CPS-SPWM级联H桥激励的变压器铁耗快速计算方法

针对载波移相(CPS)正弦脉宽调制(SPWM)级联H桥激励的变压器,提出一种基于经典损耗分离模型的铁耗快速计算方法.首先,结合SPWM电压波形特征定义集总占空比,并推导其关于调制比的解析模型;其次,基于经典损耗分离模型和集总占空比,构建CPS-SPWM级联H桥的铁耗计算模型,该方法可以直接使用调制比、直流母线电压等参数对铁耗进行计算,从而避免传统方法中的谐波分析或者数值积分过程;再次,基于本文铁耗计算模型,提出了一种针对SPWM电压激励的有限元(FEM)仿真等效方法,最后,通过实验验证了本文计算方法的有效性.研究结果表明:等效仿真铁耗误差小于3.6%、仿真用时减少74.5%;最大铁耗计算误差为7.6%.

Comparative research on the formability of several ultra-high-strength steels

Three kinds of ultra-high-strength steels are subjected to uniaxial tensile,forming limit,and hole expansion tests to characterize their material forming properties.Results show that the elongation of S1500 reaches 12.9%and is higher than that of MS1500 with the same strength grade but is lower than that of QP980.The forming limit of S1500 steel is higher than that of MS1500 but lower than that of QP980.The instantaneous n-value of the material changes with the volume fraction of retained austenite.The hole expansion ratios of S1500,MS1500,and QP980 steels are 31.3%,32.2%,and 28.3%,respectively.The hole expansion ratio of QP steel increases slightly with the increase in strength grade.This behavior is contrary to the change trend of elongation and forming limit.Among the three kinds of materials,QP980 steel has the best global formability,and S1500 steel has better global formability than martensitic steel with a similar strength grade.The local formability of the materials improves slightly with the decrease in the amount of retained austenite.MS1500 may have the best local formability in accordance with engineering practice.

Effect of prestrain and baking on the secondary deformation properties of cold-rolled ultra-high-strength steel sheets

Two experimental steels with tensile strength above 980 MPa were prepared to investigate the effect of prestrain and baking on their mechanical and fracture behaviors. The experimental results reveal that,for both experimental steels,with increases in the prestrain level,the bake hardening value increases before reaching a maximum point,and then decreases with further increases in the prestrain level. The results of a "bending-baking-secondary bending"test indicate that the secondary bendability deteriorates at a high level of prestrain. The yield strength of the experimental steels was found to increase and the elongation to decrease after high levels of prestrain and bake hardening. Fracture morphology images indicate that a high prestrain level is associated with shallow dimples and more and larger local cleavage areas.

PQF、CPS和PAM轧管新工艺浅论

介绍了自曼内斯曼兄弟发明斜轧穿孔工艺以来,连续轧管、三辊轧管、MPM轧管、行星轧管工艺相继发明并投入生产的简要情况。近些年,CPS轧管工艺在南非已进行试验;第1台PQF轧管机组已在中国天津投产;行星阿塞尔(PAM)的设想已有雏形。简述PQF、CPS和PAM这3项轧管新工艺的特点,分别对其“新”的程度进行了比较和评价。指出PAM工艺将有可能从设想变成现实,并预测未来钢管生产领域还会有重大发明。

Energy absorption characteristics of novel high-strength and hightoughness steels used for rock support

Nowadays,the development of novel metallic materials for rock support have attracted research interests since they can significantly improve the deformation and energy absorption capacities of rock bolts.Although previous studies proved the importance and mechanical advantages of utilizing high-strength and high-toughness(HSHT)steels in rock support,there is no systematic analysis to reveal the essential energy absorption parameter and the guidelines for further development of metallic rock support materials.This paper analyzes the energy absorption characteristics of novel HSHT steels(negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)and twinning-induced plasticity(TWIP)steels)in comparison with conventional rock support materials.A physically based crystal plasticity(CP)model was set up and calibrated to study the effect of strain hardening rate(SHR).Meanwhile,the roles of underlying physical mechanisms,i.e.the dislocation density and twin volume fraction,were studied.The results show that the improvement of energy absorption density(EAD)is essential for further development of rock support materials,besides the increase of energy absorption rate(EAR)for previous development of conventional rock support materials.The increase of EAD requires increases of both strength and deformation capacity of materials.For HSHT steels,the decrease of SHR has a positive effect on the improvement of EAD.In addition,the increase of EAD is followed by the increase of twin volume fraction and the decrease of plastic Poisson’s ratio which can promote deformation plasticity of materials.Meanwhile,the increase of EAR is correlated with the accumulation of dislocation density,which can increase the strength of materials.This paper provides the theoretical basis and guidelines for developing rock support materials in deep underground engineering and other related fields.

CPS模式在轮胎制造企业服务总线中的应用研究

工业物联网环境下,为解决全钢子午轮胎生产系统的网络异构以及整合生产数据信息等问题,文章结合轮胎实际生产的特点,提出了一种基于CPS模型轮胎制造系统的企业总线架构。重点阐述了系统的层次结构和企业总线的实现方法。通过实例运行表明,CPS模式下的轮胎制造企业服务总线能够有效整合分布式生产系统,并实现数据信息共享。

Analysis of roll-stamping process for rib grooves of ultra-high-strength beam parts

Roll-stamping technology,a new process with both roll-forming and stamping characteristics,is suitable for manufacturing ultra-high-strength beam parts,especially variable cross-section beam parts.The rib groove is a local shape often used in automotive parts for positioning,avoidance,and stiffness strengthening on longitudinal and stiffening beams.In this study,two typical rib grooves,the flat-and round-bottom rib grooves,were selected to investigate the characteristics of the roll-stamping process of rib grooves.Using the ABAQUS software platform,a simulation analysis model of rib-groove roll stamping was established and different size rib grooves produced by the roll-stamping process were compared and analyzed.The results show that when the fillet radius of the rib groove increases,the maximum Mises stress,the maximum strain,and the maximum thinning rate decrease.For roll stamping,the minimum safe fillet radii of the two types of rib grooves are 8 and 4 mm,respectively.

微合金超高强度钢的热变形行为及流变应力模型

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究微合金超高强度复相钢(CP钢)在变形温度为900～1150℃、应变速率为0.1～10 s-1条件下的热变形行为,观察了不同变形条件下的晶粒组织。根据实验结果,建立了CP钢在热变形过程中的本构方程及动态再结晶过程的物理模型。实验结果表明,微合金元素钛的存在,明显抑制了动态再结晶的发生,提高了变形激活能,其值为439.09 kJ/mol。另外,热变形参数对最终的晶粒大小具有重要影响,随着再结晶变形温度的降低及应变速率的提高,晶粒尺寸明显减小。本构方程、动态再结晶模型能为科学设计和有效控制CP钢的热加工工艺提供依据。

埋地管道阴极保护电位IR降评估方法的研究

理论分析土壤电阻率和涂层缺陷电阻等参数对埋地管道阴极保护电位测量时IR降误差的影响 ,建立IR降电阻因子计算模型 ,并用实验数据验证 ,此外 ,还讨论了IR降误差的工程预测方法 .

海水中阴极保护35钢有限元模拟研究

设计了海水中铝基牺牲阳极阴极保护35钢的电极电位分别处于保护范围内、过保护、欠保护状态下的物理模型,推导Laplace方程的弱形式,方便了有限元程序设计。利用Kriging网格化插值法比较了有限元计算和实验数据。结果表明,有限元法模拟计算三种保护状态下的电位分布接近测量值。

某CSP线生产热轧双相钢DP600终轧温度的研究

针对某CSP短流程生产线的特点,设计了中温卷取型600 MPa级热轧双相钢的化学成分,测定了其动态CCT曲线。研究了终轧温度对热轧板的显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:终轧温度在821~858℃变化时,热轧板的显微组织均由铁素体和马氏体组成。随着终轧温度的升高,铁素体的体积分数略微增大,由84.60%增大到85.14%,而铁素体的晶粒尺寸增大较为明显,由5.07μm增大到5.97μm。不同终轧温度下,抗拉强度均达到600 MPa以上,伸长率均在24.0%以上,应力-应变曲线均表现为连续屈服。但随着终轧温度的升高,热轧板的屈服强度呈现降低趋势,当终轧温度达到858℃时,热轧板的屈服强度(322 MPa)未达到DP600钢的性能要求(325 MPa以上)。结合某CSP线的特点及DP600钢的性能要求,生产DP600钢合理的终轧温度规程应为(830±15)℃。

Effects of solid-solution temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel 2000MPa grade ultra-high-strength steel

A novel 2000 MPa grade ultra-high-strength steel AIR0509 with high fracture toughness and low cost has recently been developed. The effects of solid-solution temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of this steel were inves-tigated. The increase in solid-solution temperature first increased and then decreased the values of ultimate strength (UTS) and Charpy U-notch (CUN) energy. The increase in the UTS and CUN values was caused by the dissolution of the primary carbides M6C and MC, while the decrease in both strength and toughness was due to the increase in the prior austenite grain size. Samples that were solid-solution treated at 1000℃ exhibited an optimal combination of strength and toughness with a UTS of 2020MPa, yield strength of 1780MPa, and CUN energy of 68J, as well as a correlative fracture toughness KIC value of about 105MPam1/2.

Characterization of hot deformation behavior of 30Si2MnCrMoVE low-alloying ultra-high-strength steel by constitutive equations and processing maps

Isothermal compression tests of as-forged 30Si2MnCrMoVE low-alloying ultra-high-strength steel were carried out on a Gleeble 3500 thermal simulator at the deformation temperatures of 950-1150℃and strain rates of 0.01-10 s^−1.Based on the classical stress-dislocation density relationship and the kinematics of the dynamic recrystallization,the constitutive equations of the work hardening dynamical recovery period and dynamical recrystallization period were developed by using the work hardening curve and Avrami equation,which shows good agreement with the experimental value.Processing maps at the strain of 0.90 were constructed based on dynamic material model and were analyzed combined with microstructure observation under different conditions.The optimum parameter based on the processing maps was obtained and verified by a supplementary experiment.The power dissipation maps and instability maps at strains of 0.05-0.90 were also constructed,and the evolution law was analyzed in detail.The established constitutive equation and hot processing maps can provide some guidance for hot working process.

Dry Milling of the Ultra-High-Strength Steel 30CrMnSiNi2A with Coated Carbide Inserts

The ultra-high-strength steel （UHSS） plays an important role in the mechanical industry because of their special performances. The machinability of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel was studied in dry milling with two different coated tools in the present work. This paper introduced that 30CrMnSiNi2A steel was a kind of diffficult-to-machine materials. The results showed that the cutting force components of feed direction and cutting width direction, i.e. Fx and Fy, increased slightly with increasing the cutting speed and feed rate. The values of axial force component Fx were much larger than Fx and Fy, and increased obviously with increasing the milling speed. The workpiece surface had the minimum roughness at the cutting speed of 150 m/min. The physical vapor deposition （PVD） coated （（Ti, A1）N-TiN） insert was more suitable for machining 30CrMnSiNi2A steel than the chemical vapor deposition （CVD） coated （Ti（C, N）-Al2O3） insert. Moreover, the main failure modes of PVD-coated insert were micro-chipping and coating spalling. The wear modes of CVD-coated insert were ploughing, coating spalling, and cratering. The serious adhesive wear and the abrasion with some adhesion were the main wear mechanism of PVD- and CVD-coated inserts, respectively.

Investigation of stress corrosion cracking behavior and mechanism analysis of a 1900 MPa-grade ultra-high-strength stainless steel

The stress corrosion cracking(SCC)behavior of a 1900 MPa-grade ultra-high-strength stainless steel in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was investigated by X-ray diffractometer,scanning electron microscopy,electron back-scattered diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and potentiodynamic polarization curves.The results showed that USS122G stel has good SCC resistance,and the critical stress intensiy factor(K_(iscc))of USS122G steel was about 68.906 MPa m^(1/2) and Kiscc/K_(ic)=0.76(K_(ic) is plane strain fracture toughness).The existence of film-like austenite along the lath martensite boundary and the protective effect of thecc passivation flm were the main factors for its high Kiscc.Among them,the main components of the passivation film on the surface of USS122G steel were Cr_(2)O_(3),Cr(OH)_(3),FeOOH,and Ni(OH)_(2).The fracture morphology of SCC zone was intergranular and transgranular.Through the slow and fast scanning rate polarization curve test results,it can be concluded that SCC mechanism of USS122G steel in 3.5 wt.%NaCl solution at the open-circuit potential was a mixed mechanism involving hydrogen embritlement and anodic dissolution.

FEM simulation of flexible roll forming based on different material models

Flexible roll forming is a new roll forming process that produces parts with variable cross sections. This forming process is proposed to meet the demand of weight reduction of automobile industry. In order to study the mechanisms and material flow rules in this new forming process,the finite element mothod( FEM) model of a nine-step flexible roll forming of an ultra-high-strength steel bumper is established based on deep understanding and reasonable simplification of the process.Given that the material model is an important factor that influences the simulation accuracy,three material models which consist of different yield criteria and hardening models are adopted in the FEM models. Sheet thickness and springback amount calculated with three material models are studied comparatively. According to sheet thickness reduction and springback amounts,it is found that the MKi( Mises yield criterion and kinematic hardening law) model's result is larger than MI( Mises yield criterion and isotropic hardening law) model and HI( Hill's yield criterion and isotropic hardening law) model. Therefore,it is concluded that material models do have influences on the flexible roll forming simulation and need to be determined carefully.

Mechanism investigation and strategies for reducing residual stress at open ends of the roll-formed part

Increasing geometrical accuracy at open ends of the roll-formed part is difficult due to the release of residual stress after end cutting.In this work,a typical rail with a high requirement of geometry accuracy was selected to realize the behaviors of residual stress release.First,residual stress distribution after roll forming is discussed in detail by finite element analysis with ABAQUS.In addition,two different approaches are proposed to check their capabilities in reducing the residual stress level.The results indicate that both additional rolling passes and multiple bending processes are beneficial to reducing uniform residual stress.

交流电对X80钢腐蚀行为影响研究

目的明确交流电对X80钢的腐蚀电化学动力学参数、腐蚀发展历程和腐蚀速率的影响规律。方法利用交流电流密度作用下X80钢试样的动电位极化测试,分析交流电对X80钢腐蚀电化学动力学参数的影响。搭建室内腐蚀质量损失模拟试验,并对试验过程中试样的阴极保护和交流干扰参数进行监测,分析交流电对X80钢试样腐蚀速率、扩散电阻和直流电流密度的影响规律。利用拉曼光谱测试和微观形貌相结合的方法,对交流电作用下X80钢试样的腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物成分变化过程进行分析。结果交流电使X80钢的自腐蚀电位负向偏移,交流电流密度小于100 A/m^(2)时,负移幅度随交流电流密度的增加而明显增大;交流电流密度大于100 A/m^(2)时,腐蚀电位则整体接近。自腐蚀电流密度呈现同样的规律,阴极和阳极塔菲尔斜率无明显变化。试样极化电位从–0.428 V(vs.SCE)负移至–0.928 V时,面积为6.5、1.0 cm^(2)试样的扩散电阻分别从约0.063、0.048Ω·m^(2)减小至0.051、0.036Ω·m^(2)。交流电流密度从0增大到300 A/m^(2),极化电位–0.428、–0.878、–0.928 V对应的直流电流密度平均值的变化系数分别为0.83、1.72、2.30。交流电加速了X80的腐蚀,交流电流电流密度从0 A/m^(2)增大到300 A/m^(2)时,腐蚀速率增幅呈现先显著后平缓的规律,腐蚀形貌由均匀腐蚀→点腐蚀→局部腐蚀转变,交流电流密度达到200、300 A/m^(2)时,试样的腐蚀产物中出现了γ-FeOOH。结论交流电促进了X80钢的阴阳极反应过程,且对阳极反应过程的影响大于对阴极,X80钢自腐蚀电位出现负向偏移,自腐蚀电流密度增大。交流电加速了离子传质过程,表现为阴极极化下试样扩散电阻变小,同时增大了阴极保护所需的电流密度。交流电改变了X80钢的腐蚀形貌,随着交流电流密度的增大,腐蚀形貌由均匀腐蚀→点腐蚀→局部腐蚀转变。高的交流电流密度下,腐蚀产物中出现的γ-FeOOH为强氧化剂,进一步加速了腐蚀。

THE VALENCE ELECTRON STRUCTURES OF MARTENSITE IN LOW ALLOY ULTRAHIGH-STRENGTH STEELS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON STRENGTH AND TOUGHNESS

Ⅰ. THE VALENCE ELECTRON STRUCTURES OF MARTENSITE IN LOW ALLOY ULTRAHIGH-STRENGTH STEELS AND THE SEGREGATION OF C-ME IN MARTENSITEThe valence electron structures ofmartensite in 30CrMnSiNi2A and Gc-4 steels can be established based on Refs. [1—3]. To be brief, only σ, nA and ncD are listed in Table 1, which are the values of electron structures of martensite in 30CrMnSi2A and Gc-4 steels.

Deformation behavior and microstructural evolution in ultra-highstrength dual-phase(UHS-DP1000)steel with different strain rates

The dynamic tensile behavior and deformation mechanism of ultra-high-strength dual-phase(UHS-DP1000)steel were investigated over a wide range of strain rates from 10^-4 to 10^3 s^-1.As the strain rate increases,the transition strain decreases from 2.73 to 1.92,and the martensite plastic deformation starts earlier.At strain rate of 10^-4-0.5 s^-l,the inhomogeneous plastic deformation ability increases because the dislocation density in the ferrite matrix increases.This leads to a decrease in uni form elongation and an increase in fracture elongation.When the strain rate increases from 0.5 to 500s^-l.the amount of mobile dislocation increases,which is the main reason for the enhancing uniform elongation and fracture elongation.Mea nwhile,because the dislocation motio n resistance rapidly in creases,the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength also increase.When the strain rate is higher than 500 s^-1.the hardening behavior caused by the dislocation motion resistance has not been offset by softening due to the mobile dislocation and adiabatic heating.The voids at the early stage of deformation could not uniformly form and grow,and thus the homogeneous plastic deformation ability decreases.