Absence of the Impact of the Flux of Cosmic Rays and the Cloud Cover on the Energy Balance of the Earth

The energy of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth,as well as the thermal radiation of the Earth’s surface,which is released to the space through the atmospheric transparency window,depends on variations of the area of the cloud cover.Svensmark et al.suggest that the increase in the area of the cloud cover in the lower atmosphere,presumably caused by an increase in the flux of galactic cosmic rays during the quasi-bicentennial minimum of solar activity,results only in an increase in the fraction of the solar radiation reflected back to the space and weakens the flux of the solar radiation that reached the Earth surface.It is suggested,without any corresponding calculations of the variations of the average annual energy balance of the EarthЕ,that the consequences will include only a deficit of the solar energy absorbed by the Earth and a cooling of the climate up to the onset of the Little Ice Age.These suggestions ignore simultaneous impact of the opposite aspects of the increase in the area of the cloud cover on the climate warming.The latter will result from a decrease in the power of thermal radiation of the Earth’s surface released to the space,and also in the power of the solar radiation reflected from the Earth’s surface,due to the increase in their absorption and reflection back to the surface.A substantial strengthening in the greenhouse effect and the narrowing of the atmospheric transparency window will also occur.Here,we estimate the impact of all aspects of possible long-term 2%growth of the cloud cover area in the lower atmosphere byЕ.We found that an increase in the cloud cover area in the lower atmosphere will result simultaneously both in the decrease and in the increase in the temperature,which will virtually compensate each other,while the energy balance of the Earth E before and after the increase in the cloud cover area by 2%will stay essentially the same:E1-E0≈0.

Ankle Phenomenon in the Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum

The author has suggested that the knee phenomenon in the cosmic ray energy spectrum at 3 PeV can be explained as a split between a radiation-dominated expansion and a matter-dominated expansion of an expanding heat bath. The model proposed in 1985, in fact, predicted that high energy cosmic rays are emitted from AGN, massive black holes, in agreement with recent data from the Pierre Auger Observatory. Similarly, the ankle phenomenon at 3 EeV is shown to be explained by a split between inflational expansion and ordinary material expansion of the expanding heat bath, not unlike that in the expansion of the universe. All the spectral indicies in the respective regions of the energy spectra agree with the theoretical calculation from the respective expansion rates. It is shown that the ankle energy is approximately equal to the threshold energy of cosmic ray production of an electron positron pair on the cmb photon.

About the Energy Interval beyond the Ankle Where the Cosmic Radiation Consists Only of Ultraheavy Nuclei from Zinc to the Actinides

According to recent measurements the tendency of the chemical composition above the ankle is characterized by increasing fractions of intermediate and heavy nuclei and a dominance of light nuclei around the ankle. Calculation of the chemical composition in the range 3.5 × 1018 - 5 × 1019 eV according to new principles explains both the rising tendency of the heavy component. The calculation is prolonged to the adjacent interval 5 × 1019- 2.4 × 1021 eV using the same theoretical background and some features of the observed cosmic-ray spectrum. It results that above the energy of 6.7 × 1020 eV, where the flux is estimated to be 1.8 × 10?30 particles/m2 s sr GeV, the cosmic radiation consists only of nuclei heavier than Zinc. Measurements of the spectrum of present and past experiments are compared with the calculations.

Cosmic Applications of Relative Energy between Quarks in Nucleons

By taking into account the relative energy between the diquark and the quark in nucleons, the gravitational singularity in a black hole created from a collapsing neutron star can be removed;compatibility with quantum mechanics is restored. This black hole becomes a “black” neutron star. The negative relative energy identified as dark matter in the previous paper can account for the galaxy rotation curve. The positive relative energy identified as dark energy in the previous paper can explain the accelerating expansion of the universe. A possible scenario for cosmic ray generation is given.

A Model of Dark Matter and Dark Energy Based on Relativizing Newton’s Physics

The nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy in the universe are among the outstanding open issues of modern cosmology. Despite extensive theoretical and empirical efforts, the question “what is dark matter made of?” has not been answered satisfactorily. Candidates proposed to identify particle dark matter span over ninety orders of magnitude in mass, from ultra-light bosons, to massive black holes. Dark energy is a greater enigma. It is believed to be some kind of negative vacuum energy, responsible for driving galaxies apart in accelerated motion. In this article we take a relativistic approach in theorizing about dark matter and dark energy. Our approach is based on our recently proposed Information Relativity theory. Rather than theorizing about the identities of particle dark matter candidates, we investigate the relativistic effects on large scale celestial structures at their recession from an observer on Earth. We analyze a simplified model of the universe, in which large scale celestial bodies, like galaxies and galaxy clusters, are non-charged compact bodies that recede rectilinearly along the line-of-sight of an observer on Earth. We neglect contributions to dark matter caused by the rotation of celestial structures (e.g., the rotation of galaxies) and of their constituents (e.g., rotations of stars inside galaxies). We define the mass of dark matter as the complimentary portion of the derived relativistic mass, such that at any given recession velocity the sum of the two is equal to the Newtonian mass. The emerging picture from our analysis could be summarized as follows: 1) At any given redshift, the dark matter of a receding body exists in duality to its observable matter. 2) The dynamical interaction between the dark and the observed matter is determined by the body’s recession velocity (or redshift). 3) The observable matter mass density decreases with its recession velocity, with matter transforming to dark matter. 4) For redshifts z 0.5 the universe is dominated by dark matter. 5) Consistent with observational data, at redshift z = 0.5, the densities of matter and dark matter in the universe are predicted to be equal. 6) At redshift equaling the Golden Ratio (z ≈ 1.618), baryonic matter undergoes a quantum phase transition. The universe at higher redshifts is comprised of a dominant dark matter alongside with quantum matter. 7) Contrary to the current conjecture that dark energy is a negative vacuum energy that might interact with dark matter, comparisons of our theoretical results with observational results of ΛCDM cosmologies, and with observations of the relative densities of matter and dark energy at redshift z ≈ 0.55, allow us to conclude that dark energy is the energy carried by dark matter. 8) Application of the model to the case of rotating bodies, which will be discussed in detail in a subsequent paper, raises the intriguing possibility that the gravitational force between two bodies of mass is mediated by the entanglement of their dark matter components.

Origin of hardening in spectra of cosmic ray nuclei at a few hundred GeV using AMS-02 data

Many experiments have confirmed spectral hardening at a few hundred GeV in the spectra of cosmic ray(CR)nuclei.Three different origins have been proposed:primary source acceleration,propagation,and the superposition of different kinds of sources.In this work,a broken power law has been employed to fit each of the spectra of cosmic ray nuclei from AMS-02 directly,for rigidities greater than 45 GeV.The fitting results of the break rigidity and the spectral index differences less than and greater than the break rigidity show complicated relationships among different nuclear species,which cannot be reproduced naturally by a simple primary source scenario or a propagation scenario.However,with a natural and simple assumption,the superposition of different kinds of sources could have the potential to explain the fitting results successfully.Spectra of CR nuclei from a single future experiment,such as DAMPE,will provide us the opportunity to do cross checks and reveal the properties of the different kinds of sources.

Digital logarithmic airborne gamma ray spectrometer

A new digital logarithmic airborne gamma ray spectrometer is designed in this study. The spectrometer adopts a high-speed and high-accuracy logarithmic amplifier （LOGll4） to amplify the pulse signal logarithmically and to improve the utilization of the ADC dynamic range because the low-energy pulse signal has a larger gain than the high-energy pulse signal. After energy calibration, the spectrometer can clearly distinguish photopeaks at 239, 352, 583 and 609 keV in the low-energy spectral sections. The photopeak energy resolution of 137Cs improves to 6.75% from the original 7.8%. Furthermore, the energy resolution of three photopeaks, namely, K, U, and Th, is maintained, and the overall stability of the energy spectrum is increased through potassium peak spectrum stabilization. Thus, it is possible to effectively measure energy from 20 keV to 10 MeV.

Implications of gamma-ray photon measurements at the LHAASO on Lorentz symmetry

The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO)has reported the measurement of photons with high energies of up to 1.42 PeV from twelve gamma-ray sources.We are concerned with the implications of the LHAASO data on the fate of Lorenz symmetry at such high energy levels;thus,we consider the interaction between gamma rays and photons in the cosmic microwave background(CMB)and compute the optical depth,mean free path,and survival probability of photons from these gamma-ray sources.Employing the threshold value predicted by standard special relativity,the lowest survival probability for observed gamma ray photons is found to be approximately 0.60,which is fairly high and implies that abundant photons with energies above the threshold may reach the Earth without Lorentz symmetry violation.We conclude that it is unreasonable to argue that Lorentz symmetry would be violated using current observations at the LHAASO.

Implication from GRB 221009A:Can TeV emission come from the GRB prompt phase?

Recently,the B.O.A.T.(“brightest of all time”)gamma-ray burst,dubbed GRB 221009A,was detected by various instruments.Unprecedentedly,the GRB presented very-high-energy(VHE,energy above 0.1 Te V)gamma-ray emission with energy extending above 10 Te V,as reported by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO).We here demonstrate that the VHE and especially>10 Te V emission may originate from the internal hadronic dissipation of the GRB,without the need of invoking any exotic processes as suggested by some previous studies.The possible prompt origin of LHAASO photons may imply the first detection of the GRB prompt phase in the VHE regime.We also discuss the constraints on the properties of the GRB ejecta from multiwavelength and multi-messenger observations,which favors a magnetically dominated GRB ejecta.The suggested Poynting-flux-dominated GRB ejecta in this work supports the Blandford&Znajek(BZ)mechanism as the possible central engine model of GRB,as well as the possible strong magnetic dissipation and acceleration.

Effects of cosmological constant on motion of UHECR particles

Recent astronomical observations manifest that about two-thirds of the whole energy in the Universe is contributed by a small positive cosmological constant ∧ (＞ 0).Then, an asymptotically de Sitter spacetime is premised naturally. However, physics in the de Sitter spacetime is very different from that in the Minkowski spacetime. As the first step, a covariant formalism of the kinematics in the de Sitter spacetime is presented here.By solving exactly the equations of motion for a field, we obtain the dispersion relation of a free particle. It is noticed that the dispersion relation is dependent on the degree of freedom of angular momentum of the particle. We show the threshold anomaly of the ultra high energy cosmic ray disappears naturally in the framework of the de Sitter kinematics.