Numerical stress-deformation analysis of cut-off wall in clay-core rockfill dam on thick overburden

The cut-off wall in a clay-core rockfill dam built on a thick overburden layer is subjected to a large compressive pressure under the action of the loads such as the dead weight of both the dam and the overburden layer, the frictional force induced by the differential settlement between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils, and the water pressure. Thus, reduction of the stress of the cut-off wall has become one of the main problems for consideration in engineering design. In this paper, numerical analysis of a core rockfill dam built on a thick overburden layer was conducted and some factors influencing the stress-strain behaviors of the cut-off wall were investigated. The factors include the improvement of the overburden layer, the modeling approach for interfacial contact between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils, the modulus of the cut-off wall concrete, and the connected pattern between the cut-off wall and the clay core. The result shows that improving the overburden layer,selecting plastic concrete with a low modulus and high strength, and optimizing the connection between the cut-off wall and the clay core of the dam are effective measures of reducing the deformations and compressive stresses of the cut-off wall. In addition, both the Goodman element and the mud-layer element are suitable for simulating the interfacial contact between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils.

Key Technologies in the Design and Construction of 300 m Ultra-High Arch Dams

Starting with the Ertan arch dam （240 m high, 3300 MW） in 2000, China successfully built a total of seven ultra-high arch dams over 200 m tall by the end of 2014. Among these, the ]inping 1 （305 m）, Xiaowan （294.5m）, and Xiluodu （285.5 m） arch dams have reached the 300 m height level （i.e., near or over 300 m）, making them the tallest arch dams in the world. The design and construction of these 300 m ultra-high arch dams posed significant challenges, due to high water pressures, high seismic de- sign criteria, and complex geological conditions. The engineering team successfully tackled these chal- lenges and made critical breakthroughs, especially in the area of safety control. In this paper, the author summarizes various key technological aspects involved in the design and construction of 300 m ultra- high arch dams, including the strength and stability of foundation rock, excavation of the dam base and surface treatment, dam shape optimization, safety design guidelines, seismic analysis and design, treatment of a complex foundation, concrete temperature control, and crack prevention. The experience gained from these projects should be valuable for future practitioners.

Real-Time Spreading Thickness Monitoring of High-core Rockfill Dam Based on K-nearest Neighbor Algorithm

During the storehouse surface rolling construction of a core rockfilldam, the spreading thickness of dam face is an important factor that affects the construction quality of the dam storehouse' rolling surface and the overallquality of the entire dam. Currently, the method used to monitor and controlspreading thickness during the dam construction process is artificialsampling check after spreading, which makes it difficult to monitor the entire dam storehouse surface. In this paper, we present an in-depth study based on real-time monitoring and controltheory of storehouse surface rolling construction and obtain the rolling compaction thickness by analyzing the construction track of the rolling machine. Comparatively, the traditionalmethod can only analyze the rolling thickness of the dam storehouse surface after it has been compacted and cannot determine the thickness of the dam storehouse surface in realtime. To solve these problems, our system monitors the construction progress of the leveling machine and employs a real-time spreading thickness monitoring modelbased on the K-nearest neighbor algorithm. Taking the LHK core rockfilldam in Southwest China as an example, we performed real-time monitoring for the spreading thickness and conducted real-time interactive queries regarding the spreading thickness. This approach provides a new method for controlling the spreading thickness of the core rockfilldam storehouse surface.

Stress-strain analysis of Aikou rockfill dam with asphalt-concrete core

Aikou rockfill dam with asphalt-concrete core is situated in a karst area in Chongqing City, China. In order to study the operative conditions of the rockfill dam, especially those of the asphalt-concrete core, the Duncan model is adopted to compute the stress and strain of both the rockfill dam and the asphalt-concrete core after karst grouting and other treatments. The results indicate that the complicated stress and deformation of both the dam body and the core are within reasonable ranges. It is shown that structure design and foundation treatment of the dam are feasible and can be used as a reference for other similar projects.

Theory and Application of System Integration for Real-Time Monitoring of Core Rock-Fill Dam Filling Construction Quality

The theory and method of system integration for the real-time monitoring of core rock-fill dam filling con- struction quality are studied in this paper. First, the importance analysis of system integration factors is carried out with the analytic hierarchy process. Then, according to the analysis result of integration factors, the conceptual model of system integration is built based on function integration, index integration, technology integration and information integration, the index structure of core rock-fill dam filling construction quality control is constructed and the method of function integration and technology integration is studied. The mathematical model of process monitoring is built according to monitoring objective, process and indexes. Research results have been applied in Nuozhadu core rock-fill dam construction management, realizing system integration through building appropriate monitoring work flow and comprehensive information platform of digital dam.

Safety evaluation of replacement reinforcement quality in abutment contact zones of ultra-high arch dam in first impoundment period based on prototype monitoring

Reinforcement quality evaluation at the abutment is an important research direction. Prototype monitoring and theoretical derivation were integrated to study the replacement reinforcement quality in abutment contact zones of the Xiaowan ultra-high arch dam. The principles of monitoring layout and design are introduced in detail. Prototype monitoring shows that the increment of the interfacial compressive stress is much larger in the impoundment stage than in the regulating stage. The water pressure and time-effect are two main factors affeeting the interfacial stress. The time-effect is the key factor in the initial impoundment stage, and the water pressure is the key factor after impoundment. The contact properties are significantly improved by grouting. This study shows that there are three typical stages in the joint opening hydrographs, namely the compression stage, opening stage, and stable stage. There is a nonlinear relationship between the joint opening and temperature, which can be well described by the S-function. In conclusion, the reinforcement effect is satisfying, and the abutment is safe.

Research on the Seepage Safety Monitoring Indexes of the High Core Rockfill Dam

The study on developing the reasonable safety monitoring indexes plays a most importantly role in the health monitoring of high core rockfill dams. However, researches on this topic are relatively scarce both at home and abroad. In this paper, the characteristics and failure modes of seepage in high core rockfill dam are analyzed firstly. Then, a safety monitoring index based on seepage quantity, which reflects the overall seepage behavior, is developed, using the real-time monitoring data and its safety monitoring model. Moreover, another safety monitoring index based on seepage gradient, reflecting the local seepage behavior, is proposed, combining the spatial layout of osmo- meters and local failure mechanisms of core wall. Additionally, one more safety monitoring index based on permeability coefficient, which considers the overall and local seepage behaviors, is developed, on the basis of establishing the finite element analysis model and real-time seepage coefficient inversion analysis model of high core rockfill dam. A case study on these indexes of Nuozhadu high core rockfill dam is developed, which improves the reliability of seepage safety evaluation of the dam.

Design considerations and behavior of reinforced concrete core dams during construction and impounding

Reinforced concrete core dams can be an alternative solution to conventional dam designs either for permanent impounded reservoirs or flood protection and flood-retaining dams. Dams of this type have been constructed in Austria for various reasons and have shown good behavior during operation. For a better understanding of the load-deformation behavior of this type of dams during construction and impounding, numerical simulations were carried out. The interaction between the thin reinforced concrete core and the dam fill material as well as the influence of fill material properties and other main parameters, such as the roughness of the concrete surface and bedding conditions of the concrete core,on the deformation behavior of dams were examined. The results show that high compressive stress is mainly induced by arching effects in the dam body during construction. During the reservoir impounding, the compressive stresses in the core are reduced significantly while the bending moment in the core footing increases. The results also show that the maximum bending moments occur at the core footing and can be significantly reduced by design improvements. The findings in this study can provide general design recommendations for small dams with a central concrete core as a sealing blanket.

Applying Empirical Methods to Assess the Internal Stability of Embankment Dam Cores of Glacial Till

This paper presents a database of glacial till gradations that are compiled from laboratory internal stability tests from the literature and from core soils of existing dams, some of which have experienced internal erosion. The potential internal instability of these gradations is assessed using empirical methods. Two approaches of evaluation are used: the Kenney-Lau method, which analyzes the shape of the gradation curve;and the Burenkova method, which uses factors of uniformity of the slope of the gradation. Although they include some uncertainties in terms of soils with fines, these methods, which are primarily developed from laboratory studies of sand and gravels, are used in engineering practice to evaluate widely graded soils that include fines, such as glacial tills. This study evaluates the glacial till gradations of the database using these approaches and discusses their applicability and relative predictive success. This study indicates that both the Kenney-Lau method and the Burenkova method have merit, but a closer analysis indicates that the Kenney-Lau approach has relatively better predictive ability based on the glacial till gradations analyzed in this study.

沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝心墙拱效应研究

心墙拱效应是影响土石坝安全稳定运行的重要因素,心墙力学特性复杂且受众多因素的影响,复杂地形地质条件对心墙拱效应具有重要影响。首先对比了直心墙、斜心墙、下直上斜式心墙拱效应的差异,在此基础上选取岸坡坡度、河谷宽度、覆盖层厚度以表征坝体所处的地形地质条件。基于数值计算定量研究复杂地质条件对沥青混凝土心墙拱效应的影响规律。结果表明:心墙应力拱效应主要集中在心墙中部3/4坝高附近及靠近岸坡处;斜心墙应力拱效应相对较小,可以很好地改善心墙的整体受力状况;岸坡变陡,斜心墙整体的拱效应强度增加,应力传递的核心区域由心墙中部拓宽至心墙两岸坡;随着河谷宽度的增加,应力传递的重心逐渐由底部转移到心墙两岸及心墙中上部;斜心墙整体的应力拱效应并非随着河谷宽度的增加单调变化,当坝轴线长度与坝高比值增加到3~4时,河谷产生的河谷效应对斜心墙变形及拱效应的影响大幅下降;随着覆盖层厚度的增加,斜心墙底部的拱效应明显增强,底部的拱效应系数分布逐渐集中化、区域化,容易产生局部破坏。

考虑超标准洪水作用的沥青心墙坝溃决生命损失评估模型

抗冲刷能力更强的沥青心墙坝一旦遭遇超标准洪水,将面临溃决风险,对下游人民造成严重威胁。现有针对沥青心墙坝的溃决生命损失研究尚属匮乏,亟需开展生命损失评估。本文分析超标准洪水作用下沥青心墙坝的溃决特征,考虑生命损失影响因素之间的相互作用过程,基于溃决洪水致灾机制构建生命损失定量评估模型,实现溃决生命损失的快速定量分析;通过方法对比和敏感性分析,明晰不同影响因素对溃决生命损失的作用规律。将模型应用于新疆射月沟溃决案例发现:溃决洪峰流量为3320 m^(3)/s,溃决历时3.35 h,与实际结果相符;生命损失定量模型分析结果为31人,与实际误差在11%以内,优于其他损失模型;风险人口的敏感性指数I_(max)和I_(min)值最大,分别为1.436、0.486,是射月沟溃决生命损失最重要的影响因素,其他依次为洪水严重性、是否撤离、警报时间、淹没范围。

基岩中入射波三维时域反演及自由场构建

基岩入射波一维和二维时域反演不能反映入射方位角和斜入射角的空间任意性,导致构建的自由场可能与实际偏离较远,因此有必要开展基岩入射波三维时域反演研究。基于波函数组合法,利用基岩中P波、SV波和SH波的入射波时程表达地表控制点自由场,建立基于设计地震动的基岩入射波三维时域反演方法,并进一步构建了多波组合斜入射下的空间非一致自由场,分析了基于一维和二维反演方法构建的自由场偏差,揭示了不同反演和自由场构建方法对于沥青混凝土心墙土石坝地震响应的影响机制。结果表明:基于地震动三维反演方法构建的自由场具有空间非一致性,能够更全面地反映场地的地震动场情况。当入射方位角在0°~60°、斜入射角在40°~90°范围内,与三维反演方法相比,一维反演方法构建的特征点x向自由场偏差较大,位移峰值最大偏差为55.8%;当入射方向与某个水平坐标轴平行时,二维反演方法构建的特征点另一个水平向自由场偏差较大,位移峰值最大偏差为100%。介质泊松比增大,一维反演下x向自由场偏差减小,二维反演下x向自由场偏差增大,特征点位移峰值最大偏差分别为46%和36%。与基于地震动三维反演方法获得的心墙拉应力最大值相比,二维和一维反演下拉应力最大值分别减小了83.3%和20.0%。

筑坝土石料填筑干密度数字特征的动态优化方法研究

提出了一种现场填筑过程中坝料压实质量控制指标的调整优化方法。利用土石坝填筑现场取得的实测干密度,确定已填筑坝料干密度的随机场数字特征(均值、标准差和相关距离),根据坝料变形参数与干密度相关关系,构建坝体变形参数的随机场,进行坝体随机有限元计算,预测未来大坝的结构响应,从而预判大坝的安全性。并在此基础上,基于二次多项式,建立了各分区坝料干密度随机场数字特征与大坝变形响应的统计特征(均值、标准差)的响应面方程,进而推求大坝变形响应的超越概率表达式,为坝料碾压施工参数优化提供指导,提高大坝安全性。以一实际工程为例,根据不同填筑阶段各分区坝料现场干密度的数字特征,分析了坝料参数的不确定性与大坝结构响应之间的规律。研究表明,随着填筑进度的变化,大坝不确定变形响应分析趋于稳定,心墙料干密度数字特征对坝体最大沉降和倾度影响最大。在此基础上,通过调整大坝变形响应的超越概率变化规律,可以得到优化后的各分区坝料现场干密度的随机场数字特征,从而指导下一填筑阶段大坝的现场碾压施工,以提高大坝变形的控制水平和安全评价精度。

金沙江上游巴塘水电站沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝设计

金沙江上游河段的巴塘水电站工程,其挡水建筑物为最大坝高69m的沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝,工程坝址区地震基本烈度为Ⅷ度,区域地质条件较为复杂,存在一定的技术问题。在分析和借鉴国内外已建的类似工程的基础上,结合工程本身的实际技术特点,就该工程坝体结构设计、坝基处理、坝坡设计、沥青心墙与混凝土基座的连接方式、防渗心墙沥青混凝土材料的设计参数等方面进行了一些有益的方案设计。这些设计在工程上的实际应用,最终确保了工程建设的顺利实施,相关设计成果可为后续类似工程的设计提供一定的参考。

鸭寨水库料场爆破方案设计及评价

结合工程实例,对鸭寨水库工程的坝体石方料开采以及爆破方案进行简要阐述。鸭寨水库沥青心墙土石坝工程区位于贵州省三都县,坝体石料开采条件较差。为满足施工工期,提高工程施工进度和施工效率,根据钻孔揭露地层岩性,采用浅孔与中深孔爆破法相结合的爆破方案,自上而下、分层台阶式施工。通过爆破效果原因分析以及对爆破参数和措施进行改进,有效解决了爆破石料级配不连续的问题。总结和积累的相关施工经验,对推动原岩节理和软弱夹层岩体爆破技术管控措施的改进、土石坝料场等类似工程的爆破方案设计具有一定借鉴意义。

过渡料特性对沥青混凝土心墙开裂的影响

沥青混凝土心墙的应力水平变化不仅受自身材料特性影响,也受相邻过渡料特性的制约,改变过渡料特性会对心墙水力劈裂产生较大影响。为探明过渡料特性变化与心墙开裂之间的关系,采用邓肯张E-B模型对庙堂心墙堆石坝进行有限元计算,提出了抗裂安全系数Kn来表征心墙发生水力劈裂的危险程度,并在此基础上采用正交实验的方法比较了过渡料E-B模型各个参数与心墙开裂的相关性,得出结论:过渡料刚度越大,心墙发生水力劈裂可能性越大;在过渡料选择上,应当优先考虑高敏感性因素破坏比(R_(f))、卸荷再填筑时的弹性模量指数(n)、土体内摩擦角(φ_(0))、初始弹性模量(K),在满足沥青混凝土心墙坝设计和施工规范的前提下,选取R_(f)较大,K、φ_(0)较小的过渡料,能够有效提升沥青混凝土心墙坝抗裂性能。

考虑坝基防渗体渗透溶蚀效应的特高土心墙堆石坝服役年限可靠性分析

特高土心墙堆石坝坝基防渗体非均质特征显著,影响渗透溶蚀效应下长期服役性能的准确评估。本文基于KL展开法离散了水泥基材料参数随机场,构建了水泥基材料渗流-溶蚀耦合随机模型,利用神经网络,建立了随机场与服役年限的映射关系,发展了服役年限可靠性分析方法。以长河坝工程为背景,研究了坝基防渗体渗透系数、孔隙率和固相钙浓度为随机场情况下特高土心墙堆石坝的渗流与溶蚀特征,并对特高土心墙堆石坝服役年限进行了可靠性分析。渗透溶蚀效应会增大坝基防渗体渗透系数的空间变异性;坝基防渗体渗透系数、孔隙率和固相钙浓度为随机场情况下坝体与坝基总单宽渗流量是均质情况下的0.87~1.19倍;坝基防渗体95%保证率的服役年限为63.4 a;降低主防渗帷幕区与固结灌浆区渗透系数均值、减小固结灌浆区渗透系数空间变异性,是延长服役年限较为有效的方法。特高土心墙堆石坝设计、施工、运行与维护过程中应重视渗透溶蚀效应下坝基防渗体的空间变异性。

考虑压实质量和改进本构的沥青心墙坝性态分析

针对邓肯-张模型对沥青混凝土心墙料力学性质描述偏离的不足,改进了心墙沥青混凝土本构模型;同时,考虑实际施工中各分区坝料压实质量空间差异导致的物理力学特性空间差异,提出了考虑坝料实际压实质量的大坝有限元分析方法。首先,通过数字大坝系统采集到的施工数据,对大坝各坝料分区进行压实质量空间估计;其次,建立各坝料分区本构模型参数与压实质量的定量关系,实现对任意单元材料参数的空间估计,并通过Abaqus软件的二次开发,实现坝料本构模型参数的每个单元赋值;最后,结合工程实例,对沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝施工期结构性态进行精细数值分析。结果表明,考虑坝料实际压实质量的数值模拟可以更好地反映大坝实际施工过程的应力变形情况;改进后的本构模型提高了心墙变形计算的准确性,为精确分析沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝结构安全提供了有效途径。

复杂地质条件下沥青混凝土心墙坝风险识别方法

针对复杂地质条件下沥青心墙坝风险识别问题,本文从“三高一深”复杂地质条件、沥青混凝土心墙和传统土石坝三个风险维度,系统建立沥青混凝土心墙坝风险指标体系。针对主客观信息融合不充分问题,本文采用三角模糊层次分析法(TFAHP)确定风险指标主观权重,通过指标重要性评价法(CRITIC)确定其客观权重,并利用博弈论法(GT)计算最优组合权重,构建基于TFAHP-CRITIC-GT组合赋权模型的沥青心墙坝风险智能识别方法。实例分析表明,新疆奴尔沥青心墙坝工程复杂地质条件风险指标权重占比0.516,是该工程的重要风险因素。综合考虑复杂地质条件风险对于准确识别沥青心墙坝风险因素具有重要工程意义,本文提出的指标体系及识别方法对于西部地区复杂地质条件大坝风险识别及评价研究具有推广价值。

梯级水库群溃坝洪水风险分析——以澜沧江上游为例

梯级水库的建设是开发利用我国丰富水能资源、保障国家能源安全、实现减排目标的重要途径.但是由于部分水库结构老化、地势险峻以及近几年极端天气频发等原因,极有可能造成单坝溃决,继而引起梯级连溃,最终使整条流域系统瘫痪,为下游城镇带来不可估量的经济和生命损失.为准确预测梯级连溃发生后的危险程度及影响范围,基于心墙坝漫顶溃坝数学模型和HEC-RAS软件提出了梯级连溃地貌特征演变及洪水演进计算方法,并应用于澜沧江流域梯级水库RM-XW水电站大尺度连溃分析.结果表明,在遭遇1.4倍超标准洪水的情况下,RM水电站发生漫顶溃决,溃决过程中,心墙发生四次折断,并伴随溃口迅速扩张以及溃决流量激增,最高峰值流量达699986.5 m^(3)/s,溃决洪水演进至下游,使WNL-XW水电站相继发生漫顶.河道距离、坝型特征和坝体物理参数是影响梯级连溃过程中溃决流量大小的重要因素.