Sliding Mode Predictive Control of Main Steam Pressure in Coal-fired Power Plant Boiler

Since the combustion system of coal-fired boiler in thermal power plant is characterized as time varying, strongly coupled, and nonlinear, it is hard to achieve a satisfactory performance by the conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) control scheme. For the characteristics of the main steam pressure in coal-fired power plant boiler, the sliding mode control system with Smith predictive structure is proposed to look for performance and robustness improvement. First, internal model control (IMC) and Smith predictor (SP) is used to deal with the time delay, and sliding mode controller (SMCr) is designed to overcome the model mismatch. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed controller compared with conventional ones.

Structural, Pasting, and Thermal Properties of Ultra-high Pressure-treated Lotus Seed Starch

Lotus seed starch （15%, w/w） was subjected to ultra-high pressure （UHP） at 500 MPa for 10～60 min. The effects of UHP on the structural, pasting, and thermal properties of starch were investigated using solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, HPSEC-MALLS-RI, and a rapid visco analyzer. The 13C CP/MAS NMR results revealed a reduction in the relative crystallinity and peak intensity of the crystalline state with increasing the UHP time. The molecular weight of native starch was 1.433 × 107 Da, which was higher than that of the UHP-treated starch. Viscograms of UHP-treated starch revealed an increase in paste viscosity, peak time, and pasting temperature and a reduction in breakdown and setback viscosity compared to the native starch. Furthermore, the DSC results showed a reduction in gelatinization temperature and gelatinization enthalpy with increasing the UHP time.

Effects of ultra-high hydrostatic pressure on foaming and physical-chemistry properties of egg white

The influences of ultra-high hydrostatic pressure treatment on foaming and physical properties (solubility, hydrophobicity and sulfhydryl content) of egg white were investigated. A pressure range of 0-500 MPa, time range of 0-20 min and pH range of 7.5-8.5 were selected. The foaming property of egg white is improved by 350Mpa and 10min. The treatment resulted in in- crease of sulfhydryl content of egg white, while solubility and hydrophobicity were significantly decreased.

Analysis on performance and test of a new type of ultra-high pressure pipe joint

Analysis as well as application of ultra-high pressure hydraulic system and elements has become a trend. The structure and operation principle of a new type of ultra-high pressure pipe joint is introduced. The structure of the new type of ultra-high pressure pipe joint is simple and is easy to be produced. The finite element model on two working conditions( preload condition with 30 N·m torque and static-loading condition with 70 MPa pressure) is built and computed. The width of contact area,the equivalent stress status,as well as the contact pressure status are plotted and analyzed. According to the national standard,test on air-tightness,blasting,and cyclic endurance is conducted and the results show that the new type of ultra-high pressure pipe joint has the sealability for ultra-high pressure up to 70 MPa,and the DN6 ultra-high pressure pipe joint can provide effective seal under70 MPa fluid pressure. The research can provide a thinking and method on designing ultra-high pressure pipe joint and push forward the development of ultra-high pressure hydraulic system.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Hairtail Surimi in an Ultra-High Pressure Bioreactor

Amino acids have been extracted from Hairtail surimi using enzymes in an ultra-high pressure bioreactor. The extraction efficiency of different enzymes including papain, trypsin, and proteases (acid, neutral, alkaline) also has been evaluated, and it has been discovered that neutral protease behaved the best. The amino acids were analyzed using automatic amino acid analyzer, and the enzymatic digestion conditions were optimized. For neutral protease, the optimal condition was 50℃, 250 MPa, pH 7.0. Material to liquid ratio of enzyme is 6%. More than 29 amino acids were detected after 24 hours of hydrolysis;the enzymatic hydrolysis rate can reach 83.29%. The results show that enzymatic digestion under ultra-high-pressure provides a very promising approach to extract amino acids from Hairtail surimi.

Development and Installation of High Pressure Boilers for Co-Generation Plant in Sugar Industries

The sugar cane containing minimum 30% fiber was referred as bagasse and used the generation of power required for the operation of sugar mill. The bagasse is fired in the boiler for producing steam at high pressure, which is extracted through various single high capacity turbines and used in the process. The installation of high pressure boilers and high pressure turbo-generators has provision for the operation of co-generation plant during the off-season also that enhances the power generation from 9MW to 23MW. The annual monetary benefits achieved are Rs. 204.13 million and this was based on cost of power sold to the grid @ Rs 2.548 per unit, sugar season of 219 days and off season of 52 days. This required an investment of Rs 820.6 million. The investment had an attractive simple payback period of 48 months.

THERMAL MODELLING OF COLLISIONAL OROGENY: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ULTRA-HIGH PRESSURE METAMORPHISM

The petrological research on the ultra high pressure metamorphism (UHP) of collisional orogen indicates that the upper crustal rocks is subducted to depths exceeding 100 km, and returned to the surface rapidly. In this study, we investigate the thermal structure of collisional orogen as a slab of continental lithosphere being subducted beneath an overriding wedge of continental lithosphere by the 2 D finite element method. The advection heat transfer due to the accretion of orogenic wedge is considered. The wedge is composed of the upper crust materials through the accretion from the down going plate to the upper plate. For identifying the significance of the geometric and/or kinetic factors on the thermal structure of continental subduction, the different combinations of parameters, including dip angle of subduction zone, accretion or erosion rates, and the convergence velocity etc., are used in modelling. The time span of continental subduction in our calculation is less than 30 Ma, according to the short duration of ultra deep subduction of continental slab suggested by the preservation of metastable pre peak low pressure mineralogy assemblage in the garnet of UHP rocks. Therefore, the steep dip angle of down going plate and/or low rate of accretion favour the ultra deep subduction of upper crust materials, especially for the slower down going slab. Meanwhile, taking the erosion rate as the level of exhumation rate of UHP rocks in some orogens (i.e., 1-2 km/Ma or more) does not result in the anatexis melting of crust of the overriding plate, due to the cooling effect of the rapid down going slab. However, the temperature structures of all models are generally cooler than those recovered by thermobarometric studies of the UHP rocks. This implies the significant increase of temperature after the rapid subduction of continental slab. Following the method of Davies and von Blackenburg (1998), we show that the slab breakoff can occur at the depth exceeding 100 km. Thermal modelling on the post subduction stage shows the heating related to the plate breakoff can cause the higher temperature recorded by the exhumed UHP rocks. The higher geotherm during post subduction stage leads to the weak strength of the orogenic wedge, and favours the faster upward movement of the UHP rock slices as ductile agents. The lower temperature gradient of the subduction slab predicted by modelling suggests the cold subducting slab could have transported significant fluids to mantle depth, not released during subduction. Accordingly, the absence of coeval calc alkalic magmatism in UHP orogens might resulted from the lower temperature as well as the fluid free circumstance, both are related to the rapid subduction of cold plate. Therefore, shear heating is not needed for explanation the thermal evolution of UHP orogen. On the other hand, the post collisional or late stage granitic plutonism is closely related to the deep seated heat producing materials of the accretion wedge.

Prediction of Boiler Drum Pressure and Steam Flow Rate Using Artificial Neural Network

Numerical simulation of complex systems and components by computers is a fundamental phase of any modern engineering activity. The traditional methods of simulation typically entail long, iterative processes which lead to large simulation times, often exceeding transient real time. Artificial neural networks （ANNs） may be advantageous in this context, the main advantage being the speed of computation, the capability of generalizing from the few examples, robustness to noisy and partially incomplete data and the capability of performing empirical input-output mapping without complete knowledge of underlying physics. In this paper, the simulation of steam generator is considered as an example to show the potentialities of this tool. The data required for training and testing the ANN is taken from the steam generator at Abott Power Plant, Champaign （USA）. The total number of samples is 9600 which are taken at a sampling time of three seconds. The performance of boiler （drum pressure, steam flow rate） has been verified and tested using ANN, under the changes in fuel flow rate, air flow rate and load disturbance. Using ANN, input-output mapping is done and it is observed that ANN allows a good reproduction of non-linear behaviors of inputs and outputs.

Cyclic Pulsating Pressure Enhanced Segregating Structuration of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Graphene Composites as High-performance Light-Weight EMI Shields

Currently,the enhancement in electromagnetic interference(EMI)performance of polymeric composite generally relies on either improving electrical conductivity(σ)for stronger electromagnetic(EM)reflections or tailoring structure for higher EM resonances.Herein,we proposed a novel technique called cyclic pulsating pressure enhanced segregating structuration(CPP-SS),which can reinforce these two factors simultaneously.The structural information was supplied by optical microscopy(OM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),both of which confirmed the formation and evolution of segregate structured ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)/graphene composites.Then,the result showed that CPP-SS can significantly improve theσof samples.Ultimately,advanced specific EMI shielding efficiency of 31.1 d B/mm was achieved for UHMWPE/graphene composite at 1-mm thickness and a low graphene loading of 5 wt%.Meanwhile,it also confirmed that the intrinsic disadvantage of poor mechanical properties of conventional segregated structure composites can be surpassed.This work is believed to provide a fundamental understanding of the structural and performance evolutions of segregated structured composites prepared under CPPSS,and to bring us a simple and efficient approach for fabricating high-performance,strong and light-weight polymeric EMI shields.

Dynamic Compression Behavior of Ultra-high Performance Cement-based Composite with Hybrid Steel Fiber Reinforcements

Ultra-high performance cement-based composites (UHPCC) is promising in construction of concrete structures that suffer impact and explosive loads.In this study,a reference UHPCC mixture with no fiber reinforcement and four mixtures with a single type of fiber reinforcement or hybrid fiber reinforcements of straight smooth and end hook type of steel fibers were prepared.Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was performed to investigate the dynamic compression behavior of UHPCC and X-CT test and 3D reconstruction technology were used to indicate the failure process of UHPCC under impact loading.Results show that UHPCC with 1% straight smooth fiber and 2% end hook fiber reinforcements demonstrated the best static and dynamic mechanical properties.When the hybrid steel fiber reinforcements are added in the concrete,it may need more impact energy to break the matrix and to pull out the fiber reinforcements,thus,the mixture with hybrid steel fiber reinforcements demonstrates excellent dynamic compressive performance.

高海拔低气压条件下烟气辐射特性

高原地区特殊的地理环境导致锅炉运行出现出力不足、排烟温度高等一系列问题。采用逐线法(Line-By-Linemethod, LBL),基于HITEMP2010光谱数据库(High-temperaturemolecular spectroscopic database),求解3组不同气压条件下(0.101 325、0.076 622和0.061 655 MPa)空气燃烧方式的烟气吸收系数和总发射率,分析了压力、温度和水蒸气与CO_(2)的摩尔比对烟气辐射特性的影响,改进了灰气体加权和(Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases,WSGG)模型关联式,建立了适用于低气压条件下的WSGG模型参数。结果表明,压力的降低会减小烟气的总发射率,4种工况下压力从0.101 325 MPa下降到0.061 655 MPa时,总发射率随行程长度变化的最大差值分别为0.093 4、0.084 5、0.091 1和0.084 3。在小行程长度下,摩尔比越大,压力的变化对总发射率的影响越大,而大行程长度下则相反。温度的升高会减小烟气的总发射率,4种工况下,温度从1 000 K升到2 500 K时,总发射率随行程长度变化的最大差值分别为0.273 6、0.270 5、0.251 5和0.250 5。在小行程长度下,摩尔比越大,温度的变化对总发射率的影响越大,在大行程长度下则相反。摩尔比的增加会增大烟气的总发射率,4种工况下摩尔比从1增加到2时,总发射率随行程长度变化的最大差值分别为0.088 1、0.100 4、0.088 9和0.100 6。在小行程长度下,温度越高或压力越低,摩尔比变化对总发射率的影响越小,在大行程长度下则相反。改进后的WSGG模型在不同工况下烟气总发射率的最大相对误差为3.67%,相比现有基于常压条件下开发的WSGG模型外推到低压条件的误差有明显降低,表明改进后的WSGG模型更适用于低气压空气燃烧气氛。

CCPP机组余热锅炉高压蒸发器泄漏分析与处理

燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组(CCPP)作为高效能源转换系统,在钢铁等工业领域得到广泛应用。余热锅炉作为CCPP机组的核心部件,其稳定运行直接关系到整个机组的效率和安全性。文章针对某钢厂燃气轮机组配套余热锅炉高压蒸发器上部迎烟气面频繁泄漏问题进行了深入研究,分析泄漏原因为其下联箱内沉积物导致蒸发器管内水流量减小,进而产生汽水混合物的冲击腐蚀,同时炉膛局部区域的“烟气走廊”现象加剧了这一腐蚀过程。针对这一问题,采取更换泄漏管段、改造下联箱定排管系统以提高排污效率、修复和完善烟气挡板以减少“烟气走廊”形成、优化定期排污操作以及制定定期的检查和维护计划等措施,有效地解决了高压蒸发器的泄漏问题,提高了设备的稳定性和安全性。

油田注汽锅炉产汽单耗的计算方法与影响因素分析

为有效降低油田注汽锅炉产汽单耗,通过系统分析油田注汽锅炉生产工艺、生产设备、能耗水平及产汽单耗的计算方法,确定影响产汽单耗水平的关键因素包括温度、压力、干度、过热度、运行管理水平、锅炉热效率等,对各项因素的影响效果进行了分析验证。采用实际测试结果与理论计算数据对比的方法,得出了常见工况下油田注汽锅炉产汽单耗的变化规律,在此基础上明确了注汽锅炉节能提效的重点方向和技术措施,分析各项措施提效降耗的基本效果,对油田注汽锅炉的节能提效、降低产汽单耗和企业生产成本提供了良好借鉴。

浅析1000MW二次再热塔式锅炉蒸汽吹灰系统设计

以1000MW超超临界二次再热塔式锅炉为例,对锅炉蒸汽吹灰系统进行了介绍,对吹灰器布置特点、汽源选择和管路系统的特点进行了介绍。

循环流化床锅炉降低灰渣含碳量热态试验研究

针对循环流化床(CFB)锅炉燃用非设计煤种工况下,对总风量、一/二次风比例、床温、床压等参数进行热态调整试验,分析各参数对锅炉飞灰及底渣含碳量的影响规律。结果表明:在330 t/h负荷的基准工况下(不投飞灰再循环),通过适当提升床压及燃烧室温度,能使燃料充分燃烧,飞灰含碳量由调整前最高20.75%减少到15.97%左右,底渣含碳量从最高2.28%降低至0.40%左右,锅炉效率提高约1.5%以上。此外,飞灰再循环的投入能有效降低飞灰含碳量,建议在生产实践中尽量保证飞灰再循环的连续投入。

Effects of dynamic ultra-high pressure homogenization on the structure and functional properties of casein

Dynamic ultra-high pressure homogenization(UHPH)is a novel high-pressure processing technique.In this study,the effects of dynamic UHPH on the structure and functional properties of casein were systematically investigated.It was found that the functional properties of casein changed with dynamic UHPH treatment,and the treatment at 150 MPa could significantly improve casein aqueous solubility,foaming and emulsifying properties.These functional improvements could be attributed to its structural changes,since the dynamic UHPH treatment could change the secondary structure,promote the interchange reaction between the disulfide bond and the sulfhydryl group,and increase the surface hydrophobicity.The obtained results could broaden the application of casein and provide ideas for the non-thermal processing of proteins.

电站锅炉承压部件剩余寿命评估方法专利申请概况

【目的】更好地掌握电站锅炉承压部件剩余寿命评估方法领域的发展现状。【方法】对国内外电站锅炉承压部件剩余寿命评估方法领域的专利文献进行搜集、标引和梳理,分析该领域国内外专利申请情况、重要专利申请人、地域分布和法律状态。【结果】电站锅炉承压部件剩余寿命评估方法的相关技术在日本已较为成熟,专利申请量趋于平稳;我国在该领域的研究虽然起步较晚,但近几年研发活跃度较高,已经成为相关技术的专利申请大国。【结论】电站锅炉承压部件剩余寿命评估方法的产业化应用还有待进一步加强,如何将这些技术投入实际工业生产获得产业化收益,是未来需要解决的问题。

ULTRA-HIGH PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL DETERMINATION OF DIASPORITE

Water plays an important role in the evolution history of the earth and the water in the deep earth mainly exists in minerals and magma melt. The study on ultra-high pressure differential thermal determination ofhydroites and their stability and mechanism of dehydration-dehydroxylation are significant for the understanding of the heat evolution history

煤电机组热电解耦技术路线对比

旨在深入探讨火电厂热电解耦的多种技术路线,包括切除低压缸供热技术、旁路联合供热技术、高压电极锅炉技术和熔盐蓄热高能级工业供汽技术。通过对比分析各种技术的原理、应用场景、技术关键点及优缺点,旨在找到适合不同场景的最佳热电解耦方案。研究方法主要包括文献调研、技术分析及案例研究。研究结果表明,这几种技术路线各有优劣,需根据电厂的实际情况和调峰需求进行选择。切除低压缸供热技术适用于低负荷下供热需求较小的场景;旁路联合供热技术具有较强的热电解耦能力,但热经济性较差;高压电极锅炉技术虽投资成本较高,但能实现快速响应和高效节能;熔盐蓄热高能级工业供汽技术则适用于产生高品质蒸汽的场景。