Effects of curing age on compressive and tensile stress-strain behaviors of ecological high ductility cementitious composites

To obtain the design parameters of the structure made by ecological high ductility cementitious composites(Eco-HDCC),the effects of curing age on the compressive and tensile stress-strain relationships were studied.The reaction degree of fly ash,non-evaporable water content and the pH value in pore solution were calculated to reveal the mechanical property.The results indicate that as the curing age increases,the peak compressive strength,peak compressive strain and ultimate tensile strength of Eco-HDCC increase.However,the ultimate compressive strain and ultimate tensile strain of Eco-HDCC decrease with the increase in curing age.Besides,as the curing age increases,the reaction degree of fly ash and non-evaporable water content in Eco-HDCC increase,while the pH value in the pore solution of Eco-HDCC decreases.Finally,the simplified compressive and tensile stress-strain constitutive relationship models of Eco-HDCC with a curing age of 28 d were suggested for the structure design safety.

Tensile behaviors of ecological high ductility cementitious composites exposed to interactive freeze-thaw-carbonation and single carbonation

To explore the tensile property parameters in the structural design of bridge deck link slabs made by ecological high ductility cementitious composites (Eco-HDCC), the tensile properties of Eco-HDCC exposed to interactive freeze-thaw-carbonation cycles and single carbonation cycles were studied. The carbonation front of Eco-HDCC was determined by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry-thermal gravimetric methods. Results indicate that the carbonation front of Eco-HDCC after interaction tests is deeper than that of Eco-HDCC after single carbonation tests. In addition, the ultimate tensile strength for Eco-HDCC shows an increasing trend after the interaction of 1 to 5 cycles compared with that of virgin specimens, while the ultimate tensile strength decreases after the interaction of 10 to 15 cycles. For single carbonation tests, the ultimate tensile strength of Eco-HDCC increases as cycles increase. After being subjected to interaction and single carbonation environments, both the ultimate tensile strain and tensile strain energy of Eco-HDCC decrease as cycles increase, and the decrease degrees of Eco-HDCC after interaction cycles are larger than those of Eco-HDCC after single carbonation. For general consideration, the tensile stress-strain relationship of Eco-HDCC after the interaction of 15 cycles can be adopted in the design of bridge deck link slabs for the purpose of safety.

Experimental and numerical study on flexural behaviors of steel reinforced engineered cementitious composite beams

To investigate the flexural behaviors of steel reinforced engineered cementitious composite （ECC） beams, the behaviors of the steel reinforced ECC beam and the conventional steel reinforced concrete beam subjected to flexural load are experimentally compared. The experimental results show that the flexural strength and ductility of the steel reinforced ECC beam are 24.8% and 187.67% times larger than those of the steel reinforced concrete beam, and the substitution of concrete with ECC can significantly delay the propagation of cracks. Additionally, a simplified constitutive model of the ECC material is used to simulate the flexural behaviors of beams by the finite element analysis （FEA）. The results show a good agreement between the simulation and test results. The crack width of the steel reinforced ECC beam can be limited to 0.4 mm under the service load conditions. The application of ductile ECC can significantly increase the flexural performance in terms of flexural strength, deformation capacity and ductility of the beams.

Preparation of Self-compacting Ultra-high Toughness Cementitious Composite

A self-compacting ultra-high toughness cementitious composite （UHTCC） reinforced by discontinuous short polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） fibers, which exhibits self-compacting performance in the fresh state and strain-hardening and multiple cracking behavior in the hardened state, was developed through controlling flow properties of fresh mortar matrix at constant ingredients concentrations determined by micromechanical design and ensuring uniform fibers dispersion. The superplasticizer was utilized to adjust its flow properties in the fresh state. A series of flow tests, including deformability test, flow rate test, and self-placing test, were conducted to characterize and quantify the fluidity performance of fresh mortar matrix and self-compactability of fresh UHTCC. It is revealed that the utilization of superplasticizer is efficient in producing the fresh mortar matrix with desirable fluidity and the resulting self-compacting UHTCC. In addition, results of four point bending tests on the developed self-compacting UHTCC confirm the insensitivity of mechanical performance of self-compacting UHTCC to the presence of external vibrations as well as the flexural characteristics of deformation hardening and multiple cracking.

Development of engineered cementitious composites with local ingredients

In order to reduce the cost of high performance polyvinyl alcohol（PVA） fiber reinforced cementitious material（called engineered cementitious composites,ECC）,a ductile ECC material is developed using domestic PVA fibers along with other local ingredients,such as fly ash,cement and sand.In addition to the economic analysis of ECC,the four-point bending test and the optical microscope are employed to investigate the deflection capacity of ECC,its crack width and the occurrence of the self-healing phenomenon.The experimental results suggest that ECC made with domestic ingredients exhibits larger deformability and the average crack width is controlled around 60 μm.Furthermore,the self-healing behavior is observed in cracks of the specimens after cycles of wet and dry curing.The economic analysis shows that the cost of ECC can be greatly reduced via employing domestic PVA fibers.It is,therefore,feasible to produce low cost ECC material employing domestic PVA fibers,while simultaneously retaining high material ductility.

Damage evolution model of strain hardening cementitious composites under the uniaxial stress state

The deformation and damage behaviors of strain hardening cementitious composites （SHCC） under the uniaxial stress state were investigated in this paper. Two ductile failure-based constitutive models were introduced to describe the uniaxial tension and compression properties of SHCC only using a few parameters. The computation method of model parameters was developed to ease the simulation procedures. Damage evolution of the SHCC was simulated by the formulation of continuum damage mechanics subsequently. The results show that the proposed models fit the stress-strain curves reasonably well, and the damage variables show different growth rules under uniaxial tension and compression. It is concluded that the proposed method can not only simply simulate the constitutive behavior of SHCC with the reasonable accuracy but also capture the characteristic of material degradation.

Methods of Modifying the Brittle Behavior of Cementitious Composites

We put forward effective methods of increasing the tensile strain of cementitious composites with 2% PVA fiber and high fly ash content. The test results show that curing condition has a significantly effect on the tensile performance. It is approved that the specimens incorporated appropriate volume fraction rubber powder and lightweight aggregate greatly increase the tensile strain of composites at medium-term age, but indefinitely at long-term age. To a certain extent, EVA can limitedly enhance the tensile performance of comentitious composites owing to the formation of polymer membrane and the hindered hydration of cement.

Main properties of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced cement composites under couple effect of load and environment

This study aims to reveal the mechanism that how the content of steel fibers and strength grades affect the macro performance of the ultra-high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composite （UHPFRCC） and to study the UHPFRCC durability under the combined effect of loads and environments. Three types of high and ultra-high performance fiber reinforced cement composites with different strength grades （100, 150, 200 MPa） and different steel fiber volume fractions （0%, 1%, 2%, 3%） are prepared. The main properties of mechanical performance and short-term durability are studied. A preloading frame is designed to apply a four- point load external flexural stress with a stress selection ratio of 0.5 for UHPFRCC150 specimens. The results show that the growth in strength grade with a proper content of steel fiber greatly increases the strength and toughness of the HPFRCC and the UHPFRCC while decreasing the dry-shrinkage ratio. For the loaded specimens, the existence of steel fiber can reduce the negative influence of tensile stress on the Cl- penetration resistance of the UHPFRCC in addition to improving its ability to resist the freeze-thaw damage.

Tensile and Flexural Properties of Ultra High Toughness Cemontious Composite

The tensile and flexural properties of polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） fiber reinforced ultra high toughness cementitious composite （UHTCC） were investigated. The composite, tested at the age of 14 d, 28 d and 56 d, shows extremely remarkable pseudo strain hardening behavior, saturated multiple cracking and ultra high ultimate strain capacity above 4% under uniaxial loading. Also, the corresponding crack widths are controlled under 50 um even at 56 days age. In the third point bending tests on thin plate specimens, the composite shows ultra high flexural ductility and multiple cracking on the tension surface. The high ultimate flexural strength/first tensile strength ratio of about 5 verifies the pseudo strain hardening behavior of UHTCC. SEM observation on fracture surfaces provides indirect evidence of optimal design for the composite.

Seismic behaviors of steel reinforced ECC/RC composite columns under low-cyclic loading

To improve the seismic performance of columns, engineered cementitious composite （ECC） is introduced to partially substitute concrete at the base of the columns to form ECC,/reinforced concrete （ RC） composite columns. The mechanical behaviors of the ECC/RC composite columns are numerically studied under low-cyclic loading with the finite element analysis softwareof MSC. MARC. It is found that the ECC/RC composite columns can significantly enhance the load capacity, the ductility ad energy dissipation of columns. Then, the effects of the height of the ECC, the axial compression ratio and the longitudinal reinforcement ratio on the seismic behaviors of the composite columns are parametrically studied. The results show that the ECC/RC composite column with a height of the ECC layer of 0. Sh（h is the height to the cross-section） can achieve similar seismic performance of a full ECC column. The peak load of the composite column increases significantly while the ductility decreases with the increase of the axial compression ratio. Increasing the longitudinal reinforcement ratio within a certain range can improve the ductility and energy dissipation capacity and almost has no effect on load capacity. The aalysis results ae instructive and valuable for reference in designing ECC structures.

Dynamic damage and stress-strain relations of ultra-high performance cementitious composites subjected to repeated impact

Ultra-high performance cementitious composites (UHPCC) were prepared by replacing 60% of cement with ultra-fine industrial waste powders.The dynamic damage and compressive stress-strain relations of UHPCC were studied using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB).The damage of UHPCC subjected to repeated impact was measured by the ultrasonic pulse velocity method.Results show that the dynamic damage of UHPCC increases linearly with impact times and the abilities of repeated impact resistance of UHPCC are improved with increasing fiber volume fraction.The stress waves on impact were recorded and the average stress,strain and strain rate of UHPCC were calculated based on the wave propagation theory.The effects of strain rate,fibers volume fraction and impact times on the stress-strain relations of UHPCC were studied.Results show that the peak stress and elastic modulus decrease while the strain rate and peak strain increase gradually with increasing impact times.

ECC全包裹普通混凝土复合试件的力学性能

为综合利用工程用水泥基复合材料(ECC)在力学性能上和普通混凝土在成本上的优势,本工作提出了一种制备ECC全包裹普通混凝土复合试件的方法,通过进行抗压、抗拉及抗弯等试验系统研究了其基本力学性能,并采用数值分析方法对配筋复合梁进行了正截面受弯性能研究。结果表明:在复合试件受力破坏时,ECC和混凝土界面未出现滑移,两种材料黏结可靠实现了协同受力;相对普通混凝土试件而言,复合试件的抗压强度、抗拉强度及抗弯强度均有所提升,尤其是抗弯强度的提升最为显著,对于截面尺寸为100 mm×100 mm的梁,当ECC厚度分别为10 mm和15 mm时,抗弯强度可提高27.4%和57.1%;复合试件具有良好的延性变形能力,破坏后可保持一定的完整性,整体具备高韧性特征;与普通钢筋混凝土梁相比,配筋复合梁有效利用了ECC材料的性能优势,显著提升了配筋梁的承载和变形能力。

再生细骨料对高延性水泥基复合材料力学性能及碳化耐久性的影响

为促进再生细骨料(RFA)在高延性水泥基复合材料(HDCC)中的应用,研究了RFA取代率(0%、25%、50%、75%、100%,质量分数)对HDCC抗压强度、拉伸性能、四点弯曲强度和碳化耐久性的影响。结果表明,随着RFA取代率提高,HDCC的抗压强度逐渐下降,但拉伸性能与弯曲强度显著提高。100%RFA取代率下HDCC峰值应变为3.06%,弯曲强度为7.9 MPa,较天然细骨料HDCC分别提升了31.33%和11.27%,表现出良好的延展特性。当RFA取代率高于50%时,有助于提高HDCC的碳化耐久性。基于测试结果进行拟合,建立了关于RFA取代率的HDCC碳化深度预测模型。

工程水泥基复合材料配合比对其拉伸性能及耗能特性的影响

工程水泥基复合材料(Engineered cementitious composites,ECC)在工程结构修复加固等领域应用广泛。制备了12组不同配比且不同养护龄期的ECC试件进行单轴拉伸试验,研究了不同砂胶比、水胶比、硅灰掺量、纤维掺量及养护龄期对ECC拉伸性能及耗能特性的影响,优化了ECC的配合比范围。结果表明:ECC的初裂强度和峰值强度在水胶比的一定范围内随水胶比的降低而增加,水胶比的建议区间为0.24~0.30;砂胶比在一定范围内的增加会导致ECC的初裂强度和峰值强度显著提高,砂胶比增加且不超过0.66时断裂能、延性指数(耗能能力)均呈现线性增加,砂胶比的建议区间为0.60~0.66;纤维掺量增加对ECC的断裂能和裂纹扩展有一定提高,但会使强度降低,纤维掺量的建议值为1.6%;适当的硅灰掺量能有效增加抗拉应变能力。

Theoretical analysis and experimental investigation on flexural performance of steel reinforced ultrahigh toughness cementitious composite (RUHTCC) beams

UHTCC (ultrahigh toughness cementitious composite), which is a kind of ultrahigh toughness cemen- titious composites material, exhibits pseudo strain hardening feature when subjected to tension load, and has enormous ductility and prominent crack dispersal ability. Accordingly, UHTCC can improve mechanical behavior of ordinary concrete structure especially its durability, and has been regarded as historical breakthrough to traditional cementitious materials. In this paper, the study focuses on flexure behavior of steel reinforced beam made of UHTCC. Based on the plane section assumption, along with two equilibrium equations of force and moment, the formulae to calculate the flexural load capability for the reinforced ultrahigh toughness cementitious composite (RUHTCC) beam were developed under the assumption that the compression stress- strain relationship in the UHTCC material is a bilinear model. Following this, the simplified formulae were further evolved by effective rectangle stress distribution approach in order to facilitate design of practical engineering. Two effective parameters introduced in effective rectangle approach were determined. The mathematical expressions to evaluate limited rein- forcement ratio, flexural stiffness as well as ductility index were proposed, too. Last, two series of dif- ferent reinforcement ratios of the RUHTCC beams were tested in four-point flexure loading. For com- parison purposes, ordinary RC (reinforced concrete) beams also were prepared. Both moment curva- ture curves and load mid-span displacement curves were recorded and compared with the theoretical calculations. A good agreement between them was found, which validates the proposed theoretical formulae. For ductility index, a slightly big difference between the experimental values and the calcu- lated ones exists. The experimental results show that, compared to control RC beams, the RUHTCC beam can improve both flexural capacity and ductility index, and the degree of improvement will de- crease with the increase in the reinforcement ratio. Particularly, the results also reveal that lager crack width in control beams can be greatly reduced by formation of tightly-spaced fine cracks in UHTCC, which offers more durable structures.

浆体流变性能对超高延性水泥基材料性能的影响

浆体的流变性能是影响纤维在水泥基材料中分散性的关键因素,是采用聚乙烯(PE)纤维制备超高延性水泥基材料(Ultra-high ductility cementitious composites, UHDCC)的重要指标。本工作通过调整水胶比和外加剂的掺量调控浆体的流变性能,研究浆体的屈服应力和塑性黏度对UHDCC流动性、拉伸、抗压和断裂性能的影响。结果表明:调整水胶比和外加剂可以调控UHDCC浆体的流变特性,其流变行为符合假塑性流体。浆体塑性黏度在1.91~6.00 Pa·s范围内的UHDCC呈现不同程度的拉伸应变硬化行为;塑性黏度的最佳范围为3.06~4.60 Pa·s,此时纤维在基体中分散更加均匀,因此UHDCC具备更加优异的拉伸性能和断裂韧度,其拉伸应变可以超过10%。

高韧性低收缩纤维增强水泥基复合材料特性及应用

基于细观力学设计的高韧性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(Engineered Cementitious Composite-ECC)是当前比较成功的具有应变硬化特性的水泥基材料。本文介绍了近期通过改进传统ECC基材,研制的低收缩ECC材料的主要力学特性,包括干燥性能,单轴拉伸与压缩性能,弹性模量及极限拉压应变等主要力学参数。试验结果显示,采用低收缩基材的ECC的28d干燥收缩值分别为传统ECC干燥收缩值的0.12～0.20。单轴拉伸结果表明,采用低收缩基材的ECC的极限应变、裂纹宽度等参数与传统ECC相比,也有了明显的改进。在0.55～0.25范围内调整水胶比可以制备出抗压强度为20～60MPa,并保持应变硬化和多点开裂特性不变的水泥基复合材料。除拉伸时表现出显著的塑性变形外,在抗压试验中,该材料在压应力峰值过后也同样表现出明显的类似于金属材料屈服的塑性变形特性。最后对该材料近期应用研究作了介绍。

ECC/RC组合梁受弯性能试验研究与分析

工程用水泥基复合材料(ECC)具有超高的韧性与优异的裂缝控制能力,提出采用ECC制作U型永久性模板,与混凝土形成外包式ECC/RC组合梁,以提高构件的力学性能和耐久性能.给出了ECC/RC组合梁受弯非线性分析方法,并开展了3种不同界面处理方式的ECC/RC组合梁的弯曲性能试验研究.结果表明,相比RC梁,ECC/RC组合梁的承载力和延性均有所提高;当荷载低于极限承载力的80%时,组合梁的最大裂缝宽度小于100μm;不同的界面处理对组合梁的极限承载力影响较小,但对延性系数有影响.试验结果验证了组合梁受弯非线性分析方法的正确性.基于ACI规范所采用的有效惯性矩法,提出了ECC/RC组合梁正常使用极限状态下挠度的简化计算方法,得到基于内力平衡的组合梁完全开裂截面的惯性矩公式,利用该简化方法计算得到的预测值与试验值吻合较好.

ECC材料的研究进展与应用

ECC是Engineered Cementitious Composites的简称,是一种具有超强韧性的乱向分布短纤维增强水泥基复合材料。不同于普通的纤维增强混凝土(FRC),ECC是一种经细观力学设计的先进材料,具有应变-硬化特性,在纤维体积掺量小于2%的情况下,其极限拉应变通常在3%～7%的范围内。ECC具有多缝稳态开裂的特点,在安全性、耐久性、适用性等方面有着优异的性能,可以很好地解决传统混凝土由于易脆性、弱拉伸性而导致的种种缺陷,在水泥基制品开发、桥梁道路施工、结构加固补强等领域有着广阔的应用前景。综述了ECC目前在国际上的研究进展和工程应用情况。

PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料:性能与设计

PVA纤维成为制备高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料的首选而被广泛应用。综述了PVA纤维以及PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料的基本性能,指出PVA-ECC性能设计应借助微观力学模型,从纤维的几何特性、纤维基体界面特性以及基体自身特性三方面进行研究分析,在此基础上,提出需要进一步研究的问题。