Discrete Element Modelling of Dynamic Behaviour of Rockfills forResisting High Speed Projectile Penetration

This paper presents a convex polyhedral based discrete element method for modelling the dynamic behaviour ofrockfills for resisting high speed projectile penetration. The contact between two convex polyhedra is defined by theMinkowski overlap and determined by the GJK and EPA algorithm. The contact force is calculated by a Minkowskioverlap based normal model. The rotational motion of polyhedral particles is solved by employing a quaternionbased orientation representation scheme. The energy-conserving nature of the polyhedral DEM method ensures arobust and effective modelling of convex particle systems. The method is applied to simulate the dynamic behaviourof a rockfill system under impact of a high speed projectile. The rockfill sample is generated by a three-dimensionalVoronoi meso method with a specific particle size distribution. The penetrating process of the projectile strikingthe rockfill target is simulated. Some physical quantities associated with the projectile such as the residual velocity,penetration resistance, and deflection angle are monitored which can reflect the influence of the characteristics ofthe rockfill target on its anti-penetration performance. It can be concluded that the developed polyhedral DEMmethod is a very promising numerical approach in analysing the dynamic behaviour of rockfill systems subject tohigh speed projectile impact.

Simulation of shape variation of projectile nose during high-speed penetration into concrete

A formula is developed to estimate the total mass loss of projectile, based on the assump- tions that the peeling of molten surface layer in projectile nose is the primary cause of mass loss, and the frictional heat is totally absorbed by the projectile. Extrapolating this formula to predict the mass loss of local area of projectile, the receding displacement on projectile surface is obtained, which is vertical to the symmetry axis of projectile. Thereby, a finite difference method model is constructed to simulate the variation of projectile shape. The shape of residual projectile, depth of penetration of projectile and its mass loss obtained by calculation are found in good consistency with respective experimental data.

MECHANICAL-ELECTRIC COUPLING DYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ULTRA-HIGH SPEED GRINDING MOTORIZED SPINDLE SYSTEM

On the basis of the traditional mechanical model of a grinding wheel rotor and the mechanical-electric coupling model with ideal sinusoidal supply, taking high-frequency converting current of inverter power switches into further consideration, a modified mechanical-electric coupling model is created. The created model consists of an inverter, a motorized spindle, a grinding wheel and grinding loads. Some typical non-stationary processes of the grinding system with two different supplies, including the starting, the speed rising and the break in grinding loads, are compared by making use of the created model. One supply is an ideal sinusoidal voltage source, the other is an inverter. The theoretical analysis of the high-order harmonic is also compared with the experimental result. The material strategy of suppressing high-order harmonic mechanical-electric coupling vibration by optimizing inverter operating parameters is proposed.

Stability analyses of the mass abrasive projectile high-speed penetrating into concrete target. Part Ⅰ: Engineering model for the mass loss and nose-blunting of ogive-nosed projectiles

The mass loss and nose blunting of a projectile during high-speed deep penetration into concrete target may cause structural destruction and ballistic trajectory instability of the penetrator,obviously reducing the penetration efficiency of penetrator.Provided that the work of friction between projectile and target is totally transformed into the heat to melt penetrator material at its nose surface,an engineering model is established for the mass loss and nose-blunting of the ogive-nosed projectile.A dimensionless formula for the relative mass loss of projectile is obtained by introducing the dimensionless impact function I and geometry function N of the projectile.The critical value V c0of the initial striking velocity is formulated,and the mass loss of projectile tends to increase weakly nonlinearly with I/N when V0〉V c0,whilst the mass loss is proportional to the initial kinetic energy of projectile when V0

Stability analyses of the mass abrasive projectile high-speed penetrating into concrete target. Part Ⅱ: Structural stability analyses

The initial oblique and attacking angles as well as the asymmetrical nose abrasion may lead to bending or even fracture of a projectile,and the penetration efficiency decreases distinctly.The structural stability of a high-speed projectile non-normally penetrating into concrete and the parametric influences involved are analyzed with the mass abrasion taken into account.By considering the symmetrical or asymmetrical nose abrasion as well as the initial oblique and attacking angles,both the axial and the transverse drag forces acting on the projectile are derived.Based on the ideal elastic-plastic yield criterion,an approach is proposed for predicting the limit striking velocity（LSV）that is the highest velocity at which no yielding failure has occurred and the projectile can still maintain its integral structural stability.Furthermore,some particular penetration scenarios are separately discussed in detail.Based on the engineering model for the mass loss and nose-blunting of ogive-nose projectiles established in Part I of this study,the above approach is validated by several high-speed penetration tests.The analysis on parametric influences indicates that the LSV is reduced with an increase in the asymmetrical nose abrasion,thelength-diameter-ratio,and the concrete strength,as well as the oblique and attacking angles.Also,the LSV raises with an increase in the initial caliber-radius-head（CRH）and the dimensionless cartridge thickness of a projectile.

Controllable and high-throughput preparation of microdroplet using an ultra-high speed rotating packed bed

Microdroplets and their dispersion,with a large specific surface area and a short diffusion distance,have been applied in various unit operations and reaction processes.However,it is still a challenge to control the size and size distribution of microdroplets,especially for high-throughput generation.In this work,a novel ultra-high speed rotating packed bed(UHS-RPB)was invented,in which rotating foam packing with a speed of 4000-12000 r·min^(-1) provides microfluidic channels to disperse liquid into microdroplets with high throughput.Then generated microdroplets can be directly dispersed into a continuous falling film for obtaining a mixture of microdroplet dispersion.In this UHS-RPB,the effects of rotational speed,liquid initial velocity,liquid viscosity,liquid surface tension and packing pore size on the average size(d_(32))and size distribution of microdroplets were systematically investigated.Results showed that the UHS-RPB could produce microdroplets with a d_(32) of 25-63μm at a liquid flow rate of 1025 L·h^(-1),and the size distribution of the microdroplets accords well with Rosin-Rammler distribution model.In addi-tion,a correlation was established for the prediction of d_(32),and the predicted d_(32) was in good agreement with the experimental data with a deviation within±15%.These results demonstrated that UHS-RPB could be a promising candidate for controllable preparation of uniform microdroplets.

Visualization of High-Speed Impact of Penetrator into Icy Target

For application to exploration under the surface of icy objects in the solar system, the penetration of an impact probe into an icy target was experimentally simulated by using the ballistic range. Slender projectiles with a cylindrical body and various nose shapes were tested at the impact velocity 130 - 420 m/s. The motion of the penetrator, fragmentation of ice and crater forming were observed by the high-speed camera. It revealed that the crown-shaped ejection was made for a short time after the impact and then the outward normal jet-like stream of ice pieces continued for much longer time. The concave shape of the crater was successfully visualized by pouring the plaster into it. The two-stage structure, the pit and the spall, was clearly confirmed. The rim was not formed around the crater. Observation of the crater surface and the ice around the trace of the penetrator shows that both crushing into smaller ice pieces and recompression into ice blocks are caused by the forward motion of the penetrator. In case of a body with a flow-through duct, ice pieces entering the inlet at the nose tip were ejected from the tail, resulting in relaxation of the impact force. The correlation of the penetration distance and the crater diameter with the impact velocity was investigated.

A study on aerodynamic noise characteristics of a high-speed maglev train with a speed of 600 km/h

Purpose–This study aims to explore the formation mechanism of aerodynamic noise of a high-speed maglev train and understand the characteristics of dipole and quadrupole sound sources of the maglev train at different speed levels.Design/methodology/approach–Based on large eddy simulation(LES)method and Kirchhoff–Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings(K-FWH)equations,the characteristics of dipole and quadrupole sound sources of maglev trains at different speed levels were simulated and analyzed by constructing reasonable penetrable integral surface.Findings–The spatial disturbance resulting from the separation of the boundary layer in the streamlined area of the tail car is the source of aerodynamic sound of the maglev train.The dipole sources of the train are mainly distributed around the radio terminals of the head and tail cars of the maglev train,the bottom of the arms of the streamlined parts of the head and tail cars and the nose tip area of the streamlined part of the tail car,and the quadrupole sources are mainly distributed in the wake area.When the train runs at three speed levels of 400,500 and 600 km$h1,respectively,the radiated energy of quadrupole source is 62.4%,63.3%and 71.7%,respectively,which exceeds that of dipole sources.Originality/value–This study can help understand the aerodynamic noise characteristics generated by the high-speed maglev train and provide a reference for the optimization design of its aerodynamic shape.

高速铁路微膨胀泥岩破碎土非饱和渗透特性研究

非饱和渗透系数是非饱和膨胀泥岩土体渗流分析及水-力耦合研究的基础,对工程建设和工程病害预防具有重要意义。以新疆哈密地区微膨胀泥岩破碎土为例,制备4种不同初始干密度重塑土样,采用压力板法和滤纸法试验测量其土-水特征曲线,采用变水头试验测量土样饱和渗透系数;通过自主研制的土柱渗流试验装置进行恒定体积条件下一维土柱入渗试验,探究湿润锋前进法和瞬态剖面法的适用性,以获得不同初始干密度土体的非饱和渗透性曲线,并结合试验值对Childs和Collis-Geroge (CCG)渗透系数预测模型进行修正。结果表明:新疆哈密微膨胀泥岩破碎土的基质吸力范围为1~10^(5)kPa,渗透系数范围为10^(-9)~10^(-4)cm·s^(-1);试验土样初始干密度越大,大孔隙占比越小,阻渗作用越明显;CCG渗透系数预测模型可较好地反映土体渗透性曲线发展趋势,但在量值上随吸力的增加逐渐“远离”土体实测渗透性曲线;修正后的CCG渗透系数预测模型可反映不同初始干密度下土体渗透性曲线的发展规律。

大质量弹丸高速侵彻混凝土质量侵蚀试验研究

动能弹在高速侵彻混凝土目标时产生的质量侵蚀是引起侵彻效率降低的重要原因,该文开展了质量约为20 kg、直径为100 mm的高硬度弹丸以近1.0 km/s的速度侵彻C40混凝土的试验研究,对弹丸侵蚀参数和头部卵型段的变化进行了详细的描述,并对大质量弹丸的侵蚀机理进行了分析,通过计算得到了热熔侵蚀和切削侵蚀的占比。结果表明:在侵彻过程中,当不同质量弹丸以相同的初速撞击同等强度混凝土时,弹丸表面压力受弹丸质量影响,当高于某临界速度时,随着弹丸质量的增加而增大;弹丸侵彻混凝土时的质量侵蚀与弹丸质量有关,弹丸质量较小时侵蚀现象更明显。切削侵蚀占比随弹丸硬度提高而降低,提高弹丸材料硬度对降低大质量弹丸的质量侵蚀效果更加明显。

钨丝增强非晶复合材料弹芯高速侵彻熔化快凝层研究

对钨丝增强非晶复合材料弹芯高速侵彻靶板时产生的熔化快凝层进行了扫描电镜观察、能谱分析和X衍射分析,研究了弹靶作用下界面温升机理。结果表明,与传统钨合金相比,钨丝增强非晶复合材料具有更好的“自锐”效应,侵彻能力得到了有效提升;熔化快凝层生成温度应高于1670℃,高温效应有助于提升其侵彻能力;熔化快凝层成分包含靶板材料(Fe、Cr、Mn)和弹芯材料(Zr、Ti、Cu、Ni、W)。其中W的原子分数仅有3.15%,且W元素主要以熔化或熔解方式存在于熔化快凝层中;非晶复合材料弹芯侵彻靶板时反喷物中存在TiW相。弹靶作用界面巨大的冲击导致弹靶材料受到冲击压缩并发生塑性变形、断裂等,引起弹靶作用界面温度急剧升高。

高速自锐侵彻战斗部引信动力学响应与磁场特征研究

在当今军事技术的快速发展中,高速自锐侵彻战斗部在毁伤深埋高价值硬目标与多层建筑时,具有巨大的战略价值;文章通过建立动力学响应和磁场分析模型,深入研究自锐战斗部侵彻6 m C40混凝土靶板和多层钢筋混凝土靶板时引信的力学与磁场响应特性,为提高侵彻自锐战斗部毁伤精度提供支撑;在引信动力学响应的研究中,战斗部侵彻混凝土靶板历程,侵蚀后的靶板呈现出漏斗形状,随着战斗部侵彻的深入,应力波的稀疏效应逐渐减弱,战斗部的速度线性衰减,并在最终进入稳定侵彻模式的过程中,速度下降约52%;由于应力波在战斗部内部的传递与叠加导致引信位置检测的过载信号较为震荡;在引信磁场分析的研究中,地磁倾角为90°、地磁偏角为0°(即地磁场垂直于靶板中心线)时,X、Y轴磁通密度幅值小、信号无规律、穿层特征不明显;Z轴磁通密度幅值大、信号规则、穿层特征明显;地磁场强度越大,钢筋半径越大,地磁倾角越大,侵彻靶板层信号特征越明显。而Z轴磁通密度不受地磁偏角影响。

负载对穿甲杆侵彻钢靶行为影响的试验和数值模拟研究

为探究负载对穿甲杆侵彻钢靶行为的影响,采用试验和数值计算相结合的方法,研究了带负载和不带负载穿甲杆对603装甲钢的侵彻行为,分析了负载、入射角度、撞击速度以及负载质心位置对穿甲杆侵彻深度、偏转角度的影响。研究结果表明:斜侵彻时负载使穿甲杆的侵彻深度提高并减小穿甲杆侵彻过程中的弹道偏转角度,提高了穿甲杆的侵彻能力;正侵彻时负载撞击靶板表面消耗能量,不利于提高穿甲杆侵彻深度;撞击速度为1400 m/s,入射角为60°时,负载降低了穿甲杆临界跳飞速度;负载质心距穿甲杆头部距离大于穿甲杆长度1/2时,弹道偏转角度减小,负载使穿甲杆的侵彻能力增强。

High speed laser cladding as a new approach to prepare ultra-high temperature ceramic coatings

Ultra-high temperature ceramic(UHTC)coatings are used to protect the hot-end components of hypervelocity aerocrafts from thermal ablation.This study provides a new approach to fabricate UHTC coatings with high speed laser cladding(HSLC)technology,and places more emphasis on investigating the formation mechanism,phase compositions,and mechanical properties of HSLC-UHTC coatings.Results show that a well-bonded interface between the coating and the tantalum alloy substrate can be formed.The coating is mainly composed of(Zr,Ta)C ceramic solid solution phase with a content of higher than 90% by volume and Ta(W)metal solid solution phase.At a relatively high powder feeding rate,the ZrC ceramic phase appears in the coating while a dense ZrC UHTC top layer with a thickness of up to~50μm is successfully fabricated.As for the mechanical properties of the HSLC coatings,the fracture toughness of the coating decreases with the increase of powder feeding rate.The increase of carbide solid solution phase can significantly improve the high temperature microhardness(552.7±1.8 HV0.5@1000℃).The innovative design of HSLC ZrC-based coatings on refractory alloys accomplishes continuous transitions on microstructure and properties from the substrate to the UHTC top layer,which is a very promising candidate scheme for thermal protection coating.

高铁桥梁装配式双柱空心墩承插深度研究

高铁桥梁桥墩刚度大,结构及构造有别于公路及市政桥梁,大量既有公路、市政承插式桥墩的研究成果是否适用于承插式铁路墩,需进行深入系统的研究。建立现浇和承插式双柱原型空心墩的非线性有限元模型,并结合既有试验结果验证了建模方法的正确性。通过模拟桥墩在拟静力往复作用下的力学行为,得到双柱空心墩的力-位移曲线,对比承插式桥墩与现浇桥墩滞回性能的差异,结合应变渗透效应及纵筋发展长度确定了承插深度的合理取值范围,并提出最小承插深度计算公式。结果表明:承插式桥墩与现浇墩的承载力差别很小,墩高5 m和10 m时,相差最大为2.8%;承插式桥墩和现浇墩的刚度退化规律基本一致,刚度随着侧向位移的增加而降低,位移较小时刚度退化较快,位移较大时刚度退化减慢;纵筋在塑性铰区及承台顶以下应变渗透区内屈服,在此区域以下400 mm范围应变则迅速减小,应变渗透区段为承插式墩身易损部位;根据本文提出的最小承插深度计算公式得到的高铁空心墩的最小承插深度设计值为0.5D(D为墩柱外径)。为保证承插式桥墩的安全性,应采取合理构造措施确保桥墩应变渗透区段抗震性能,推荐高烈度区桥墩的承插深度大于0.5D。

面向新型电力系统的输电网与分布式变速抽水蓄能联合规划

针对高比例新能源场景下分布式变速抽水蓄能的容量配置及其在电网中的位置接入问题,提出了输电网和分布式变速抽水蓄能的联合规划方案。首先,考虑了各类抽水蓄能的运行和库容约束、火电机组的出力和爬坡约束以及输电网的传输能力,以分布式新能源的经济消纳为优化目标,建立了分布式变速抽水蓄能和输电网间的联合规划模型。然后,通过凸松弛方法将该模型转化为混合整数线性规划模型,以两阶段优化方法求解得到了分布式变速抽水蓄能与输电网的联合规划方案。最后,采用两个标准测试系统对比验证了所提含分布式变速抽水蓄能的联合规划相较于定速抽水蓄能的规划方案,能更好地与其他灵活性资源相协调以消纳风光可再生能源,总体上可降低约20%的成本。

实时三维探地雷达关键技术的设计与实现

为了提高市政道路检测水平,快速有效地解决市政道路塌陷灾害预警、市政管网分布查找等问题,设计研发了一款实时三维探地雷达。实时三维探地雷达基于FPGA&DSP架构,完成了多通道高速采集系统多个关键技术的设计与实现,丰富了道路检测领域的探测技术和方法。实时三维探地雷达天线采用五发六收模式的水平极化方式,实现了十通道雷达数据高速采集,通道间通过高速开关实现切换,所有通道以交互内插方式进行工作;雷达最大可支持扩展到32通道工作,用开关切换天线阵列,满足60 km/h(2cm道间隔)以上的探测速度。通过对空洞实验场和金属板实验场的实验数据进行对比,验证了最佳的天线极化方式设计,最终确定了天线的最优方案。实测结果表明,相比于通用的LTD-2600型雷达,实时三维探地雷达具有更高速的采集速度以及良好幅度与相位性能,有利于改进道路灾害的检测技术,具有较大的市场需求。

Scratch behavior of high speed steels for hot rolls

The scratch behaviors of two high speed steels （HSS） for hot rolls were studied by a Micro-combi Tester, and the emphasis was placed on researching the relations between the microstructure and the scratch resistance property of different HSS. The experimental results indicate that during the scratch process, the carbides are embedded into the matrix, the penetration depth of different HSS is closely related with the matrix hardness, i.e., the higher the matrix hardness, the better the scratch resistance property; and in the matrix, the fine, dispersive carbides are beneficial to form steady friction between the indenter and the scratched materials, but the coarser carbides are easier to fall into pieces.

冷库空气幕气流组织优化及冷风渗透实验

传统冷库空气幕通常以出口风速的研究作为提高阻断效率的重点,对射流风速在沿程上的持续性缺乏关注。本文通过对空气幕装置进行三次针对风速优化的结构性设计改造(改进安装了小型静压箱和渐缩喷口;在静压箱中安装导流叶片;设置回风系统)以减少空气幕射流沿程快速衰减。通过搭建空气幕性能测试实验台,对所设计空气幕沿程风速衰减情况进行测量,使用气体示踪法计算了不同配置空气幕的阻断效率。结果表明:加装静压箱和渐缩喷口对送风前半程的风速提升较大,安装导流叶片对风速库门后半程的风速优化影响较大,回风系统会使后半程风速显著提高;冷风渗透实验中单层风幕、双层风幕和三层风幕的密封效率分别为0.16、0.19和0.22,单层循环风幕、双层循环风幕和三层循环风幕的密封效率分别为0.29、0.38和0.43。

提升惯量响应与转速恢复的风储协调惯量控制方法

为提升风–储联合运行场站的动态频率支撑能力,并针对当前控制方法不能兼顾惯量响应强度与快速转速恢复、频率二次跌落抑制的问题,提出了一种提升惯量响应与转速恢复的风储协调惯量控制方法。在风机控制侧,根据储能可调功率及风机转速运行约束制定风机惯量控制策略,以最大化提取转子动能,增强风机惯量响应能力。在风机转速恢复阶段,由储能可调功率完全补偿风机功率下调量,加快风机转速恢复、抑制系统频率二次跌落;在储能控制侧,通过判断各风机运行阶段,提出基于差异化时序确定储能输出功率的控制策略。算例验证表明,所提方法在显著增强风机惯量响应能力条件下,能加快转子转速恢复,并有效抑制系统频率二次跌落。