specimens prepared by SPS plus HIP and by vacuum sintering plus HIP by means of atomic force microscopy （AFM）. The mechanical properties of the sintered specimens were also investigated. It is very easy to find cobalt lakes in the specimen prepared by vacuum sintering plus HIP process. But the microstructure of the specimen prepared by SPS plus HIP is more homogeneous, and the grain size is smaller than that prepared by vacuum sintering plus HIP. The WC-10Co ultrafine cemented carbide consolidated by SPS plus HIP can reach a relative density of 99.4%, and the transverse rupture strength （TRS） is higher than 3540 MPa, the Rockwell A hardness （HRA） is higher than 92.8, the average grain size is smaller than 300 nm, and the WC-10Co ultrafine cemented carbide with excellent properties is achieved. The specimen prepared by SPS with HIP has better properties and microstructure than that prepared by vacuum sintering with HIP.

钴粉粒度和成分对亚微米晶WC-10Co硬质合金组织和性能的影响

研究了原料钴粉的粒度、成分对亚微米晶WC-10Co硬质合金物理力学性能的影响。结果表明:在烧结工艺相同的情况下,钴粉越细,其表面能越高,熔化温度越低,合金致密化的时间越长,同时钴蒸气挥发时间也相应增加;随着钴粉粒度减小,合金密度增大,硬度、矫顽磁力降低,抗弯强度先增大后减小,当钴粉粒度为0.73μm时达最大。钴粉中Cl含量也是影响硬质合金孔隙的重要因素之一,当Cl含量达到550×10^(-6)时,合金内部出现大量孔隙。为得到优异性能的亚微米晶硬质合金,需严格控制原材料成分,同时调整生产工艺,缩短球磨时间,降低烧结温度。以FSSS粒度为0.73μm、Cl含量为171×10^(-6)的钴粉制备的亚微米晶WC-10Co硬质合金抗弯强度达4231N/mm^(2),硬度达91.8HRA,密度达14.45g/cm3,矫顽磁力达19.1kA/m。