Comparison of α particle detectors based on single-crystal diamond films grown in two types of gas atmospheres by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition

Chemical vapor deposition(CVD)-grown diamond films have been developed as irradiation-resistant materials to replace or upgrade current detectors for use in extreme radiation environments. However, their sensitivity in practical applications has been inhibited by space charge stability issues caused by defects and impurities in pure diamond crystal materials. In this study, two high-quality CVD-grown single-crystal diamond(SCD) detectors with low content of nitrogen impurities were fabricated and characterized. The intrinsic properties of the SCD samples were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, stereomicroscopy, and X-ray diffraction with the rocking curve mode, cathode luminescence(CL), and infrared and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectroscopies. After packaging the detectors, the dark current and energy resolution under α particle irradiation were investigated. Dark currents of less than 5 pA at 100 V were obtained after annealing the electrodes, which is comparable with the optimal value previously reported. The detector that uses a diamond film with higher nitrogen content showed poor energy resolution, whereas the detector with more dislocations showed poor charge collection efficiency(CCE). This demonstrates that the nitrogen content in diamond has a significant effect on the energy resolution of detectors, while the dislocations in diamond largely contribute to the poor CCE of detectors.

Dispersion of Micro Diamond Particles in Electroless Nickel Solution

The dispersion behavior of micro-diamond particles ranging from 0 to 0.5 micron was compared between in DI water and in electroless nickel solution. The effects of the concentration of electroless solution, temperature, ultrasonic treatment, stirring speed, and baffles on the size distribution of micro diamond particles in electroless nickel solution were studied. Results show that the dispersion of micro diamond particles in DI water is obviously superior to that in electroless nickel solution. Micro diamond particles agglomerate evidently when the concentration of electroless solution Velect：VDI in dispersion media exceeds 5%0. Diamond particles agglomerate more and more seriously with the increase of the ion concentration. Applying ultrasonic, increasing stirring speed and adding baffles are helpful to improving the dispersion of diamond particles in the electroless nickel solution and its uniform distribution in the Ni-P coating.

Photoluminescence of SiV centers in CVD diamond particles with specific crystallographic planes

We prepared the isolated micrometer-sized diamond particles without seeding on the substrate in hot filament chemical vapor deposition. The diamond particles with specific crystallographic planes and strong silicon-vacancy(SiV) photoluminescence(PL) have been prepared by adjusting the growth pressure. As the growth pressure increases from 2.5 to 3.5 kPa,the diamond particles transit from composite planes of {100} and {111} to only smooth {111} planes. The {111}-faceted diamond particles present better crystal quality and stronger normalized intensity of SiV PL with a narrower bandwidth of 5 nm. Raman depth profiles show that the SiV centers are more likely to be formed on the near-surface areas of the diamond particles, which have poorer crystal quality and greater lattice stress than the inner areas. Complex lattice stress environment in the near-surface areas broadens the bandwidth of SiV PL peak. These results provide a feasible method to prepare diamond particles with specific crystallographic planes and stronger SiV PL.

Preparation of Ultra-fine Salbutamol Sulfate Particles by Reactive Precipitation and Characterization of Dry Powder Inhalant

The preparation of ultra-fine particles of salbutamol sulphate （SS） was accomplished with a reactive precipitation pathway, in which salbutamol and sulphuric acid were Used as reactants with the solvents of ethanol.The effects of sulphuric acid concentration, reaction temperature, stirring rate, and reaction time onthesize of the particle were investigated. A binary mixture composed of lactose and SS was prepared to evaluate SS. The results showed that ultra-fine SS particles with controlled diameters ranging between 3 μm and 0.8 μm and with a narrow distribution could be achieved. The morphology consisting of clubbed particles wassuccess.fully obtained. The purity of the particles reached above 98% with-UV detection. The dose- of dry powder inhalation was obtained by blending the particles with recrystallized lactose, which acted as a carrier. The deposition quantity of the drug in breathing tract was estimated using a twin imPinger apparatus. Compared with the Shapuer powder （purchased in the market）, the results showed that SS_particles had more quantifies.subsided in simulative lung.. _

Diamond Particles Deposited among Nickel/Copper Particles in Energy Controlled CH₄/H₂RF Discharge Plasmas

Formation of diamond particles was investigated in an energy-controlled CH4/H2 radio-frequency (RF) discharge plasma. Here, in particular, it was examined how diamond particles grew on a nickel substrate under an influence of Cu vapor that was supplied from a heated Cu wire. Here, the plasma was generated by a hollow-magnetron-type (HMT) RF plasma source at the frequency of 13.56 MHz. Total pressure was kept at 100 mTorr. Diamond particles grew besides Ni and Cu particles. From Raman spectrum the substrate surface was covered with thin graphite film deposited as a background layer. It was shown that diamond could grow in a self-organized manner even when the other atomic gas species such as Ni and Cu were contained in the gas at the same time during the growth process.

Effects of microwave oxygen plasma treatments on microstructure and Ge-V photoluminescent properties of diamond particles

The microstructure and Ge-V photoluminescent properties of diamond particles treated by microwave oxygen plasma are investigated.The results show that in the first 5 min of microwave plasma treatment,graphite and disordered carbon on the surface of the particles are etched away,so that diamond with regular crystal plane,smaller lattice stress,and better crystal quality is exposed,producing a Ge-V photoluminescence(PL)intensity 4 times stronger and PL peak FWHM(full width at half maximum)value of 6.6 nm smaller than the as-deposited sample.It is observed that the cycles of‘diamond is converted into graphite and disordered carbon,then the graphite and disordered carbon are etched’can occur with the treatment time further increasing.During these cycles,the particle surface alternately appears smooth and rough,corresponding to the strengthening and weakening of Ge-V PL intensity,respectively,while the PL intensity is always stronger than that of the as-deposited sample.The results suggest that not only graphite but also disordered carbon weakens the Ge-V PL intensity.Our study provides a feasible way of enhancing the Ge-V PL properties and effectively controlling the surface morphology of diamond particle.

Effect of sintering parameters on the microstructure and thermal conductivity of diamond/Cu composites prepared by high pressure and high temperature infiltration

Pure Cu composites reinforced with diamond particles were fabricated by a high pressure and high temperature （HPHT） infiltration technique. Their microstructural evolution and thermal conductivity were presented as a function of sintering parameters （temperature, pressure, and time）. The improvement in interfacial bonding strength and the maximum thermM conductivity of 750 W/（m.K） were achieved at the optimal sintering parameters of 1200℃, 6 GPa and 10 min. It is found that the thermal conductivity of the composites depends strongly on sintering pressure. When the sintering pressure is above 6 GPa, the diamond skeleton is detected, which greatly contributes to the excellent thermal conductivity.

Study of the morphology and properties of diamond joints brazed with carbide-reinforced Cu-Sn-Ti filler metal

Cu-Sn-Ti brazing filler is a new type of copper-based brazing filler for brazing diamond tools currently used in industry,but it suffers from poor wear resistance,high brazing temperature and low bond strength.This paper provides a way to improve the strength of dia-mond-brazed joints by adding zirconium carbide and tungsten carbide reinforcing phase particles to the Cu-Sn-Ti alloy,respectively.Dia-mond particles were attached to Q460 steel using Cu-Sn-Ti composite filler with the addition of the reinforcing phase,and experimental in-struments such as scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffractometer and energy spectrometer were used to investigate the brazed joint per-formance of the composite brazing material for brazing diamond.The results show that the addition of enhanced phase particles resulted in a metallurgical reaction at the joint of the composite brazed diamond,achieving a higher strength joint with no obvious cracks at the interface,while the addition of 15 wt.%WC resulted in excellent wear resistance and the highest hardness at the joint interface.

Cr/Al/B/diamond体系中金刚石表面的热爆反应涂层

采用Cr/Al/B/diamond粉体为原料,并添加少量Cr2O3或B2O3以诱发热爆反应。结果表明:在高纯Ar保护下,热爆反应后的试样粉末化严重,易将结合剂与金刚石颗粒分离。添加Cr2O3的原料体系发生热爆反应后,结合剂中的主相为Cr2AlB2,金刚石表面会形成含Cr3C2和Al的复合涂层,涂层的晶粒大小为0.5~7.0μm。当金刚石质量分数为10%和20%时,试样中的金刚石颗粒表面涂覆良好,其起始和终止氧化温度都显著高于未涂覆金刚石的;而在金刚石质量分数较高时,其表面涂覆效果略差。添加B2O3的原料体系发生热爆反应后,金刚石表面的涂覆效果不佳,只有半数或以下数量的金刚石颗粒被涂覆。

ELECTROLESS PLATING COMPOSITE COATINGS OF Ni-Ti-Re ON THE SURFACE OF DIAMOND

The coating of Ni W P was deposited as base layer, and then the composite coating of Ni Ti(particles) Re(rare earth) was deposited subsequently on the surface of diamond using electroless plating by adding 2～3 μm Ti particles and trace rare earth salt to bath solution. Ti particles deposited on the surface of diamond were found by SEM and formation of TiC was verified by X ray diffraction analysis after heat treatment of the coatings in vacuum at 900 ℃. The binding strength between the coated diamond and the metal matrix was improved effectively in the diamond composite based on metal cement.

激光粉末床熔融成形金刚石增强铝基复合材料

添加质量分数3%金刚石颗粒并利用激光粉末床熔融技术制备6061铝基复合材料。采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、电子密度计、电子式万能试验机对3%金刚石/6061铝基复合材料的微观组织、相对密度和拉伸性能进行了表征与分析。结果表明:金刚石与Al基体反应生成了针状Al4C3相,并沉积在α-Al基体上,导致晶界位错密度增加,强度提高,抗失效能力增强。金刚石的添加促使6061铝基体中热裂纹消失,但存在孔洞缺陷。较低的扫描速度增加了激光光斑与被加工材料接触的时间,导致金刚石颗粒部分石墨化,铝基体部分蒸发,进而形成内部缺陷,降低了复合材料的相对密度(97%)。金刚石的加入显著提高了激光粉末床熔融技术成形金刚石/6061铝基复合材料的抗拉强度,当激光功率为350 W、扫描速度为800 mm·s-1时,复合材料的极限抗拉强度达到最大值244.2 MPa,屈服强度211.6 MPa,伸长率2.1%。

Ti基镶嵌金刚石颗粒掺硼金刚石电极及其性能

利用粉末压片机在Ti片表面镶嵌金刚石颗粒,以此为衬底,通过热丝化学气相沉积技术沉积掺硼金刚石(boron-doped diamond, BDD)薄膜,制备新型Ti基镶嵌金刚石颗粒BDD (Ti/D/BDD)电极,并制备Ti基BDD (Ti/BDD)电极作为对比。采用扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱仪和电化学工作站表征电极的形貌、B掺杂水平和电化学性能,利用紫外可见分光光度计测试电极模拟废水降解的效果。结果表明:沉积时间相同时,Ti/D/BDD电极比Ti/BDD电极具有更大的电化学活性面积,更低的薄膜阻抗,使得电极对酸性橙G表现出更高的降解速率,更低的降解能耗。沉积10 h时,Ti/D/BDD电极具有最高的双电层电容(1.87 mF),最低的薄膜电阻(0.4?);降解120 min后,Ti/D/BDD电极的色度移除率比Ti/BDD电极最高可提升53.1%,同时能耗降低14.2%。

金刚石粒径对金刚石/Cu-B合金复合材料热物理性能的影响

采用Cu-B合金为基体,选用粒径分别为110、230、550μm的金刚石颗粒作为增强体,利用气压熔渗工艺在1100℃、10 MPa气体压力下制备金刚石/Cu-B合金复合材料,研究金刚石颗粒粒径对复合材料组织结构、界面相分布及热物理性能的影响。结果表明,随着金刚石粒径的增大,复合材料热导率上升,热膨胀系数减小,复合材料界面处硼碳化合物含量增加,界面结合情况得到改善。由金刚石颗粒粒径为550μm时,复合材料热导率最高,可达680.3 W/(m·K),热膨胀系数最小,为4.905×10^(−6)K^(−1),符合高效热管理器件对金刚石/金属基复合材料的热物理性能要求,在电子产品散热器件方面具有良好的应用前景。

陶瓷结合剂粒度尺寸对金刚石砂轮性能的影响

为研究陶瓷结合剂粒度尺寸对金刚石砂轮性能的影响,以陶瓷结合剂和金刚石为原料,设计4种不同陶瓷结合剂粒度样品来制备试样条。首先对不同粒度胎体进行热分析,找到烧结温度,然后对相应金刚石砂轮试样条的抗弯强度、气孔率以及样品断口显微组织进行对比分析。试验结果表明:随着胎体粒径变粗,胎体的玻璃转化温度随之提高,分别为577.9℃、594.4℃、604.5℃和633.5℃;相应地,金刚石砂轮试样烧结温度分别为650℃,670℃,680℃和710℃。当结合剂与金刚石的粒度尺寸比值由1/45增大到1/3时,试样的抗弯强度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,由92.9 MPa升高到98.5 MPa,后又降低到85.6 MPa;相应地,试样的气孔率呈现出升高的趋势,由12.6%提高到22.3%。当陶瓷结合剂与金刚石粒径比值为1/15时,节块的综合性能最佳,其烧结温度为670℃,抗弯强度为98.5 MPa,气孔率为13%。

Size-dependent hydroxyl radicals generation induced by SiO_2 ultra-fine particles: The role of surface iron

Oxidative stress and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) play important roles in adverse health effects caused by inhalable ambient air particles (PM10). The ultra-fine fraction of PM10 has been hypothesized as one of the critical contributors to ·OH generation. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that ultra-fine particles (UFPs) or nano-particles generate more ·OH than larger particles with identical mass and composition. Both the surface area and surface-adsorbed redox-active metals have been suggested as factors to determine the oxidative capacity of UFPs. In this study, the ·OH-generating capability of dif-ferent sizes of SiO2 particles was investigated in order to determine which factor influences particle-induced ·OH generation. The amount of ·OH generated in both acellular and cellular systems was quantified using a capillary electrophoresis method following exposure to SiO2 particles with diameters of 14, 100, and 500 nm. The amount of ·OH was strongly dependent on particle size, and a significant enhancement was observed only with 14 nm particles. Further studies indicated a close association between ·OH and iron ion concentration (R2 = 0.812, p<0.01). Washed particles, with their surface iron being removed, did not generate ·OH. The iron-containing leachate from these washings was able to enhance ·OH production as untreated particles did. Therefore, the presence of adsorbed iron on the surface of the SiO2 particles is presented as a possible mechanism of UPFs-induced ·OH generation. The SiO2 acted as an inert substrate, and the surface of ultra-fine SiO2 particles acted as a carrier for iron.

Growth of SiC as Binder to Adhere Diamond Particle and Tribological Properties of Diamond Particles Coated SiC

The purpose of this work was to grow SiC as binder to adhere diamond particles to graphite substrate by low pressure chemical vapor deposition （LPCVD） at 1100 ℃ and 100 Pa using methyltrichlorosilane （MTS： CH3SiCl3） as precursor. The composite coatings on graphite substrates were analyzed by various techniques. Results show that a dense SiC coating with a cloud-cluster shape was formed both on the diamond particles and the substrate after deposition, The thermal stress （290.6 MPa） strengthened the interfacial bonding between the diamond particle and the SiC coating, which is advantageous for the purpose of adhering diamond particles to graphite substrate. The applied load of sliding wear test was found to affect not only the friction coefficient, but also the wear surface morphology. With increasing loads, the asperity penetration was high and the friction coefficient decreased.

一种树脂金刚石复合材料的分子动力学模拟

本文研究一种用于制备微细砂轮的树脂金刚石复合材料,该复合材料由丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)作为基体,聚氯乙烯(PVC)作为混料,邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)作为加工助剂,与金刚石磨粒混合而成。对5种不同配比的共混体系进行分子动力学模拟,结果显示:提高ABS的质量比,复合材料分子间作用力逐渐增强,密度逐渐降低,延展性和柔性先减小后增加,ABS和PVC的相容性先减小后增加,复合材料最佳配比为62.5wt%ABS、18.6wt%PVC、8.3wt%DOP和10.6wt%金刚石磨粒。

钨粉粒径对金刚石扩散镀钨影响的研究

金刚石镀钨能够改善铜与金刚石的润湿性,有助于合成金刚石/铜复合材料。采用扩散烧结法对金刚石表面进行处理,研究钨粉粒径对镀层的影响。并对试验机理及规模化生产的可行性进行了论述。试验结果表明:钨粉粒径过小或过大时均镀覆失败,其最佳镀覆粒径为金刚石粒径的1/3~2/3;金刚石烧结量对镀层影响关系很小,真空扩散镀钨烧结法适用于工业批量生产。

CONDUCTIVE POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES CONTAINING IN SITU ULTRA-FINE METAL PARTICLES

A conductive polymeric composite containing in situ ultra-fine metal particles is prepared by melt blending. Incorporation of elastomeric nano-particles and carbon nanotubes hinders the coalescing of metal particles and causes a shift to the breakup direction in the breakup/coalescence equilibrium of metal particles. The prime metal particles （about 26 μm） are in situ converted into the ultra-fine metal particles （UFMP, about 932 nm）. The network of carbon nanotubes has been improved due to in situ ultra-fine metal particles and the percolation threshold of the composite with 1.96 vol% UFMP is only 0.25 vol% carbon nanotubes.