Preparation technology of ultra-fine powders of Auricularia auricular

Conventional mechanical method and mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying technology were used to make the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus (Auricularia auricular). The content of basic nutrients, amino acid, micro structure and their properties of raw edible fungus and the edible fungus powders obtained with the two methods were analyzed and compared. The granularity size and micro-structure of the pulverized samples were analyzed by SEM and TEM technology. The average granularity size of the edible fungus powder obtained with mechanical method was 1–5 μm, while that obtained with mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying process was 0.5–1 μm. The ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the two methods had better water recovery capability and quality, and their preserving time was longer than that of raw edible fungus. All the properties of the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the vacuum freeze-drying technology were evidently superior to that of the conventional mechanical method. Keywords Auricularia auricula - Edible fungus - Ultra-fine powders - Vacuum freeze-drying CLC number TS205 Document code B Biography: YANG Chun-yu (1975), female, Ph. D. in Engineering Technology Center of Forestry and Wood Workine, Machinery, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong

Optimal Conditions for Preparing Ultra-Fine CeO_2 Powders in A Submerged Circulative Impinging Stream Reactor

Cerium carbonate powders were produced in a submerged circulation impinging stream reactor （SCISR） from Ce（NO3）3· 6H2O. NH4HCO3 was used as a precipitant in the reaction. Cerium carbonate powders were roasted to produce ultra-fine cerium dioxide （CeO2） powders. The optimal conditions of such production process were obtained by orthogonal and one-factor experiments. The results showed that ultra-fine and narrowly distributed cerium carbonate powders were produced under the optimal flowing conditions. The concentrations of Ce（NO3）3 and NH4HCO3 solutions were 02,5 and 0.3 mol · L^-1, respectively. The concentration of PEG4000 added in these two solutions was 4 g · L^-1. The stirring ratio, reaction temperature, feeding time, solution pH, reaction time and digestion time were 900 r · min^- 1,80 ℃, 20 min, 5 - 6, 5 min and 1 h, respectively. The final product, CeO2 powders, was obtained by roasting the produced cerium carbonate in air for 3 h at 500 ℃. The finally produced CeO2 powders were torispherical particles with a narrow size distribution of 0.8 -2.5 μm. The crystal structure of CeO2 powders belonged to cubic crystal system and its space point 5 group was OH^5-FM3M. Under optimal conditions, powders produced by SCISR were finer and more narrowly distributed than that by Stirred Tank Reactor （STR）.

DYNAMIC RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH ULTRA-FINE POWDERED RUBBER PARTICLES

Dynamic rheological characteristics of polypropylene (PP) filled with ultra-fine full-vulcanized powdered rubber (UFPR) composed of styrene-butadiene copolymer were studied through dynamic rheological measurements on an Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES). A specific viscoelastic phenomenon, i.e. 'the second plateau', appeared at low frequencies, and exhibits a certain dependence on the amount of rubber particles and the dispersion state in the matrix. This phenomenon is attributed to the formation of aggregation structure of rubber particles. The analyses of Cole-Cole diagrams of the dynamic viscoelastic functions suggest that the heterogeneity of the composites is enhanced on increasing both particle content and temperature.

基于机械干态颗粒涂层技术制备cBN@TiN粉体

采用机械干态颗粒涂层技术分别制备了cBN@TiO_(2)(TiO_(2)包覆立方氮化硼)粉体和cBN@(TiO_(2)+C)(TiO_(2)+碳包覆立方氮化硼)粉体,然后在1600℃、N_(2)气氛下进行高温热处理制备cBN@TiN(TiN包覆立方氮化硼)粉体,研究了高温热处理前后粉体的物相组成与微观形貌以及高温反应机理。结果表明:机械干态颗粒涂层技术可以使纳米TiO_(2)和纳米TiO_(2)+C颗粒均匀包裹在cBN颗粒表面。在高温热处理过程中,TiO_(2)与cBN反应生成液相B_(2)O_(3),促进了cBN相变成六方氮化硼(hBN),cBN的高温稳定性差,以cBN@TiO_(2)为原料制备的cBN@TiN粉体颗粒表面形成由TiN相和hBN相组成的片状结构层;当存在碳时,TiO_(2)会优先与碳发生还原反应生成TiN,抑制B_(2)O_(3)的生成,从而降低cBN相变量,此时cBN的高温稳定性好,以cBN@(TiO_(2)+C)为原料制备的cBN@TiN粉体颗粒表面形成主要为TiN相的颗粒结构层。

An improved sodium silicate binder modified by ultra-fine powder materials

This paper presents a new method of modifying sodium silicate binder with ultra-fine powders. The sodium silicate binder modified by ultra-fine powder A and the organic B can reduce the addition amount of the binder. The results indicate that the 24 h strength has increased by 39.9% at room temperature and the residual strength has decreased by 30.7% at 800℃, compared to the conventional sodium silicate. An available material to improve the moisture resistance was also found by adding about 2% more inorganic C, and it can increase the moist strength by 20%. In the end, the microanalyses are given to explain the modifying machanism, i. e., the ultra-fine powder A can refine the sodium silicate binder to avoid holes in the binder bond, which can increase the 24 h strength at room temperture, and can lead to more cracks in the bond after the molding sand is heated to 800℃. This is because of the stress caused by the new eutectic complex of modified sodium silicate binder.

Hydrogen Reduction:A Novel Method of Synthesizing Ultra-fine Chromic Oxide Powder

The ultra-fine chromic oxide powder was prepared by a novel gas-solid reduction reaction.Na2CrO4 was firstly reduced with hydrogen at 400-600 ℃.The obtained reduction products,mainly the mixture of NaCrO2 and sodium hydroxide（NaOH）,were converted into chromic oxide through hydrolysis followed by calcination.The obtained chromic oxide product was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction（XRD） and SEM.The results show that the hydrolysis process of sodium chromite is the key step and lower reduction temperature helps intensify the hydrolysis process.

Strengthening of HT250 by modified ultra-fine ceramic powders

In this study, three kinds of modified ultra-fine ceramic powders marked A, B and C, which were prepared by each of three different modifiers mixing with a commercial SiC, were added to HT250 cast iron, respectively, and the effects of the modified ultra-fine ceramic powders on microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance were studied. Metallographic examination, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy, and three-dimensional surface topography were applied to analyze and compare the samples containing modified powder with the original samples. The results showed that the most obvious modification effect among the powders was seen in the sample containing powder A, with the graphite and eutectic cells being refined, the tensile strength being increased by 36.9%, and the wear resistance being improved by 45.5% and 47.2% under loads of 150 N and 300 N, respectively. The improvements of mechanical properties and wear resistance in the HT250 cast iron with the modified ultra-fine ceramic powders were attributed to the synergistic effect of the grain refinement with the powder acting as a hard particle phase and the lubrication by the graphite.

Preparation of Ultra-fine Salbutamol Sulfate Particles by Reactive Precipitation and Characterization of Dry Powder Inhalant

The preparation of ultra-fine particles of salbutamol sulphate （SS） was accomplished with a reactive precipitation pathway, in which salbutamol and sulphuric acid were Used as reactants with the solvents of ethanol.The effects of sulphuric acid concentration, reaction temperature, stirring rate, and reaction time onthesize of the particle were investigated. A binary mixture composed of lactose and SS was prepared to evaluate SS. The results showed that ultra-fine SS particles with controlled diameters ranging between 3 μm and 0.8 μm and with a narrow distribution could be achieved. The morphology consisting of clubbed particles wassuccess.fully obtained. The purity of the particles reached above 98% with-UV detection. The dose- of dry powder inhalation was obtained by blending the particles with recrystallized lactose, which acted as a carrier. The deposition quantity of the drug in breathing tract was estimated using a twin imPinger apparatus. Compared with the Shapuer powder （purchased in the market）, the results showed that SS_particles had more quantifies.subsided in simulative lung.. _

Synthesis and characterization of bismuth-doped tin dioxide nanometer powders

Bismuth-doped tin dioxide nanometer powders were prepared by co-precipitation method using SnCl4 and Bi（NO3）3 as raw materials. The effects of calcining temperature and doping ratio on the particle size, composition, spectrum selectivity of bismuth-doped tin dioxide and the phase transition of Bi-Sn precursor at different temperatures were studied by means of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visual-near infrared diffuse reflection spectrum and the thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that prepared bismuth-doped tin dioxide powders have excellent characteristics with a single-phase tetragonal structure, good dispersibility, good absorbency for ultraviolet ray and average particle size less than 10 nm. The optimum conditions for preparing bismuth-doped tin dioxide nanometer powders are as follows: calcining temperature of 600℃, ratio of bismuth-doped in a range of 0.10-0.30, and Bi-Sn precursor being dispersed by ultrasonic wave and refluxed azeotropic and distillated with mixture of n-butanol and benzene. The mechanism of phase transition of Bi-Sn precursor is that Bi 3+ enters Sn-vacancy and then forms Sn—O—Bi bond.

Preparation of Well Dispersed and Ultra-Fine Ce(Zr)O_2 Mixed Oxide by Mechanochemical Processing

Ultra-fine CeO_2-ZrO_2 mixed oxide was successfully synthesized by wet-solid phase mechanochemical processing, Ce_2(CO_3)_3·8H_2O, ZrOCl_2·xH_2O and ammonia were used as reactants. It is found that the crystalline Ce_2(CO_3)_3·8H_2O and ZrOCl_2·xH_2O are changed to amorphous cerium and zirconium hydroxide precursor after milling with ammonia, and Ce_(0.15)Zr_(0.85)O_2 mixed oxide with pure tetragonal phase structure and medium particle size(D_(50))less than 1μm is formed by calcining precursor over 673 K. The XRD patterns indicate that the crystal unite size increases with rising calcining temperature due to crystal growth. However, the particle size and BET surface area of the Ce(Zr)O_2 mixed oxide decreases with rising calcining temperature, which may be attributed to the contract of particles and the vanish of holes inside grains.

Application of Microwave Melting for the Recovery of Tin Powder

The present work explores the application of microwave heating for the melting of powdered tin. The mor- phology and particle size of powdered tin prepared by the centrifugal atomization method were charac- terized. The tin particles were uniform and spherical in shape, with 90% of the particles in the size range of 38-75μm. The microwave absorption characteristic of the tin powder was assessed by an estimation of the dielectric properties. Microwave penetration was found to have good volumetric heating on powdered tin. Conduction losses were the main loss mechanisms for powdered tin by microwave heating at temperatures above 150 ℃. A 20 kW commercial-scale microwave tin-melting unit was designed, developed, and utilized for production. This unit achieved a heating rate that was at least 10 times higher than those of conventional methods, as well as a far shorter melting duration. The results suggest that microwave heating accelerates the heating rate and shortens the melting time. Tin recovery rate was 97.79%, with a slag ratio of only 1.65% and other losses accounting for less than 0.56%. The unit energy consumption was only 0.17 （kW·h）·kg-1- far lower than the energy required by conventional melting methods. Thus, the microwave melting process improved heating efficiency and reduced energy consumption.

Effect of fabrication conditions on the properties of indium tin oxide powders

This paper reports that indium tin oxide （ITO） crystalline powders are prepared by coprecipitation method. Fabrication conditions mainly as sintering temperature and Sn doping content are correlated with the phase, microstructure, infrared emissivity c and powder resistivity of indium tin oxides by means of x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and transmission electron microscope. The optimum sintering temperature of 1350℃ and Sn doping content 6～8wt% are determined. The application of ITO in the military camouflage field is proposed.

Microstructure Study on Nano-phase Powder of Indium Tin Oxide

hemical co-precipitation method was used to prepare indium tin hydroxide. Indium tin hydroxide has the structure of cubic crystal. The cubic crystal structure transformed to amorphous after heat treatment at 250℃ for 1 h. When the heat treatment temperature was higher than 280℃, the amorphous transformed to cubic crystal structure. After heat treatment at 600℃ for 1 h, the particle size of indium tin oxide is 8～20 nm. The weight ratio of In∶Sn is near 9∶1. Its granule has spherical shape. The dispersity is good.

TiN陶瓷超声振动辅助混粉电火花加工实验平台设计

氮化钛陶瓷材料广泛应用于航空航天行业。由于传统机械加工氮化钛存在刀具损耗现象、常规电火花加工陶瓷材料的效率低,提出了超声振动辅助混粉电火花加工氮化钛的方法,并搭建实验平台验证其可行性。首先,利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对超声振动系统进行模态分析,并利用振幅测量仪和阻抗分析仪对超声主轴进行性能测试;接着,利用Fluent流仿真软件对混粉颗粒循环系统进行油箱流场仿真分析;最后,分别采用超声振动辅助混粉电火花加工、普通电火花加工、超声振动辅助电火花加工及混粉电火花加工四种方式加工盲孔并进行对比试验。结果表明:超声振动辅助混粉电火花加工氧化钛的表面粗糙度最低、材料去除率最高、加工表面质量得到改善。

纳米TiN粉末强化ZGMn13微观组织和力学性能的研究

采用氩气吹入法制备纳米TiN粉末强化ZGMn13样品,研究了纳米TiN对ZGMn13显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,经纳米TiN粉末强化处理后的高锰钢的组织明显细化,力学性能明显提高。透射形貌分析和衍射花样标定得出:纳米级TiN以0.5916%的错配度存在于基体中,可作为异质形核剂细化高锰钢晶粒,强化基体,并分析了纳米TiN在高锰钢中的作用机理。

碳热还原氮化高钛渣合成TiN/β′-Sialon导电陶瓷粉体

以高钛渣、高铝矾土熟料、硅灰和炭黑为原料,采用碳热还原氮化法合成TiN/β′-Sialon导电陶瓷粉体.利用XRD,SEM和EDS检测手段研究了合成温度、恒温时间对反应过程的影响,并探讨了合成机理.结果表明:合成温度、恒温时间对反应过程影响显著.1 400℃恒温2 h时,β′-Sialon含量达最大,是最佳的工艺参数.此时β-′Sialon晶粒多呈长柱状,TiN为细小粒状.合成过程中SiO的挥发导致试样较大的质量损失,且随合成温度升高和恒温时间延长而增大.

改性纳米TiN粉末对ZGMn18Cr2微观组织和力学性能的影响

在生产条件下,采用氩气吹入法制备了改性纳米TiN粉末强化ZGMn18Cr2样品。研究了不同纳米TiN添加量对ZGMn18Cr2样品显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:经改性纳米TiN粉末强化处理后的超高锰钢的组织明显细化;当TiN加入量为0.03%时,硬度和冲击吸收功分别提高了6.0%和14%。SEM和TEM分析表明,TiN以微米级和纳米级的颗粒存在于奥氏体基体中,起到了细化晶粒,强韧化基体的作用。

SiC/纳米TiN水基复合料浆特性及喷雾干燥

以四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAH)为分散剂,纳米TiN、亚微米SiC粉体为原料,分别制备单组分水基料浆及复合料浆,分析了SiC/纳米TiN复合料浆的分散稳定机制以及喷雾干燥行为.研究结果表明,TMAH在纳米TiN、SiC颗粒表面形成特征吸附,通过静电作用和空间位阻协同作用提高颗粒的分散性;当pH=8、TMAH加入量为0.75wt%时,复合浆料分散稳定,喷雾干燥制备的SiC/纳米TiN复合粉体流动性好,且分布均匀.

在氮气中球磨Ti粉制备纳米TiN_x

采用Spex型振动式高能球磨机在氮气中球磨Ti粉,采用X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析产物的相结构和形 貌。结果表明,Ti粉在氮气中球磨9h,可完全转变为,fcc结构TiNx纳米粉。

高钛渣碳热还原氮化合成TiN/O′-Sialon导电陶瓷粉体

以高钛渣、硅灰和高铝矾土熟料为原料,采用碳热还原氮化法合成TiN/O′-Sialon导电陶瓷粉体。利用XRD、SEM和EDS检测手段研究合成温度及恒温时间对粉体相组成和显微形貌的影响,并探讨合成机理。结果表明：随合成温度的升高和恒温时间的延长,产物中O′-Sialon的含量逐渐增加,并在1 375~1 400℃、恒温7 h时成为产物主晶相,此时产物中还有较多TiN和少量β′-Sialon生成。继续提高温度和延长反应时间,体系气氛的改变导致O′-Sialon迅速向β′-Sialon转化。合成粉体中O′-Sialon晶粒多呈等轴状,粒度约2μm,TiN晶粒为细小粒状。此外,反应体系中还有大量白色β′-Sialon晶须状沉积物生成。