Correlation of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio to severity of coronary artery disease and in-hospital clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A prospective observational study

Objective:To explore correlation of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR)to severity of coronary artery disease(CAD)and in-hospital clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS).Methods:In this prospective and observational study,we recruited 500 patients with ACS.For all the eligible patients,demographic details were collected,and laboratory parameters were evaluated.The CAD severity was evaluated in terms of the number of involved vessels.The NLR was calculated based on neutrophils and lymphocytes and the correlation of various risk factors and severity and outcome of CAD was performed.Results:77.2%of Patients was male,and 52%of the patients aged between 55-70 years.Based on the type of ACS,396 out of 500 patients had ST-elevation myocardial infarction.An ascending trend in the white blood cell levels and NLR value was noted as the severity of the ACS increased and the highest white blood cell levels and NLR was noted among classⅣpatients.The mean NLR value among the non-survivors were higher compared to the survivors(9.52±5.72 vs.4.76±2.36;P<0.01).Receiver operating curve showed that the cut-off NLR value was 5.76 with a sensitivity of 75.0%and a specificity of 77.3%.Conclusions:The NLR can be used as an independent prognostic marker in ACS.An elevated NLR value serves as a reliable predictor for short-term complications,notably in-hospital mortality.

Electrocardiographic Analysis of Patients with Suspicion of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Yaounde, Cameroon

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. IHD was thought to be an extremely rare occurrence in Sub-Saharan Africa, but the increasing economic development with changes in lifestyle has led to an increase in IHD risk factors which has motivated the interest of our study. Objectives: The aim was to study a group of patients with suspicion of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), in order to determine those with and without electrocardiographic diagnosis of ACS. Methods: It was an observational cross-sectional descriptive study over a period of six months, which included concerned patients who presented with retrosternal or precordial chest pain of onset being less than two weeks with at least one cardiovascular risk factor, in the cardiology units of three reference hospitals in Yaounde. Ethical clearance and authorizations were obtained from the competent authorities. We used a preformed questionnaire to obtain information from the patients concerning the demographic data, clinical presentation and electrocardiographic findings. Results: We recruited 100 patients with suspicion of ACS. 56 patients presented with electrocardiographic diagnosis of ACS and 44 patients did not. The mean age was 60.6 ± 11.5 years with age limits of 32 - 85 years in patients with ACS and 55.3 ± 16.6 years with age limits of 19 - 90 years in patients without ACS. The predominant age group was 60 - 69 years in both groups. The sex ratio (male/female) was 0.6 in patients with ACS and 0.7 in patients without ACS. The main complaints presented in both groups were;chest pain, fatigue, dyspnea and palpitation. The frequent cardiovascular risk factors in both groups were hypertension, age and overweight/obesity. In patients with ACS, 55.4% presented with ST-segment elevated acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS) and 44.6% presented with non-ST-segment elevated acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). The Antero-Septal territory represented 77.4% of patients with STE-ACS and the lateral territory represented 56.0% of patients with NSTE-ACS. Conclusion: This study shows that 56.0% of patients with suspicion of ACS had an electrocardiographic diagnosis of ACS. Further studies should be undertaken to determine the prevalence of ACS in our community.

Bleeding risk assessment in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome

Nowadays,elderly people represent a growing population segment with a well known increased risk of both ischemic and bleeding events.Current acute coronary syndrome guidelines,strongly recommend dual antiplatelet therapy(DAPT)with few specific references for aged patients due to lack of evidence.Patients aged>75 years are misrepresented in the classic derivation trials cohorts.Strategies to reduce the bleeding risk in this group of patients are urgently needed for the daily clinical practice.Identify the specific age related bleeding risk factors and the importance of an integral geriatric assessment remains challenging.Some of the available in-hospital and out-hospital bleeding risk scores have shown a lower to moderate predictive ability in older patients and no specific tools are developed in elderly population.The importance of an appropriate vascular access choice,type and duration of antiplatelet drugs is crucial to reduce the bleeding risk.Increase radial approaches and short DAPT duration leads to reduce hemorrhages.One interesting subgroup of patients is those who need chronic anticoagulation therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention,due to their very high risk of bleeding.New alternatives as dual therapy with oral anticoagulation and only one antiplatlet drug should be considered.In current review,we evaluate the available evidence about bleeding risk in elderly.

A modified HEART risk score in chest pain patients with suspected non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome

ObjectiveTo 验证一颗修改的心[历史，心动电流描记器( ECG )，年龄，风险因素和 Troponin ]在有怀疑的 non-ST-segment 举起的胸疼痛病人的风险分数在紧急情况部门(编辑)的急性冠的症候群(NSTE交流)回顾的队学习使用了的 .MethodsThis 病人们与怀疑的NSTE交流承认了到紧急情况部门的有希望地获得的数据库和胸疼痛被注册。在 ED 在到达上记录的数据被使用。除我在心风险使用了的常规心脏的 Troponin 以外，我获得的高敏感的心脏的 Troponin 的浆液样品被测试。修改的心风险分数是计算的。结束 point ；是出现 of ；主要 adverse ；定义为的心脏的事件(向)一尖锐心肌的梗塞( AMI )合成，经皮的干预(一种总线标准)，冠的动脉绕过接枝( CABG )，或所有原因死亡，在在 1,300 全部的起始的 presentation.ResultsA 以后的三个月以内，病人们被注册。606 个病人(46.6%) 的一个总数在三个月以内有向：205 个病人(15.8%) 与 AMI 被诊断， 465 个病人(35.8%) 经历了一种总线标准，并且 119 个病人(9.2%) 经历了 CABG。有 10 (0.8%) 死亡。当分数增加了，增加事件率的一个进步、重要模式被观察(P <；0.001 由 χ；为趋势的 2) 。在操作典型曲线的接收装置下面的区域是 0.84。所有病人被分类进三个组：低风险(20 0-2 ) ，中间的风险(20 3-4 ) ，和高风险(20 5-10 ) 。事件率是 1.1% ， 18.5% ，和 67.0% ，分别地(P <；0.001 ).ConclusionsThe 修改了心风险 20 与怀疑的 NSTE 交流在胸疼痛病人被验证并且可以在编辑 A 补充向风险评价和病人 triage 分数的未来的学习被保证。

Bleeding risk stratification in an era of aggressive management of acute coronary syndromes

Major bleeding is currently one of the most common non-cardiac complications observed in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS). Hemorrhagic complications occur with a frequency of 1% to 10% during treatment for ACS. In fact, bleeding events are the most common extrinsic complication associated with ACS therapy. The identification of clinical characteristics and particularities of the antithrombin therapy associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic complications would make it possible to adopt prevention strategies, especially among those exposed to greater risk. The international societies of cardiology renewed emphasis on bleeding risk stratification in order to decide strategy and therapy for patients with ACS. With this review, we performed an update about the ACS bleeding risk scores most frequently used in daily clinical practice.

Smoking and the risk of acute coronary syndrome in young women treated in an emergency department

The aim of this study is to compare the clinical characteristics of young women (.

Risk Factors for Gastrointestinal Injuries in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients with Double Antiplatelet Therapy in One-Year Follow-Up

Background: The goal is to determine the incidence of symptomatic gastrointestinal (GI) injuries in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients receiving double antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). The risk factors for serious GI complications are also evaluated. Methods: 603 eligible patients from the Department of Cardiology at Zhongda Hospital between January 2014 and August 2015 were enrolled and the occurrence of GI injuries within one year assessed. The risk factors for serious GI complications were identified using cox regression analysis. Results: After one-year follow-up, 108 (17.9%) out of 603 patients developed symptomatic GI injuries: 22 (3.65%) with serious GI complications and 86 (14.2%) with GI symptoms. Drinking habit (95% CI: 1.512 - 8.796;P = 0.004) and previous peptic injury (95% CI: 2.307 - 18.080;P = 0.001) are independent predictors of serious GI complications, while proton pump inhibitor (PPI) was protective (95% CI: 0.120 - 0.699;P = 0.006) per cox regression analysis. Additionally, GI injuries of both serious GI complications and GI symptoms peaked in the first three months. Conclusions: Symptomatic GI injuries were relatively common in ACS patients with DAPT, especially in the first three months. Previous peptic injury and drinking habit were significant independent risk factors for serious GI complications, while PPI played a protective role in ACS with DAPT.

C-reactive protein as a risk factor for acute coronary syndrome

Objective We assessed the levels of C reactive protein (CRP)in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) [including unstable angina pectoris (UAP), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and sudden cardiac death (SCD)] compared with non ACS [including stable angina pectoris (SAP), old myocardial infarction (OMI) and healthy volunteers] and sought to test whether CRP are associated with clinical acute coronary syndrome. Methods Ultrasensitive immunoassay (rate nephelometry with the Beckman Array multitest immunoassay system) was used to measure CRP levels in 91 patients with ACS (20 UAP, 71 AMI including 2 SCD) and non ACS (34 SAP, 25 patients with healing phase of AMI , 41 OMI and 94 control healthy subjects). Results CRP levels were higher in ACS group (18.50±23.98 mg/L [SE 2.51, n=91]) compared with non-ACS group (3.89±7.14 mg/L [SE 0.51, n=194]) (P< 0.01). Using Logistic Regression, CRP was a potent determinant of ACS(OR=1.65). Conclusion These results suggest that CRP has a strong association with ACS, and CRP is a risk factor of ACS.

Acute coronary syndrome in the older adults

1 Introduction Coronary heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the developed world.Advanced age is the single strongest risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and independent predictor for poor outcomes following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS).ACS refers to a spectrum of conditions compatible with acute myocardial ischemia and/or infarction due to various degrees of reduction in coronary blood flow as a result of plaque rupture/erosion and thrombosis formation or supply and demand mismatch.

Nomogram for Predicting the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Young Adults≤45 Years of Age with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background:A non-invasive predictive model has not been established to identify the severity of coronary lesions in young adults with acute coronary syndrome(ACS).Methods:In this retrospective study,1088 young adults(≤45 years of age)first diagnosed with ACS who underwent coronary angiography were enrolled and randomized 7:3 into training or testing datasets.To build the nomogram,we determined optimal predictors of coronary lesion severity with the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator and Random Forest algorithm.The predictive accuracy of the nomogram was assessed with calibration plots,and performance was assessed with the receiver operating characteristic curve,decision curve analysis and the clinical impact curve.Results:Seven predictors were identified and integrated into the nomogram:age,hypertension,diabetes,body mass index,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,mean platelet volume and C-reactive protein.Receiver operating characteristic analyses demonstrated the nomogram’s good discriminatory performance in predicting severe coronary artery disease in young patients with ACS in the training(area under the curve 0.683,95%confidence interval[0.645–0.721])and testing(area under the curve 0.670,95%confidence interval[0.611–0.729])datasets.The nomogram was also well-calibrated in both the training(P=0.961)and testing(P=0.302)datasets.Decision curve analysis and the clinical impact curve indicated the model’s good clinical utility.Conclusion:A simple and practical nomogram for predicting coronary artery disease severity in young adults≤45 years of age with ACS was established and validated.

Clinical characteristics,GRACE score,TIMI score and prognosis of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with acute coronary syndrome

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)with acute coronary syndrome(ACS),the global registry of acute coronary events(GRACE)score,the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction(TIMI)score and clinical prognosis.Method:The study was a retrospective one-center observational study,continuous inclusion of 600 ACS patients diagnosed by coronary angiography in our hospital from October 2018 to July 2019.Collect general clinical data,laboratory examination results,imaging data and interventional treatment data of all patients.Were divided into:T2DM with ACS group(group DA)and non-T2DM with ACS(group NDA)according to whether or not they were associated with T2DM.According to the GRACE、TIMI score,the two groups were divided into high risk group,middle risk group and low risk group.All patients underwent coronary angiography to calculate the number of vascular lesions and Gensini scores.Design questionnaire,after discharge to 2 groups of patients by telephone or outpatient follow-up average of 10 months,statistics of the occurrence of MACE events.Result:Among the 600 patients included in the study,362 were male(60.3%)and 238 were female(39.7%)with mean age(64.7±10.3)years.The baseline data showed that the G、TG、UA、CR levels were higher in the DA group than in the NDA group;the proportion of men was lower than in the NDA group.The results of coronary angiography showed that the Gensini score of DA group was higher than that of NDA group,and the proportion of single lesion was lower than that of NDA group.The binary Logistic regression analysis suggested that age and CRP were independent risk factors for MACE events in patients with T2DM.GRACE risk stratification showed that the proportion of high risk group in DA group was significantly higher than that in NDA group,and there was no significant difference between low and middle risk group.TIMI risk stratification showed that the proportion of high risk group in DA group was significantly higher than that in NDA group,while the proportion of low and middle risk group was lower than that in NDA group.The ROC curve shows that the area(AUC)below the ROC curve that GRACE、TIMI score predicted the occurrence of MACE events in patients with T2DM and ACS was 0.707 and 0.586.Conclusion:Patients with T2DM and ACS had higher clinical risk stratification than without T2DM.GRACE score compared with the TIMI score had better predictive value for the occurrence of MACE events after discharge of T2DM with ACS patients.

High Sensitivity CRP Predicts Long-Term Mortality in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Evident Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a frequent arrhythmia associated with an adverse prognostic value in patients with ACS. Risk stratification as well as diagnosis of ACS is strongly supported by biomarkers. High sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) is known to be elevated in patients presenting with ACS as well as with AF.Methods: In total, 2034 consecutive patients with an ACS were analysed. The incidence of AF in the setting of ACS, the prognostic value of hs-CRP and the clinical outcome within 6 months were subject of the study. Death after 6 months was considered as primary endpoint. Results: The frequency of AF among patients admitted with suspected ACS was 124 (6.1%). During 6-month follow-up the mortality rate among patients with AF was significantly higher (20 [16.1%] vs 133 [6.9%];log-rank 13.72;p 0.001) compared to patients without AF. Cox regression analysis revealed an increased risk for ACS patients with AF with an adjusted HR of 2.63 (95% CI 1.48 - 3.78;p 0.001). Patients with AF showed significant higher levels of hs-CRP than patients without AF (6.01mg/dl IQR [1.7 - 17.8] vs 3.3mg/dl IQR [1.37 - 9.83];p = 0.003). By the use of multivariate Cox regression analysis, risk of mortality was higher when AF patients had higher concentrations of hs-CRP (HR 1.076;95% CI 1.02 - 1.13;p = 0.002).Conclusions: AF is a strong and independent indicator for increased mortality in patients presenting with ACS. hs-CRP predicts mortality in AF patients and should be considered for risk stratification in clinical routine.

New scoring system for acute chest pain risk stratification: Is it worth SVEAT-ing it?

The emergency room is a very potent environment in the hospital.With the growing demands of the population,improved accessibility to health resources,and the onslaught of the triple pandemic,it is extremely crucial to triage patients at presentation.In the spectrum of complaints,chest pain is the commonest.Despite it being a daily ailment,chest pain brings concern to every physician at first.Chest pain could span from acute coronary syndrome,pulmonary embolism,and aortic dissection(all potentially fatal)to reflux,zoster,or musculoskeletal causes that do not need rapid interventions.We often employ scoring systems such as GRACE/PURSUIT/TIMI to assist in clinical decision-making.Over the years,the HEART score became a popular and effective tool for predicting the risk of 30-d major adverse cardiovascular events.Recently,a new scoring system called SVEAT was developed and compared to the HEART score.We have attempted to summarize how these scoring systems differ and their generalizability.With an increasing number of scoring systems being introduced,one must also prevent anchorage bias;i.e.,tools such as these are only diagnosis-specific and not organ-specific,and other emergent differential diagnoses must also be kept in mind before discharging the patient home without additional workup.

Antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapies in relation to risk stratification in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome： insights from the Sino-Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events

Background Antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapies have been proposed to treat non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome （NSTEACS）, yet limited information is available about their applications from a multicenter ＂real-world＂ clinical procedure, especially in China. This study was undertaken to characterize the use of antithrombotic and antiplatelet agents in relation to the risk levels of the NSTEACS patients who were enrolled in Sino-Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events （GRACEs） registry study. Methods We analyzed the data from 618 Chinese NSTEACS patients stratified into low-（n=151）, intermediate-（n=233）, and high-risk groups （n=-234） based on GRACE risk scores. The baseline characteristics, clinical presentations, antithrombotic and antiplatelet agents were recorded and compared among the three groups. Results The administration rates of low-molecular-weight heparins （LMWHs） （86.08%） and thienopyridines （85.92%） were higher whereas the administration rate of glycoprotein Ⅱb/Ⅲa inhibitor （1.78%） was much lower than those reported previously. Meanwhile, within the first 24 hours of admission, the use of heparin/LMWHs in the high-risk group was more than that in the intermediate- and low-risk groups （73.50% vs 63.09% vs 55.63%, P=0.001）. Furthermore, the combination of antithrombotic and antiplatelet medications showed no significant differences in all groups. Conclusions In the ＂real world＂ practice of China, the antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapies on NSTEACS are well adherent to the current guidelines except for several gaps, such as the very low use of glycoprotein Ⅱb/Ⅲa inhibitor. Moreover, these antithrombotic and antiplatelet treatments usually tend to be underused for the high-risk ones.

不同性别早发急性冠脉综合征患者危险因素及病变特点分析

目的:探讨不同性别早发急性冠脉综合征(PACS)患者的危险因素及病变特点。方法:选择上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院心内科2016年1月至2019年1月收治的PACS患者338例,按性别分为男性组(195例)和女性组(143例),比较两组患者的基线资料、ACS分型、实验室检查指标、冠状动脉病变以及心脏结构变化情况。结果:与男性组比较,女性组年龄、糖尿病、脑梗死、不稳定型心绞痛比例、HDL-C、载脂蛋白A1、载脂蛋白A1/B水平显著升高,BMI、吸烟史、饮酒史、心肌梗死史、STEMI、NSTEMI比例,TG水平显著降低,P<0.05或<0.01;女性组单支病变比例(30.3%比40.6%)显著升高,左回旋支病变(56.9%比43.4%)、左室舒张末内径增大(6.2%比1.4%)和室间隔厚度增厚比例(16.9%比8.4%)显著降低,P均<0.05。结论:早发急性冠脉综合征患者中,男性吸烟率、TG水平显著升高,而女性患者脑梗死比例、HDL-C水平显著升高,左回旋支病变比例显著降低。两者之间存在显著差异。

高血压史与急性冠脉综合征患者远期冠脉不良预后的关系

目的:分析高血压史与急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者远期冠脉不良预后的关系。方法:本研究为回顾性单中心观察性研究。连续收集2013年1月至2014年2月在西安交通大学第一附属医院心血管内科住院,临床确诊的ACS并接受冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查的患者385例作为研究对象。缺血事件定义为再次血运重建、支架内血栓、支架内再狭窄和活动性心绞痛。采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线和Cox回归分析来研究高血压史与ACS患者远期冠脉不良预后的关系。结果:根据高血压史的中位数,385例患者被分为高血压史≤1年组(201例)和高血压史>1年组(184例)。在随访2.6(2.3,2.8)年后,高血压史≤1年组和高血压史>1年组分别有39例(19.4%)、46例(25.0%)发生了缺血事件。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析提示高血压史>1年组的缺血事件发生率显著高于高血压史≤1年组(χ^(2)=4.675,P=0.031)。在调整了可能的混杂因素后,多元Cox回归分析提示高血压史仍是ACS患者缺血事件的独立危险因素(HR=1.033,95%CI 1.008-1.057,P=0.008)。结论:高血压史是急性冠脉综合征患者发生远期缺血事件的独立危险因素;并且随着高血压史时间延长,发生缺血事件的风险显著增加。

Latest Advancement of Non ST-segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

Further understanding of the pathphophisyology, advance of the diagnosis instrument and renovation of the risk delamination standard can offer better therapy evidence for the non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome(NSTE-ACS). Drugs, such as trigeminy antiplatelet drug, prasugrel, fondaparinux and bivalirudin, have brought great clinical effect to the high risk patients. Since the result of the ICTUS test announced and the drug eluting balloon developed, we have reached the newest recognition of how to select a chance for intervention and how to prevent and cure the restenosis of in-stent.

Validity of Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events in Acute Coronary Syndrome Prediction Model for In-hospital Mortality in A Sub-population of Chongqing

Objectives To determine the validity and applicability of the global registry of acute coronary events （GRACE） prediction model for in-hospital mortality in all forms of acute coronary syndrome （ACS） in a sub population of Chongqing. Methods Data of 669 ACS patients were collected retrospectively from Jan 2005 to Apr 2008 and were recorded on a standardized case report form. For each patient the GRACE risk score （ GRACE RS） was calculated （ using the GRACE calculator available from the grace website） using specific variables collected at admission. Patients with missing data and those transferred from other hospitals were excluded. Receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves were plotted for the GRACE risk score. Results Among 576 ACS patients, 98 （ 17.01% ）, 36 （6.25 % ）, and 442 （76.74 % ） presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction （ MI）, non-ST elevation MI and unstable angina, respectively. The GRACE risk score could not be determined in 91 （9.3 % ） patients due to missing data or for patients who were transferred from other hospitals and were excluded from the analysis. The median GRACE risk score was 133 （interquartile range： 92 - 174） and, the in-hospital rates of death and death/（re-）MI were 6. 1% and 7. 6 %, respectively. The GRACE risk score demonstrated excellent discrimination （ c-statistic = 0. 86, 95 % CI 0. 79 - 0. 91, P 〈 0. 001 ） for in-hospital death/ （re）-MI. Conclusions The GRACE RS study had a good predictive accuracy for death or MI across the wide range of ACS in this population. It may be a useful risk stratification tool that helps identify high- risk patients who will benefit most from myocardial revascularization and low risk patients who may be spared from undergoing more aggressive interventional treatment.