Structural, Pasting, and Thermal Properties of Ultra-high Pressure-treated Lotus Seed Starch

Lotus seed starch （15%, w/w） was subjected to ultra-high pressure （UHP） at 500 MPa for 10～60 min. The effects of UHP on the structural, pasting, and thermal properties of starch were investigated using solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, HPSEC-MALLS-RI, and a rapid visco analyzer. The 13C CP/MAS NMR results revealed a reduction in the relative crystallinity and peak intensity of the crystalline state with increasing the UHP time. The molecular weight of native starch was 1.433 × 107 Da, which was higher than that of the UHP-treated starch. Viscograms of UHP-treated starch revealed an increase in paste viscosity, peak time, and pasting temperature and a reduction in breakdown and setback viscosity compared to the native starch. Furthermore, the DSC results showed a reduction in gelatinization temperature and gelatinization enthalpy with increasing the UHP time.

Effects of ultra-high hydrostatic pressure on foaming and physical-chemistry properties of egg white

The influences of ultra-high hydrostatic pressure treatment on foaming and physical properties (solubility, hydrophobicity and sulfhydryl content) of egg white were investigated. A pressure range of 0-500 MPa, time range of 0-20 min and pH range of 7.5-8.5 were selected. The foaming property of egg white is improved by 350Mpa and 10min. The treatment resulted in in- crease of sulfhydryl content of egg white, while solubility and hydrophobicity were significantly decreased.

Analysis on performance and test of a new type of ultra-high pressure pipe joint

Analysis as well as application of ultra-high pressure hydraulic system and elements has become a trend. The structure and operation principle of a new type of ultra-high pressure pipe joint is introduced. The structure of the new type of ultra-high pressure pipe joint is simple and is easy to be produced. The finite element model on two working conditions( preload condition with 30 N·m torque and static-loading condition with 70 MPa pressure) is built and computed. The width of contact area,the equivalent stress status,as well as the contact pressure status are plotted and analyzed. According to the national standard,test on air-tightness,blasting,and cyclic endurance is conducted and the results show that the new type of ultra-high pressure pipe joint has the sealability for ultra-high pressure up to 70 MPa,and the DN6 ultra-high pressure pipe joint can provide effective seal under70 MPa fluid pressure. The research can provide a thinking and method on designing ultra-high pressure pipe joint and push forward the development of ultra-high pressure hydraulic system.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Hairtail Surimi in an Ultra-High Pressure Bioreactor

Amino acids have been extracted from Hairtail surimi using enzymes in an ultra-high pressure bioreactor. The extraction efficiency of different enzymes including papain, trypsin, and proteases (acid, neutral, alkaline) also has been evaluated, and it has been discovered that neutral protease behaved the best. The amino acids were analyzed using automatic amino acid analyzer, and the enzymatic digestion conditions were optimized. For neutral protease, the optimal condition was 50℃, 250 MPa, pH 7.0. Material to liquid ratio of enzyme is 6%. More than 29 amino acids were detected after 24 hours of hydrolysis;the enzymatic hydrolysis rate can reach 83.29%. The results show that enzymatic digestion under ultra-high-pressure provides a very promising approach to extract amino acids from Hairtail surimi.

THERMAL MODELLING OF COLLISIONAL OROGENY: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ULTRA-HIGH PRESSURE METAMORPHISM

The petrological research on the ultra high pressure metamorphism (UHP) of collisional orogen indicates that the upper crustal rocks is subducted to depths exceeding 100 km, and returned to the surface rapidly. In this study, we investigate the thermal structure of collisional orogen as a slab of continental lithosphere being subducted beneath an overriding wedge of continental lithosphere by the 2 D finite element method. The advection heat transfer due to the accretion of orogenic wedge is considered. The wedge is composed of the upper crust materials through the accretion from the down going plate to the upper plate. For identifying the significance of the geometric and/or kinetic factors on the thermal structure of continental subduction, the different combinations of parameters, including dip angle of subduction zone, accretion or erosion rates, and the convergence velocity etc., are used in modelling. The time span of continental subduction in our calculation is less than 30 Ma, according to the short duration of ultra deep subduction of continental slab suggested by the preservation of metastable pre peak low pressure mineralogy assemblage in the garnet of UHP rocks. Therefore, the steep dip angle of down going plate and/or low rate of accretion favour the ultra deep subduction of upper crust materials, especially for the slower down going slab. Meanwhile, taking the erosion rate as the level of exhumation rate of UHP rocks in some orogens (i.e., 1-2 km/Ma or more) does not result in the anatexis melting of crust of the overriding plate, due to the cooling effect of the rapid down going slab. However, the temperature structures of all models are generally cooler than those recovered by thermobarometric studies of the UHP rocks. This implies the significant increase of temperature after the rapid subduction of continental slab. Following the method of Davies and von Blackenburg (1998), we show that the slab breakoff can occur at the depth exceeding 100 km. Thermal modelling on the post subduction stage shows the heating related to the plate breakoff can cause the higher temperature recorded by the exhumed UHP rocks. The higher geotherm during post subduction stage leads to the weak strength of the orogenic wedge, and favours the faster upward movement of the UHP rock slices as ductile agents. The lower temperature gradient of the subduction slab predicted by modelling suggests the cold subducting slab could have transported significant fluids to mantle depth, not released during subduction. Accordingly, the absence of coeval calc alkalic magmatism in UHP orogens might resulted from the lower temperature as well as the fluid free circumstance, both are related to the rapid subduction of cold plate. Therefore, shear heating is not needed for explanation the thermal evolution of UHP orogen. On the other hand, the post collisional or late stage granitic plutonism is closely related to the deep seated heat producing materials of the accretion wedge.

Cyclic Pulsating Pressure Enhanced Segregating Structuration of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Graphene Composites as High-performance Light-Weight EMI Shields

Currently,the enhancement in electromagnetic interference(EMI)performance of polymeric composite generally relies on either improving electrical conductivity(σ)for stronger electromagnetic(EM)reflections or tailoring structure for higher EM resonances.Herein,we proposed a novel technique called cyclic pulsating pressure enhanced segregating structuration(CPP-SS),which can reinforce these two factors simultaneously.The structural information was supplied by optical microscopy(OM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),both of which confirmed the formation and evolution of segregate structured ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)/graphene composites.Then,the result showed that CPP-SS can significantly improve theσof samples.Ultimately,advanced specific EMI shielding efficiency of 31.1 d B/mm was achieved for UHMWPE/graphene composite at 1-mm thickness and a low graphene loading of 5 wt%.Meanwhile,it also confirmed that the intrinsic disadvantage of poor mechanical properties of conventional segregated structure composites can be surpassed.This work is believed to provide a fundamental understanding of the structural and performance evolutions of segregated structured composites prepared under CPPSS,and to bring us a simple and efficient approach for fabricating high-performance,strong and light-weight polymeric EMI shields.

Dynamic Compression Behavior of Ultra-high Performance Cement-based Composite with Hybrid Steel Fiber Reinforcements

Ultra-high performance cement-based composites (UHPCC) is promising in construction of concrete structures that suffer impact and explosive loads.In this study,a reference UHPCC mixture with no fiber reinforcement and four mixtures with a single type of fiber reinforcement or hybrid fiber reinforcements of straight smooth and end hook type of steel fibers were prepared.Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was performed to investigate the dynamic compression behavior of UHPCC and X-CT test and 3D reconstruction technology were used to indicate the failure process of UHPCC under impact loading.Results show that UHPCC with 1% straight smooth fiber and 2% end hook fiber reinforcements demonstrated the best static and dynamic mechanical properties.When the hybrid steel fiber reinforcements are added in the concrete,it may need more impact energy to break the matrix and to pull out the fiber reinforcements,thus,the mixture with hybrid steel fiber reinforcements demonstrates excellent dynamic compressive performance.

Study of low-pressure premixed laminar n-heptane+propane/oxygen/nitrogen flames

Low-pressure premixed laminar n-heptane+propane/oxygen/nitrogen flames were investigated with tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization and molecular-beam sampling mass spectrometry. Three flames with different mass percentage of propane in the fuel blends of 0%, 10%, and 20% were studied. The combustion intermediates were identified by comparing the measured IEs with those values in literatures. Mole fraction profiles of the main species were compared among the three flames. The experimental results provide detailed data in understanding the combustion of n-heptane and n-heptane/propane blends in engine. They are also helpful in establishing and verifying the kinetic models.

H2/CO/air premixed and partially premixed flame structure at different pressures based on reaction limit analysis

Premixed and partially premixed flames (PPFs) of H2/CO/air syngas are studied numerically to investigate the effect of pressure on syngas PPF structure. Chemical characteristics of the syngas flame at different pressures are investigated based on reaction limit analysis using a one-dimensional configuration. The results show that CO affects the syngas reaction limits through both physical effects that consist mainly in dilution and chemical effects that are related to both R23 (CO+OH=CO2+H) and HCO pathway. In particular, the HCO pathway weakens the flame at low pressures due to the chain-terminating effect of R25 (HCO+O2=CO+HO2) and R26 (HCO+H=CO+H2), and enhances the flame at high pressures because of the contribution of R25 to the HO2chain-branching process. These CO chemical characteristics are also observed in the premixed zone of 50%H2+50%CO syngas PPFs whereas only R23 is important in the non-premixed zone.

长直管道预混气体爆燃波系演化过程研究

为减少工业场所可燃气体生产、运输和储存过程中气体爆炸事故的发生,利用自主搭建的200 mm×200 mm×35 m方形管道和直径为90 mm、长度为10 m的圆形管道,在相同的初始条件下,运用体积分数为9.5%的甲烷/空气预混气体开展爆炸试验,结合压力、火焰传感器对其进行研究。结果表明:2种不同尺度、不同截面的管道中波系演化过程是相同的,点火后火焰由层流向湍流转变,火焰加速导致压缩波相互追赶,最终形成强激波;速度在2种长直管道中的变化趋势相同,都经历了加速—减速—再加速—再减速的过程,方管和圆管中火焰速度最大分别达到69和35.7 m/s,第一道压缩波经壁面反射后压力上升至117%和114%;当反射波与火焰阵面耦合作用时,方管和圆管中火焰速度分别降至73%和93%;体积分数相同的条件下,2种长直管道中第一道压缩波的最大压力值相近,方管中为65.45 kPa,圆管中为67.09 kPa。

乙醇/甲烷/氢气预混气体爆炸特性研究

为了进一步了解C_(2)H_(5)OH/CH_(4)/H_(2)预混气体的爆炸特性,在定容燃烧弹内对不同当量比(0.7~1.4)、不同初始温度(370,400,450 K)、不同乙醇掺混比例(20%,50%,80%)的C_(2)H_(5)OH/CH_(4)/H_(2)预混气体的爆炸特性进行实验研究及分析。结果表明:爆炸压力峰值与初始温度呈线性负相关,与乙醇掺混比例呈线性正相关;随着当量比的增大,爆炸压力峰值和最大爆炸压力上升速率均呈现先增大后减小的规律,其峰值出现在当量比为1.2或1.3处,而爆炸时间呈现先降低后略有增大的规律;相同初始温度下,随乙醇掺混比例的增大,预混气体放热量增大,在当量比为1.2时达到峰值。

Effects of dynamic ultra-high pressure homogenization on the structure and functional properties of casein

Dynamic ultra-high pressure homogenization(UHPH)is a novel high-pressure processing technique.In this study,the effects of dynamic UHPH on the structure and functional properties of casein were systematically investigated.It was found that the functional properties of casein changed with dynamic UHPH treatment,and the treatment at 150 MPa could significantly improve casein aqueous solubility,foaming and emulsifying properties.These functional improvements could be attributed to its structural changes,since the dynamic UHPH treatment could change the secondary structure,promote the interchange reaction between the disulfide bond and the sulfhydryl group,and increase the surface hydrophobicity.The obtained results could broaden the application of casein and provide ideas for the non-thermal processing of proteins.

ULTRA-HIGH PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL DETERMINATION OF DIASPORITE

Water plays an important role in the evolution history of the earth and the water in the deep earth mainly exists in minerals and magma melt. The study on ultra-high pressure differential thermal determination ofhydroites and their stability and mechanism of dehydration-dehydroxylation are significant for the understanding of the heat evolution history

Grain-refining fabrication of nanocrystalline(La_(0.2)Nd_(0.2)Sm_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Eu_(0.2))_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)high-entropy ceramics by ultra-high pressure sintering

As an important A_(2)B_(2)O_(7)-type ceramic,(La_(0.2)Nd_(0.2)Sm_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Eu_(0.2))_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)high-entropy pyrochlore pos-sesses promising properties such as high melting point,high chemical durability,and low thermal conductivity.However,the low sintering ability limits its application in thermal barrier coating and radioactive waste immobilization.It usually needs long-term high-temperature soaking to achieve full density,but with inevitable grain growth.In this work,dense and grain-refined nanocrystalline(La_(0.2)Nd_(0.2)Sm_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Eu_(0.2))_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)ceramics were prepared with ultra-high pressure sintering(UHPS)method under 10 GPa at a low temperature of 800℃.The densification behavior,microstructure evo-lution,and properties of the UHPS-ed samples were then investigated.The grain size of as-prepared(La_(0.2)Nd_(0.2)Sm_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Eu_(0.2))_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)ceramic was only 151 nm,which is 40%smaller than that of raw pow-der.In addition,it exhibited advantageous properties including both high hardness and aqueous durabil-ity.Plastic deformation under ultra-high pressure was believed as the dominant densification mechanism responsible for grain refinement and property improvement.

喉管式催化裂化原料喷嘴雾化性能研究

通过喷嘴雾化试验与模拟数值的交叉验证,分析了喉管式喷嘴的内部流动情况和雾化情况,建立了适用的模拟模型。结果表明:在试验和模拟条件下,喷嘴出口雾滴呈扇形喷出,分布较均匀;喷嘴出口雾滴粒径呈单峰分布,索达尔平均粒径模拟结果(67.2μm)与试验结果(78.0μm)的偏差为-13.8%,平均速度模拟结果(55.1 m/s)与试验结果(49.3 m/s)的偏差为11.8%,模型准确性较高。模拟研究发现:液相在预混室发生一次雾化,在喉管处发生二次雾化,经喷嘴出口喷出,粒径减小至67.2μm。该结果为喉管式喷嘴的结构优化、改进设计提供了依据。

封闭体系内丁烷-空气预混气体爆炸的试验研究

为研究不同浓度丁烷-空气预混气体在封闭管道内的燃爆特性,利用方形密闭爆炸试验管道对不同体积分数的丁烷-空气预混气体进行爆炸试验。结果表明:气体爆炸先后经历了压力上升第一阶段、压力上升第二阶段和压力下降阶段;随着丁烷气体浓度的上升,爆炸压力上升速率、最大火焰速度、火焰加速度都呈先升高、后降低的趋势;其中,当丁烷体积分数为5%时,上述参数均达到峰值;含水管道中,气相与液相的爆炸压力趋势基本一致,但相较于无水管道中的压力变化更为平缓,并且最大爆炸压力及升压速率都较低。为可燃气体燃爆问题研究提供理论参考。

部分预混耦合EGR对天然气直喷发动机的影响

以一台四冲程高压直喷天然气发动机为研究对象,模拟研究了5种天然气预喷量耦合5种废气再循环(EGR)率对部分预喷天然气发动机的燃烧和排放特性的影响。结果表明,相比于高压直喷模式,部分预喷模式有着更高的缸内峰值压力、峰值热释放率和最大压力升高率。预喷比例的增加会提前发动机燃烧相位、缩短燃烧持续期,进而降低发动机的指示燃料消耗率,但是EGR的加入会削弱这种效果。较高的预喷量耦合中等比例EGR能够削弱NOx-soot的“trade-off”关系;30%EGR率耦合40%预喷量能够使发动机具有较低的指示燃油消耗率,产生较低的甲烷、未燃HC和CO排放,以及优于非预喷方案的NOx和soot排放特性。

柴油机预混合燃烧循环变动特性研究

在发动机台架进行了直喷式柴油机预混合燃烧中低负荷循环变动的试验研究。分析了EGR、喷油始点和喷油压力对预混合燃烧循环变动的影响。研究结果表明:预混合燃烧的燃烧持续期短,放热迅速,最大压力升高率较大,增大EGR和推迟喷油降低了最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率,最大压力升高率的循环变动系数随EGR增大而增大,随喷油推迟而减小。燃烧发展期与最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率、最大放热率、燃烧持续期和燃烧重心等参数具有很强的相关性。燃烧循环变动小的点与排放较好的点参数相吻合。利用空燃比很好地反映了EGR、喷油率始点等参数对燃烧循环变动系数的影响。平均指示压力的循环变动系数在正常情况均小于10%。并提出了减小循环变动进一步降低排放可能采取的措施。

预混火焰不稳定性的大涡模拟

在湍流燃烧大涡模拟的基础上,利用气动声学FW-H方程对甲烷/空气预混火焰的不稳定性进行了数值分析.局部化学当量比的周期性波动,造成燃烧室内出现周期性的压力振荡,随着化学当量比的增大或减小,压力振荡幅值均有所提高;贫氧工况下,压力振荡的频率较低,贫燃工况下,压力振荡频率较高.燃烧室内同时存在周期性的温度振荡和速度脉动;压力振荡与速度脉动趋于同频、同相,而温度振荡在相位上稍有提前.流向涡涡量分布呈现周期性变化趋势,相对而言,贫氧工况下,流向涡涡量较小、涡团尺度较大;贫燃工况下,流向涡涡量较大、涡团尺度较小.

合成气纯氧高压预混湍流火焰结构研究

为了理解高压下合成气纯氧预混湍流火焰中火焰与流动的耦合作用,利用OH-PLIF激光测量技术开展了高压条件下合成气纯氧预混湍流火焰结构研究,获得了高压下预混湍流火焰前锋面结构,得到了火焰前锋面尺度信息,包括火焰体积、火焰面密度和火焰前锋面尺度,并分析了预混湍流火焰前锋面与湍流尺度和层流火焰尺度的相互作用关系。研究结果表明:高压预混湍流火焰前锋面为褶皱火焰面结构,火焰面为小尺度的尖峰结构和大尺度的树干状结构互相叠加;合成气火焰前锋面结构比甲烷混合气火焰更加精细,尺度更小;合成气预混湍流火焰体积较小,放热区较小,在预混贫燃燃气轮机燃烧室中容易产生燃烧振荡;合成气和甲烷火焰在湍流燃烧速率上表现出不同的转折规律,这可以通过火焰前锋面尺度和火焰自身不稳定性尺度来解释;湍流流动对火焰前锋面的扰动受到火焰自身不稳定尺度的限制。