Nonlinear Response Analysis for Insulation Diagnosis of Water-tree Aged 10 kV XLPE Cable Using Pulse Voltage

The diagnosis of water trees of cable insulation is of great importance as the water-treeing is a primary cause of aging breakdown for the middle voltage cables. In this paper, it is described how the water-tree-aged 10 kV XLPE cables were diagnosed. The cables were subjected to electrical stress of 5.9 kV/mm and a thermal load cycle in a curved water-filled tube for 3, 6 and 12 months of aging in accor- dance with the accelerated water-tree test method. The aged cables were used as the samples for water-tree diagnosis. First, the water-tree degraded cable, was charged by a DC voltage, and then the cable was grounded while a pulse voltage was applied to it for releasing the space charge trapped in the water trees. The amount of the space charge, which corresponds to the deterioration degree of the water trees, was calculated. The effects of DC voltage amplitude, pulse voltage repetition rate and aging conditions on the amount of the space charge were studied. Obtained results show that the amount of the space charge has a positive correlation with the applied DC voltage and the ag- ing time of the cables, and that a peak value of space charge appears with the increase of the pulse voltage repetition rate. An optimum pulse voltage repetition rate under which the space charge can be released rapidly is obtained. Furthermore, the releasing mechanism of space charge by the pulse voltage is discussed. Accumulated results show that the presented method has a high resolution for the diagnosis of water tree degradation degree and is expected to be applied in practice in future.

Aspects of High Voltage Cable Sections in Modern Overhead Line Transmission Systems

Electrical power transmission is dominated by overhead line systems at present.This is mainly based on more than hundred years of experience of utilities in running overhead lines.Furthermore,overhead lines have proven their operational reliability and functional assurance.In the past,cables were used in distribution networks in urban areas for the most part with the exception of direct current submarine cables.New developments of high voltage XLPE cables make it possible to use this technology for EHV level applications in transmission networks.Within this paper,mixed network configurations,consisting of overhead lines and high voltage cables,are investigated.An exemplary EHV transmission line with a total length of about 100 km,which is quite typical for Central Europe,has been studied.Several different line combinations are discussed with varied rates between overhead line sections and cable sections length in practice.The length of the cable sections are ranging from several kilometers up to lengths of 100 km.In this paper the work focuses on the transient behavior of combined 400 kV overhead and cable lines during switching processes and lightning impacts.A number of calculations were carried out to get an overview of the transient stress in numerous network nodes along the transmission system.Numerical programs like ATP/EMTP have been used for these simulations.Peak values and wave shapes of the transient voltage stress have been evaluated,based on different systems and within possible combinations.In respect of the insulation coordination and transient stress at network nodes,the voltage-time trends are also analyzed.The combination of high voltage overhead and cable transmission systems,especially such with lengths of more than about 50 km,are making tightened and extended demands to the network design,to the operational management and of course to the network protection also.As an output of this investigations,the results might influence the strategy in running this new type of combined transmission systems.

Repeated Strike Process During Disconnector Operation in Ultra-High Voltage Gas-Insulated Switchgear

Very fast transient over-voltage （VFTO）, induced by disconnector operations in gas- insulated switchgears, has become the limiting dielectric stress at ultra-high voltage levels. Much work has been done to investigate single-strike waveforms of VFTO. However, little study has been carried out investigating the repeated strike process, which would influence VFTO significantly. In this paper, we carried out 450 effective experiments in an ultra-high voltage test circuit, and conducted calculations through the Monte Carlo simulation method, to investigate the repeated strike process. Firstly, the mechanism of the repeated strike process is proposed, based on the ex- perimentai results. Afterwards, statistical breakdown characteristics of disconnectors are obtained and analyzed. Finally, simulations of the repeated strike process are conducted, which indicate that the dielectric strength recovery speed and polarity effect factor have a joint effect on VFTO. This study enhances the understanding of the nature of VFTO, and may help to optimize the disconnector designed to minimize VFTO.

Study on 10 kVDC Powered Junction Box for A Cabled Ocean Observatory System

A cabled ocean observatory system that can provide abundant power and broad bandwidth communication for undersea instruments is developed. A 10 kV direct current （kVDC） with up to 10 kW power, along with l Gigabit/sec Ethemet communication, can be transmitted from the shore to the seafloor through an umbilical armored cable. A subsea junction box is fixed at a cable terminal, enabling the extension of up to nine connections. The box consists of three main pressure vessels that perform power conversion, power distribution, and real-time communication functions. A method of stacking modules is used to design the power conversion system in order to reduce the 10 kV voltage to levels that can power the attached instruments. A power distribution system and an Ethemet communication system are introduced to control the power supply and transmit data or commands between the terminals and the shore station, respectively. Specific validations of all sections were qualified in a laboratory environment prior to the sea trial. The ocean observatory system was then deployed at the coast of the East China Sea along with three in situ instruments for a 14-day test. The results show that this high voltage-powered observatory system is effective for subsea long-term and real-time observations.

Performance Evaluation for Medium Voltage MIMO-OFDM Power Line Communication System

Power line communication(PLC)provides intelligent electrical functions such as power quality measurement,fault surveys,and remote control of electrical network.Most of research works have been done in low voltage(LV)scenario due to the fast development of in-home PLC.The aim of this paper is to evaluate the link-level performance of a medium voltage(MV)MIMO-OFDM communication system based on transmission link under underground power line channel.The MIMO channel is modeled as a modified multipath model in the presence of impulsive noise and background noise.We first perform a measurement on the practical MV MIMO channel parameters for a section of buried cable of 1 km long in Ganzhou city,Jiangxi province,China.Based on the measured channel,we design the frame structure based on an IEEE standard for broadband over power line networks[1]to support MV MIMO-OFDM transmission.According to designed frame structure,we design an encoder and a decoder for a dual binary tail-biting turbo code and optimize some key decoder parameters for low bit error rate performance.Finally,the link-level performance for both spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity are evaluated.Numeral results show that MV MIMO-OFDM is a promising approach to provide both high data rate and link reliability for PLC.

A High Capacity and Working Voltage Potassium-Based Dual Ion Batteries

Potassium-based dual ion batteries(KDIBs)have attracted significant attention owing to high working voltage,high safety,low processing cost,and environmental friendliness.Nevertheless,one great challenge for practical KDIBs is to develop suitable anode materials with high specific capacity.Herein,we report an architecture of hierarchically porous antimony nanoparticles/carbon nanofibers(HPSb CNFs)as flexible,free-standing anode for high-performance KDIBs.The HPSb CNFs with hierarchically porous structure,and high-content nitrogen doping,not only offer sufficient free space to tolerate the repetitive volume expansion of Sb nanoparticles during long-term cycling,but also greatly facilitate the transport of electrons and ions within electrode,ensuring high material utilization ratio.Thus,the KDIBs,constituted by HPSb CNFs-700(calcined at 700°C)anode and graphite cathode,exhibited a high reversible capacity of 440 m Ah g^(-1)with high discharge medium voltage of 4.5 V at a specific current of 200 m A g^(-1)(the highest capacity for all KDIBs normalized by the mass of the anode),and excellent cyclic life.Outstanding electrochemical reversibility of the KDIBs was further demonstrated by ex situ XRD,ex situ Raman spectrum,and HRTEM.These results suggest the as-designed HPSb CNFs-700 with highcapacity and long-term cycling stability is a promising anode material for high-performance KDIBs.

Scheme of long distance power supply for electrified railway traction network based on traction cable

Purpose–The traction cable is paralleled with the existing traction network of electrified railway through transverse connecting line to form the scheme of long distance power supply for the traction network.This paper aims to study the scheme composition and power supply distance(PSD)of the scheme.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the structure of parallel traction network(referred to as“cable traction network(CTN)”),the power supply modes(PSMs)are divided into cableþdirect PSM and cableþautotransformer(AT)PSM(including Japanese mode,French mode and new mode).Taking cableþJapanese AT PSM as an example,the scheme of long distance power supply for CTN under the PSMs of co-phase and out-of-phase power supply are designed.On the basis of establishing the equivalent circuit model and the chain circuit model of CTN,taking the train working voltage as the constraint condition,and based on the power flow calculation of multiple train loads,the calculation formula and process for determining the PSD of CTN are given.The impedance and PSD of CTN under the cableþAT PSM are simulated and analyzed,and a certain line is taken as an example to compare the scheme design.Findings–Results show that the equivalent impedance of CTN under the cableþAT PSM is smaller,and the PSD is about 2.5 times of that under the AT PSM,which can effectively increase the PSD and the flexibility of external power supply location.Originality/value–The research content can effectively improve the PSD of traction power supply system and has important reference value for the engineering application of the scheme.

基于电应力损伤特征值的XLPE绝缘电压耐受指数评估方法研究

XLPE绝缘的电压耐受指数n表征绝缘电寿命特性,对加速寿命试验中获取的失效数据进行分析可以获取n值,然而,加速寿命试验中的外施场强与试验所获失效数据的分析方法影响n值的准确性。本文研究电压耐受指数n的评估方法,对XLPE绝缘试样分别进行恒定应力试验与步进应力试验,提出基于损伤特征值的试验数据分析方法,该方法通过损伤矩阵建立试验中累积损伤阈值(Dc)与n的映射关系,以矩阵秩的变化作为n值的选取依据。结果表明:本文所提方法在恒定应力试验中获取的XLPE绝缘电压耐受指数n2=12.43,在步进应力试验中获取的XLPE绝缘电压耐受指数n3=12.04,较线性拟合获取的XLPE绝缘电压耐受指数n1=12.83仅相差3%与6%,且本文所提方法能够节省75%以上的试验时间,验证了该方法的有效性。

高压XLPE电缆缓冲层缺陷研究现状综述

高压交联聚乙烯电缆因缓冲层缺陷引发的故障频发,已严重威胁到电力系统的安全运行。本文首先介绍了缓冲层的基本结构和作用,并在此基础上梳理了目前国内外对于缓冲层失效的相关研究;其次从缓冲层的材料特征和内部结构等角度结合电场仿真来分析缺陷发生的主要原因;之后对缓冲层缺陷中出现的白色粉末绝缘性能和理化特征进行总结,并提出其形成机理;最后对缓冲层缺陷的检测手段进行汇总,提出使用计算机断层成像技术对电缆缓冲层缺陷进行检测以弥补现有检测手段的不足,并建议对铝护套及缓冲层的材料或结构进行优化,以预防缓冲层缺陷的生成。

基于修正分数Poynting-Thomson模型的高压XLPE海缆绝缘评估

为利用频域介电谱准确评估高压交联聚乙烯(XLPE)海缆的绝缘状态,建立考虑直流电导率的修正分数Poynting-Thomson模型(分数P-T模型)以解析高压XLPE海缆的介电特性。首先,通过加速老化试验制备不同老化程度的高压XLPE海缆试样,并测得各组老化试样的力学、理化和介电数据。然后,应用修正分数P-T模型对实测介电曲线进行拟合,对比修正前后分数P-T模型表征实测介电曲线的效果。最后,通过仿真探究模型参数对介电曲线的影响规律,构建模型参数与绝缘程度之间的联系,将提出的老化特征参数与断裂伸长率(EAB)进行量化研究。研究结果表明,修正分数P-T模型能够准确拟合出不同老化程度高压XLPE海缆试样的介电曲线,提出的老化特征参数α、ε_(a)、ε_(b)和σ_(dc)可实现对高压XLPE海缆绝缘状态的量化评估。

低密度聚乙烯基料链结构对黏弹特性的影响

高压电缆向高电压等级和大长度的发展,对交联聚乙烯绝缘料的加工性能提出了更高的要求。绝缘料的加工性能和电缆绝缘成型质量主要受低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)基料黏弹特性影响,基料的黏弹特性取决于其链结构。然而,由于LDPE基料分子链支化结构复杂,难以建立单一的链结构参数与黏弹特性的关联,因此精准地获得LDPE链结构特征对黏弹特性的影响对电缆绝缘优化升级至关重要。该文采用制备型升温淋洗分级工艺,对管式法LDPE和釜式法LDPE进行分级得到具有不同平均分子量的级份,采用凝胶渗透色谱法和旋转流变仪表征原料和级份的链结构参数及黏弹特性。结果表明,长链支化结构相似时,重均分子量越大,分子链间越容易产生缠结,黏度和模量越高,剪切变稀现象发生频率越低;重均分子量接近时,零切黏度与长链支化度具有非单调关系,过高的长链支化度会削弱分子链间的物理缠结,导致零切黏度降低。基于LDPE黏弹特性构效关系,结合电缆挤出成型工艺,设计更为适宜的基料黏弹特性参数,以此优化调控LDPE的链结构,是未来高端电缆绝缘材料研发的方向。

缆式焊丝GMAW焊缝截面侧偏行为机理分析

缆式焊丝熔化极气体保护电弧焊(gas metal arc welding,GMAW)中存在的焊缝截面侧偏现象会导致焊接接头熔合不良,基于熔滴受力分析和最小电压理论对焊缝截面侧偏现象的变化规律进行机理分析.结果表明,电流是影响截面侧偏的关键因素,由于缆式焊丝独特的绞合结构引起电弧旋转,进而导致出现熔滴受力不均的现象,熔滴过渡方向与焊丝轴线存在夹角,在熔滴冲击力的作用下导致焊缝截面出现侧偏现象,随着电流的增加,电弧对熔滴的拘束增强,熔滴过渡方向逐渐趋于轴线,因而焊缝截面侧偏的趋势随着电流增加而减小.

高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀缺陷超声检测实验

高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀故障是近年来频发的电缆故障类型,而目前的烧蚀缺陷检测手段难以满足存量电缆的检测需求。为此,文中首次研究基于铝护套内表面粗糙度的高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀缺陷的超声检测方法。首先,开展潮湿条件下的缓冲层烧蚀模拟实验,并对烧蚀后的铝片进行激光共聚焦显微镜测试以及电化学阻抗谱分析,发现随着烧蚀时间的增加,铝片的表面粗糙度逐渐增大,同时铝片表面的腐蚀程度逐渐加深,对应的缓冲层烧蚀缺陷逐渐加重,表明铝片的表面粗糙度与潮湿条件下缓冲层的烧蚀程度存在关联。其次,对烧蚀后的铝片开展超声检测实验,并通过相邻超声回波信号的幅值比推算出铝片腐蚀面的粗糙度,与实验测得的粗糙度具有相同的变化趋势。文中结果表明超声检测可用于检测缓冲层烧蚀缺陷的严重程度,为高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀缺陷超声检测方法的应用奠定了研究基础。

高压电缆交联聚乙烯绝缘料黏度参数对挤出特性影响的仿真研究

高压电缆交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘料及其挤出成型技术是我国高压电缆生产的关键问题。绝缘料的黏度参数会影响其在单螺杆挤出机内包括挤出口流率和流道内熔体最高温度等的挤出特性,进而决定了高压电缆绝缘的成型质量和绝缘性能。该文通过仿真模拟的方法研究了高压电缆交联聚乙烯绝缘料的黏度参数对挤出特性的影响,提出利用绝缘料挤出最高温度-挤出口流率曲线反映不同黏度参数下的挤出特性变化规律。结果表明,最高温度随着挤出口流率增大而升高,零切黏度和松弛时间对最高温度-挤出口流率曲线的斜率影响最大,幂律指数次之,温度系数影响最小。其中,零切黏度和幂律指数与挤出口流率和最高温度的关系均为正相关,且零切黏度增大到一定值后挤出口流率不再明显增大而最高温度持续提升;松弛时间和温度系数与挤出口流率和最高温度的关系均为负相关,且温度系数较小挤出特性较好。最终,根据实际电缆绝缘料挤出生产需求,提出了绝缘料黏度参数的适宜范围。该文可为国产高压电缆交联聚乙烯绝缘料的研发和挤出成型技术的提升提供重要数据支撑与理论依据。

内热源影响下高压电力电缆着火机制

为探究高压电力电缆因过载或短路且线芯发热影响下的着火机制,使用加热棒模拟电缆内部故障热源,并开展电缆着火试验,分析内热源功率及电缆线芯截面积对电缆温升、着火时间等着火关键参数的影响,发现电缆从被加热至着火到燃烧的全过程可分为初期加热、热解气体逸出、着火、燃烧及熄灭4个阶段。结果表明:绝缘层熔融物的滴落会导致火焰形态发生变化,电缆各结构层表面温度的升温速率随内热源功率的增加及与内热源表面距离的减小而增大,功率的增加弱化了电缆线芯截面积对各层升温速率的影响;电缆的着火时间与内热源功率呈线性递减的关系。

交联聚乙烯绝缘料耐焦烧性能的对比研究

选取3种牌号商用高压电缆交联聚乙烯绝缘料为研究对象,首先通过高温剪切作用下绝缘料熔体扭矩随温度的变化规律,对比分析3种绝缘料的耐焦烧性能,并通过凝胶含量表征焦烧试样的焦烧程度,然后提出采用绝缘料熔体在高温下的扭矩变化率作为特征量来表征绝缘料耐焦烧性能的方法,并通过不同牌号商用绝缘料焦烧程度的表征结果验证该方法的有效性。此外,通过红外光谱对3种绝缘料中交联剂含量和抗氧剂含量进行对比分析,结合凝胶渗透色谱法测得的绝缘料基料分子量,建立了绝缘料添加剂含量、基料分子量与其耐焦烧性能的关联。结果表明:通过绝缘料在高温剪切作用下的扭矩分析,可以有效区分不同商用绝缘料的耐焦烧性能,并发现交联剂含量过高是导致绝缘料耐焦烧性能差的主要原因,通过适当减少交联剂用量、增加抗氧剂用量、降低重均分子量可以提升绝缘料的耐焦烧性能。

潮湿环境下中压电缆接头早期故障的演变规律及特性

由于目前缺乏对电缆接头早期故障演变过程的研究,为此根据实际运行场景设计了潮湿环境下的电缆接头早期故障模拟试验,得到不同放电次数下的电缆接头早期故障电流变化规律、绝缘损伤、气隙内积水位移等特征,分析早期故障演变过程,并根据故障时的电极构成特征将早期故障分为第1、第2阶段,提出了早期故障2个阶段各自的特征。在此基础上建立了电弧位置固定时的早期故障仿真模型,仿真分析了电弧温度的变化、固体绝缘部分的高温区域形成以及电弧区域的热量散失等现象。综合试验与仿真结果认为,移动位置电弧与重燃电弧共同构成早期故障的第1阶段。当电弧位置临近接头接地点,早期故障将进入第2阶段。当闪络痕迹贯穿绝缘表面时,将形成永久性故障。该研究结果为早期故障特征识别与监测提供了理论支撑。

配电电缆试验方法的研究现状和发展趋势

配电电缆是电网设备的重要组成部分,其绝缘缺陷引发局部放电、整体绝缘老化是导致电缆故障的主要原因。为预防电缆故障、保证配网安全可靠运行,研究配电电缆试验方法具有重要意义。文中总结国内外现行试验标准;阐述配电电缆各种试验方法的原理和试验规程,包括工频电压试验、串联谐振电压试验、振荡波电压试验、超低频正弦波电压试验、超低频余弦方波电压试验;重点综述振荡波和超低频电压试验方法的研究现状和存在问题,讨论电缆局放特性;最后总结上述试验方法的优缺点,探讨其在配电电缆绝缘状态诊断应用的主要发展趋势。