Effect of High Content Limestone Powder on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cement-based Materials

Compared with the control sample without limestone powder(LP), the mechanical properties of the sample with 30% LP can be significantly improved by using a small amount of water reducer to reduce the water-cement ratio, without significantly affecting the fluidity of the fresh mixture and increasing the economic cost. In addition, compared with the sole addition of limestone powder, dual addition of metakaolin and limestone powder can effectively improve the strengths. The reason of this phenomenon was investigated by means of XRD, TG-DTG, SEM, LF-NMR and isothermal calorimetry, etc. The reactive aluminum-rich phases in metakaolin react with limestone powder in the hydration process, and the formed calcium carboaluminate reduces the porosity and makes the hardened paste denser. The addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag can also improve the strength of the specimen added with limestone powder, whereas, the effect is inferior to that of metakaolin, for the ground granulated blast furnace slag contains less reactive aluminate phases, and accordingly, the amount of calcium carboaluminate generated is lower than that of metakaolin.

Preparation of High Activity Admixture from Steel Slag,Phosphate Slag and Limestone Powder

The problem of low disposal and utilization rate of bulk industrial solid waste needs to be solved.In this paper,a high-activity admixture composed of steel slag-phosphate slag-limestone powder was proposed for most of the solid waste with low activity and a negative impact on concrete workability,combining the characteristics of each solid waste.The paper demonstrates the feasibility and explains the principle of the composite system in terms of water requirement of standard consistency,setting time,workability,and mechanical properties,combined with the composition of the phases,hydration temperature,and microscopic morphology.The results showed that the steel slag:phosphate slag:limestone=5:2:3 gave the highest activity of the composite system,over 92%.Besides,the composite system had no significant effect on water demand and setting time compared to cement,and it could significantly increase the 7 and 28 d activity of the system.The composite system delayed the exothermic hydration of the cement and reduced the exothermic heat but had no effect on the hydration products.Therefore,the research in this paper dramatically improved the solid waste dissipation in concrete,reduced the amount of cement in concrete and positively responded to the national slogan of carbon neutral and peaking.

Effect of Limestone Powder on Microstructure of Concrete

The effect of limestone powder on microstructure of concrete was studied by using mercury intrusion porosimetry （MIP）, backscattering scanning electron（BSE）, scanning electron mi- croscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） techniques. The experimental results show that the compressive strength of concrete containing 100 kg/m3 limestone powder can meet the strength requirement. Limestone powder has not pozzolanic activity; it is still unhydrated at the age of 28 days. But its filling effect can make the paste matrix and the interfacial transition zone between matrix and aggregate denser, which will improve the performance of concrete.

Effect of Limestone Powder and Fly Ash on Magnesium Sulfate Resistance of Mortar

The effect of limestone powder and fly ash on magnesium sulfate resistance of mortar was studied by testing on the strength, expansion and hydration products of the specimens stored in MgSO4 solution at certain periods. The experimental results show that the strength of mortar stored in MgSO4 solution increases a little before 28 d, but decreases fast subsequently. The more the contents of limestone powder and fly ash, the less the strength losses. Mortar swells in the MgSO4 solution with the soaking time. And the more the contents of limestone powder and fly ash, the less the expansion rate is. The expansion or strength loss of mortars results from the expansion of gypsum, as well as the loss of Ca（OH）2 and other hydration products of cement. The magnesium sulfate resistance of the mortars containing limestone powder and fly ash is high.

Optimal Conditions for Preparing Ultra-Fine CeO_2 Powders in A Submerged Circulative Impinging Stream Reactor

Cerium carbonate powders were produced in a submerged circulation impinging stream reactor （SCISR） from Ce（NO3）3· 6H2O. NH4HCO3 was used as a precipitant in the reaction. Cerium carbonate powders were roasted to produce ultra-fine cerium dioxide （CeO2） powders. The optimal conditions of such production process were obtained by orthogonal and one-factor experiments. The results showed that ultra-fine and narrowly distributed cerium carbonate powders were produced under the optimal flowing conditions. The concentrations of Ce（NO3）3 and NH4HCO3 solutions were 02,5 and 0.3 mol · L^-1, respectively. The concentration of PEG4000 added in these two solutions was 4 g · L^-1. The stirring ratio, reaction temperature, feeding time, solution pH, reaction time and digestion time were 900 r · min^- 1,80 ℃, 20 min, 5 - 6, 5 min and 1 h, respectively. The final product, CeO2 powders, was obtained by roasting the produced cerium carbonate in air for 3 h at 500 ℃. The finally produced CeO2 powders were torispherical particles with a narrow size distribution of 0.8 -2.5 μm. The crystal structure of CeO2 powders belonged to cubic crystal system and its space point 5 group was OH^5-FM3M. Under optimal conditions, powders produced by SCISR were finer and more narrowly distributed than that by Stirred Tank Reactor （STR）.

DYNAMIC RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH ULTRA-FINE POWDERED RUBBER PARTICLES

Dynamic rheological characteristics of polypropylene (PP) filled with ultra-fine full-vulcanized powdered rubber (UFPR) composed of styrene-butadiene copolymer were studied through dynamic rheological measurements on an Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES). A specific viscoelastic phenomenon, i.e. 'the second plateau', appeared at low frequencies, and exhibits a certain dependence on the amount of rubber particles and the dispersion state in the matrix. This phenomenon is attributed to the formation of aggregation structure of rubber particles. The analyses of Cole-Cole diagrams of the dynamic viscoelastic functions suggest that the heterogeneity of the composites is enhanced on increasing both particle content and temperature.

Hydration properties and thermal analysis of cement-based materials containing limestone powder

The hydration and thermal properties of cement-based materials containing various proportions of limestone powder as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement, were investigated and reported. Both compressive and flexural strengths of cement mortar with various contents of limestone powder were tested to study the influence of limestone powder on the strength development of resulting mixtures. The hydration heat and its rate of evolution were also tested, which clearly showed that the replacement percentage of limestone powder had significant effects on the total hydration heat but only a modest influence on the rate of heat evolution of cement-limestone binder. Importantly, the reduction coefficient of limestone powder on the hydration heat, needed for estimation of adiabatic temperature rise of cement-limestone binder, was found to be approximately 0.51. Fundamental thermal properties of these concrete mixtures containing limestone powder were also studied. Increasing the percentage of limestone powder resulted in a significant reduction in the adiabatic temperature rise but only a slight increase in other thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat. In addition, thermal analysis using finite-element modelling indicated that inclusion of limestone powder did not significantly affect the rate of temperature rise nor the occurrence time of the highest temperature at early ages.

Form and Mechanism of Sulfate Attack on Cement-based Material Made of Limestone Powder at Low Water-binder Ratio under Low Temperature Conditions

The development of strength and the form of attack of cement-based material made of limestone powder at low water-binder ratio under low-temperature sulfate environment were studied. The results indicate that when water-binder ratio is lower than 0.40, the cement-based material with limestone powder has insignificant change in appearance after being soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature for 120 d, and has significant change in appearance after being soaked at the age of 200 d. Expansion damage and exfoliation occur on the surface of concrete test cube at different levels. When limestone powder accounts for about 28 percent of cementitious material, with the decrease of water-binder ratio, the compressive strength loss has gradually decreased after the material is soaked in the magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d. After the specimen with the water-binder ratio of less than 0.4 and the limestone powder volume of greater than 20% is soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d, gypsum attack-led destruction is caused to the concrete test cube, without thaumasite sulfate attack.

Hydrogen Reduction:A Novel Method of Synthesizing Ultra-fine Chromic Oxide Powder

The ultra-fine chromic oxide powder was prepared by a novel gas-solid reduction reaction.Na2CrO4 was firstly reduced with hydrogen at 400-600 ℃.The obtained reduction products,mainly the mixture of NaCrO2 and sodium hydroxide（NaOH）,were converted into chromic oxide through hydrolysis followed by calcination.The obtained chromic oxide product was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction（XRD） and SEM.The results show that the hydrolysis process of sodium chromite is the key step and lower reduction temperature helps intensify the hydrolysis process.

Strengthening of HT250 by modified ultra-fine ceramic powders

In this study, three kinds of modified ultra-fine ceramic powders marked A, B and C, which were prepared by each of three different modifiers mixing with a commercial SiC, were added to HT250 cast iron, respectively, and the effects of the modified ultra-fine ceramic powders on microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance were studied. Metallographic examination, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy, and three-dimensional surface topography were applied to analyze and compare the samples containing modified powder with the original samples. The results showed that the most obvious modification effect among the powders was seen in the sample containing powder A, with the graphite and eutectic cells being refined, the tensile strength being increased by 36.9%, and the wear resistance being improved by 45.5% and 47.2% under loads of 150 N and 300 N, respectively. The improvements of mechanical properties and wear resistance in the HT250 cast iron with the modified ultra-fine ceramic powders were attributed to the synergistic effect of the grain refinement with the powder acting as a hard particle phase and the lubrication by the graphite.

Preparation of Well Dispersed and Ultra-Fine Ce(Zr)O_2 Mixed Oxide by Mechanochemical Processing

Ultra-fine CeO_2-ZrO_2 mixed oxide was successfully synthesized by wet-solid phase mechanochemical processing, Ce_2(CO_3)_3·8H_2O, ZrOCl_2·xH_2O and ammonia were used as reactants. It is found that the crystalline Ce_2(CO_3)_3·8H_2O and ZrOCl_2·xH_2O are changed to amorphous cerium and zirconium hydroxide precursor after milling with ammonia, and Ce_(0.15)Zr_(0.85)O_2 mixed oxide with pure tetragonal phase structure and medium particle size(D_(50))less than 1μm is formed by calcining precursor over 673 K. The XRD patterns indicate that the crystal unite size increases with rising calcining temperature due to crystal growth. However, the particle size and BET surface area of the Ce(Zr)O_2 mixed oxide decreases with rising calcining temperature, which may be attributed to the contract of particles and the vanish of holes inside grains.

Strength of Limestone-based Non-calcined Cement and its Properties

A new type of cement was prepared with ground limestone powder, blastfumace slag, steel slag and gypsum without calcination. The fraction of ground limestone powder in the cement was as high as 40 wt%-60 wt% without Portland clinker. All of its physical properties can meet the requirements of masonry cement standards. The impact of limestone content on physical properties of the cement and determined its impact on law was investigated. The steel slag can excit the aquation activity of this cement effectively, and the influence of its quantity on the strength of the materials was studied, which shows that the optimum quantity of mixing is 10%. By way of changing the different content of the lime stone by quartzy sample, the law of the compression strength and the PH value was determined, confirming that the lime stone can promote the early aquation of the slag and improve the early strength. The main hydration product of this cement is calcium aluminate hydrate, ettringite and calcium silicate hydrate, as indicated by XRD and SEM analysis.

低温环境下含石灰石粉水泥基材料抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能研究

为提升低温硫酸盐环境下含石灰石粉水泥基材料的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,采用脉冲电场加速硫酸盐侵蚀,通过观测试件外观形貌变化及利用XRD和FT-IR测定腐蚀物微观组分,对掺不同矿物掺合料的含石灰石粉水泥基材料抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能及机理开展研究。结果表明:掺加矿物掺合料可在不同程度上改善含石灰石粉水泥基材料的低温抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,且复掺较单掺时的整体侵蚀抑制效果更加显著,但需满足矿物掺合料的最低掺量要求;建议单掺时水泥基材料中粉煤灰或矿粉的质量占比应分别不低于30%和50%,复掺时粉煤灰与矿粉的质量占比为50%~70%,且二者质量比以1.0∶1.5~1.0∶2.5为宜。此外,含石灰石粉水泥基材料在发生碳硫硅钙石型硫酸盐侵蚀(TSA)过程中,碳硫硅钙石衍射峰主要由钙矾石衍射峰右移后形成,表明其生成以钙矾石转化为主。因此,有效抑制钙矾石的生成是抑制含石灰石粉水泥基材料发生TSA的重点。

基于电化学阻抗谱的石灰石粉硬化水泥浆体孔结构演化研究

为了研究大掺量(质量分数为20%以上)石灰石粉硬化水泥浆体的孔结构演化行为,本文基于电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、压汞(MIP)测试分析,探究大掺量石灰石粉对硬化水泥浆体EIS拓扑结构和孔结构参数的影响规律,并建立大掺量石灰石粉硬化水泥浆体的微观结构等效电路,研究等效电路中元器件和孔结构参数之间的关系。结果表明:随水化龄期的延长,石灰石粉掺量对EIS拓扑结构参数中Bode角和θ_(max)的影响规律显著,大掺量石灰石粉硬化水泥浆体的孔径分布整体由大孔和毛细孔向过渡孔和凝胶孔发展演化;另外,EIS等效电路中电阻随硬化水泥浆体中毛细孔含量的增加而减小,电容随硬化水泥浆体中凝胶孔含量的增加而减小。

葡萄糖酸钠对大掺量石灰石粉水泥浆体水化行为的影响

为了研究葡萄糖酸钠对大掺量石灰石粉水泥浆体水化行为的影响,采用等温量热测试、X射线衍射测试、热重测试研究了胶凝材料体系的水化进程、水化产物种类与含量的变化;并采用相边界成核与生长模型探究了葡萄糖酸钠作用下大掺量石灰石粉水泥水化产物成核与生长机制。结果表明:葡萄糖酸钠能够延缓大掺量石灰石粉水泥的水化,减少水化产物的生成,从而降低其水化程度;另外,葡萄糖酸钠能够降低水化产物早期成核与生长的速率,减小水化产物早期在相边界成核与生长的面积。

偏高岭土与石灰石粉增强3D打印水泥基材料的各向异性研究

3D打印水泥基材料堆叠成型的工艺导致其条间接触面性能下降,偏高岭土的加入能够使材料孔隙率降低,力学性能提高,但偏高岭土的高需水性会造成打印条带表面水分损失,层间黏结性能下降,而石灰石粉的稀释效应可以改善这一点。本文研究了复掺偏高岭土与石灰石粉对3D打印水泥基材料各向异性的影响,并通过微观角度解释这两种材料影响力学性能的机理。结果表明,偏高岭土最佳质量掺量为12%,最佳复掺质量比例m(偏高岭土)∶m(石灰石粉)为2∶1,3D打印水泥基材料掺入偏高岭土后流动度显著下降,复掺石灰石粉后流动度提高。3D打印试块各方向抗压强度的大小为X>Z>Y>筑模,不同方向抗折强度变化规律与抗压强度基本相同,具有各向异性特征。

石粉添加比例对玉米-豆粕混合粉料理化性质及颗粒质量的影响

本试验旨在研究添加不同比例石粉对玉米-豆粕混合粉料理化性质及颗粒质量的影响。将玉米和豆粕粉碎后按质量比例6∶4混合,并分别添加0(对照组)、1%、2%、3%、4%的石粉(饲料级),测定添加不同比例石粉的混合粉料的粉体特性、水合特性、糊化特性等理化特性和制粒后的颗粒质量。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,4个试验组的摩擦角和休止角显著减小(P<0.05),松装密度和振实密度显著升高(P<0.05),豪斯纳(Hausner)指数显著降低(P<0.05)。2)石粉添加比例对混合粉料的水溶性指数、吸水性指数和溶胀度均无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)混合粉料的峰值黏度、保持黏度、崩解值、回生值和最终黏度随着石粉添加比例的增加先降低后趋于稳定,2%、3%和4%组之间上述指标均没有显著差异(P>0.05);糊化温度各组之间无显著变化(P>0.05)。4)与对照组相比,4个试验组的吨料电耗、淀粉糊化度、颗粒耐久性(PDI)均显著降低(P<0.05),生产速率显著升高(P<0.05),成形率无显著差异(P>0.05);随着石粉添加比例的增加,硬度逐渐降低,且3%和4%组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,石粉对提高混合粉料的流动性和制粒机产能有促进作用,同时还能降低饲料生产的吨料电耗,但会造成颗粒饲料的淀粉糊化度、硬度和PDI降低。在实际生产中,在满足颗粒质量和动物营养需求的条件下,可以适量添加石粉以提高制粒机的产能。

海洋环境碱激发矿渣-石灰石粉净浆的微结构特性

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TG-DTG)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS),研究了不同石灰石粉掺量碱激发矿渣-石灰石粉(AAS-LS)低碳胶凝复合体系在海洋环境大气区与水下区的水化产物相组成、官能团以及微结构特性.结果表明:在海洋大气区自然碳化过程中,AAS-LS净浆新增的碳化产物主要为CaCO_(3)的多晶型物相——亚稳态球霰石和文石;在持续的海水浸泡环境中,有Mg(OH)_(2)和微量Ca(OH)_(2)生成,且在浸泡12个月后,类水滑石相显著出现;石灰石粉在碱激发体系中具有潜在的化学效应.