Study on basement structures of the northeast Pamirs

Basement structures and basement interfaces are obtained by finite-difference and time-term methods using Pg-wave data from two deep seismic sounding (DSS) profiles in the Artush-Jiashi strong earthquake area. The geological units differ considerably in basement depth. The basement structures of contact zones between two geological units also vary obviously, which marks the existence of boundary faults. Finally, we make a remark upon the relationship between characteristics of basement structures and seismicity in the Artush meizoseismal area and the Jiashi earthquake swarm area.

Aeromagnetic Interpretation of Basement Structures and Geometry in Parts of the Middle Benue Trough,North Central,Nigeria

The research of an analysis of aeromagnetic data collected in the middle Benue Trough in north-central Nigeria is presented.A detailed analysis of basement structures is conducted in order to identify regions with high hydrocarbon potential that is different from those discovered by earlier researchers.Aeromagnetic data were filtered by using the Butterworth and Gaussian filters,transformed by engaging the reduction to the equator technique,and subsequently enhanced.To estimate magnetic basement depths at various places throughout the basin,the Euler deconvolution depth weighting approach was used.Eleven(11)sub-basins with depths ranging from-2000 m to-8000 m were also identified by Euler’s findings.The sub-basins trend in the NE-SW direction while the average sediment thickness is found to be more than 3 km.The extracted structural features indicate areas like Kadi Blam and Kado areas in the southeastern part and Ogoja and Obudu in the southern part of the study area as regions with high structural densities.These areas coincide with the areas delineated as the sub-basins.The cross-sections generated reveal depressions caused by the action of some tectonic activities in the area.This study identified undulat­ing basement topography believed to be due to tectonic activities as well as five areas that are possible targets for hydrocarbon exploration.

Thick-skinned Contractional Salt Structures in the Kuqa Depression,the Northern Tarim Basin:Constraints from Physical Experiments

Thick-skinned contractional salt structures are widely developed in the western Kuqa depression, northern Tarim basin. To understand the mechanisms that govern the development of these structures, physical experiments are conducted and the results show that they are largely governed by the activities of basement faults and the forming of paleo-uplifts and basement slopes. The model materials in this study are dry sand, vaseline and plasticene （or hard foam）, simulating the suprasalt, salt, and subsalt layers respectively. The experiments show that, due to the activities of basement faults and the forming of the paleo-uplifts, salt bodies usually accumulate and thicken significantly on the middle top of the paleo-uplifts which are constrained by the pre-exiting boundary faults. The development of large-scale thrust faults and salt nappes is favored by the basement slops with larger dips. The experiments also conclude that differential structural deformation could occur between the subsalt and suprasalt layers because of the presence of salt layers. Their geometries and the locations of structural highs are different, despite of the great similarities in the uplifted areas. The pierced salt diapir is not observed in the experiments, which indicates that the contractional shortening does not effectively accelerate the development of the salt diapir.

The Deep Structure Feature of the Sichuan Basin and Adjacent Orogens

The basin-mountain system in the Sichuan Basin （SCB） reflects the main tectonic activity and the orogenic denudation in this region. The seismic probing work reveals the deep structure of the basin-mountain system. The seismic work was re-sampled to the Moho depth and the sedimentary thickness as well as the P-wave velocity=depth function to analyze the deep structure of the SCB and adjacent orogens. The results show two deposit centers in the SCB： the Deyang area in the west and the Nanchuan area in the east and depression uplift exists in the southwestern part of the SCB; the Moho shallowers gradually from the west to east （ca. 62-36 km deep）,the South-North seismic belt （SNSB） is very distinctive： the Moho depth is much shallower （〈 50 km）to the east of the SNSB, whereas it is much deeper（〉50 kin）to the west of the SNSB, suggesting that the SNSB rather than the Longmen Shan tectonic belt is a main Moho transition belt; the topography and the top interface of the basement have the same undulation trend when the sedimentary thickness and the Moho depth have a mirror relationship; the low velocity zone developed in the Kangdian thrust and fold belt and Songpan-Garze belt implied a soft, weak and thick crust there showing tectonic activity in these areas.

Ray hit analysis method and its application to complex upper crustal structure survey

Based on the results obtained from Pg wavefront imaging in active source deep seismic sounding, we propose a new ray hit analysis method for high-resolution seismic refraction profile data processing. This method can be used to further determine possible refraction interface, especially spatial location of basement and its pattern characteristics in complex upper crustal structure region, making data processing for high-resolution refraction profiles more fine. We use this method to study the crystalline basement structure of east part of A＇nyemaqên suite zone at northeast side of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the basement patterns as well as its spreading features at the east part of Anemaqen suite zone and its adjacent region were determined.

Construction of Subsurface Geological Structures Using a Drilling Database: A Case Study for an Intra-Arc Basin, the Osaka Plain, Southwest Japan

Subsurface geological cross sections of 0 - 200 m depth were constructed using a dense drilling database of the Osaka Plain in the intra-arc Osaka Basin of the Japan island arc, an active plate margin. The cross sections revealed the subsurface geological structures and the geometry of folding and faulting in the basin. The comparison between the constructed subsurface cross sections and the seismic sections of the basement and basin fills at a depth of 1500 - 2000 m showed that the basement and shallow subsurface structures are similar;however, the shallow cross sections were of higher resolution than the deep seismic profiles.

Structural Characteristics of the Basement beneath Qiangtang Basin in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Results of Interaction Interpretation from Seismic Reflection/Refraction Data

The studies on configuration, character/property of the basement of Qiangtang basin is helpful for evaluating petroleum and nature gas resources as well as understanding the basin evolvement. Recently a moderate to high-grade metamorphic gneiss rock was found underlying beneath very low metamorphic Ordovician strata in Mayer Kangri to the north of the central uplift. That fact actually proved existence of the crystalline basement just the distribution and structures of pre-Paleozoic crystalline basement still remain puzzle. In recent years a number of active sources deep seismic profiling, to aim at lithospheric structure of northern Tibet and petroleum resources of the Qiangtang basin, had been conducted that make it possible to image the structure of the basement of the Qiangtang. Near vertical reflection profiles, included those acquired previously and those during 2004 to 2008, have been utilized in this study. By through the interaction process and interpretation between the reflection profiles and the wide-angle profile, a model with the detailed structure and velocity distribution from surface to the depth of 20 km of Qiangtang basin has been imaged.Based on the results and discussions of this study, the preliminary conclusions are as follows： （1） The velocity structure section （~20 kin） that is interactively constrained by the refraction and reflection seismic data reveals that the sedimentary stratum gently lie until 10 km in the south Qiangtang basin. （2） The basement consists of fold basement （the upper） and crystalline basement （the lower）.The fold basement buried at the average depth of 6 km with a velocity of 5.2-5.8 km/s. The shallowest appear at range of the central uplift. The crystalline basement is underlying beneath the fold basement at the average depth of 10 km with a velocity of 5.9-6.0 km/s except near Bangong-Nujiang suture. （3） The high-velocity body at the depth range of 3-6 km of the central uplift is considered as a fragment of the crystalline basement that perhaps was raised by Thermal or deformation. （4） The lower-consolidated fold basement show more affinity of Yangtze block but the crystalline basement seems more approximate to Lhasa terrene in geophysical nature. We have attempted to improve the resolution and reliability by interaction of the active seismic data and prove it effective to image complex basement structure. It will be a potential to process the piggy-back acquisition data and has wide prospects.

Structural characteristics of the basement and the prospective of favorable oil and gas blocks in the Tacheng basin

The Tacheng basin has been identified as a Carboniferous basement with a central uplift, sur- rounded by orogenic belts. This identification was based on the comprehensive analysis of field outcrops, regional magnetic and gravimetric data, skeleton seismic profiles, magnetotelluric profiles and drilling data. Here, we present gravimetric and magnetic data analyses of the basement structures of the Tacheng basin and its base formation. We also provide a magnetotelluric profile analysis of the structural features and tectonic framework of basin-mountain patterns. We use local geology, drilling data, and other comprehensive information to document the tectonic framework of the basement of the basin. Small-scale nappe structures are found in the northern basin, whereas stronger and more pronounced thrusting structures are found to the south and east of the basin. The basin is divided into four first-order tectonic units： a central uplift, a northern depression, a southeastern depression and a western depression. In addition, the Emin sag is suggested as a possible reservoir for oil and gas.

Basement interface structural characteristics beneath Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area in Xinjiang, China

The seismic data obtained from high resolution seismic refraction profile in Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area in Xinjiang, China were further processed with ray hit analysis method and more complete basement interface structural characteristics beneath Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area were determined. The results show that there are two clear basement interfaces at the upper crust in Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area. The first one with buried depth ranging from 2.6 km to 3.3 km presents integral and continuous structure, and it appears an inclined plane interface and smoothly rises up toward Tianshan Mountain. The second basement interface with buried depth from 8.5 km to 11.8 km, is the antiquated crystalline basement of Tarim basin. Near the post number of 37 km, the buried depth of the crystalline basement changed abruptly by 2.5 km, which maybe result from an ultra crystalline basement fault. If taking this fault as a boundary, the crystalline basement could be divided into two parts, i.e. the southwestern segment with buried depth about 11.5 km, and the northeastern segment with buried depth approxi-mately from 8.5 km to 9.0 km. That is to say, in each segment, the buried depth changes not too much. The northeast segment rises up as a whole and upheaves slightly from southwest to northeast, which reflects the upper crustal deformation characteristics under the special tectonic background at the northwestern edge of Tarim basin.

The fine velocity structure of sediment－base－ment layer in the Three－GorgesRegionoftheChangjiangRiver（YangtzeRiver）

In this paper, the study on the fine velocity structure of sedimental and basement layers along 4 deep seismic sounding profiles in the Three Gorges Region of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) are presented. The velocity of sedimental cover is larger in hills of western Hubei in the western profiles, the total thickness is about 0～0.3 km. However, it becomes thick in southern part of Zigui basin and Zushui river valley, about 5.0 km and 4.0 km thick respectively. The sedimental cover is very thick in Jianghan plains in the eastern profiles, about 5～8 km, and the velocity is lower. The velocity of basemental plane is greater than 6.0 km/s over the whole region. An interface can be divided within the sedimental layer, it is about 3～4 km deep in Jianghan plains, while it approximates to surface in other regions. The profiles are cut by faults in many positions. Where the faults pass, the velocity isopleth varies sharply, and the velocity is obviously low. The basement layer is characterized by high velocity and low gradient, there exist 3 high velocity anomalous zones within the layer, which are located at the west, south and east of Huangling Anticlinorium respectively. They are the upwelling materials of basalt magma with high velocity from deep crust. Perhaps, this process took place before formation of Huangling Anticlinorium. Its action produces the significant variation of basement plane depth and the correspondent development and action of faults.

Structural Control of Ore Mineralization in the Southeastern Margin of Western Nigeria Basement

Structural analyses are often ignored in mineral prospecting endeavor of any geological terrain despite the importance of geological structures in the formation of ore deposits. This paper correlates the results of mineral prospecting campaign to those of the structural analysis in the southeastern margin of the western Nigeria basement. The mineral prospecting was executed by essentially geochemical-exploration methods, while the structural analysis was achieved by lineament analysis using Landsat-8 imagery. The mineral prospecting campaign eventually led to the discovery of gold bearing marble deposit in the Dagbala area;silver and copper bearing silicified sheared rock in the Dagbala, Ojirami, Erurhu and Atte areas;lead and zinc bearing metaconglomerate around Egbigele;uranium and thorium bearing pegmatite in the Dagbala area. The Landsat-8 lineament analysis showed the presence of a shear zone in the central, folds in the SW, and fractures in the NE parts of the study area. The relation between the two is such that the gold and silver-copper mineralization is associated with the shear zone, the lead-zinc mineralization to the folds, and the uranium-thorium mineralization to the fractures. Indeed, geological structures guide mineralization and their analysis can be employed for mineral prospecting.

中国中西部含油气盆地超深层油气成藏条件与勘探潜力分析

随着油气工业发展,向深层超深层领域进军已成为常规油气勘探开发的主要趋势。通过对中国中西部含油气盆地超深层油气勘探与研究进展的深入分析,明确深层超深层油气成藏的有利条件,指出中西部叠合盆地的海相碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩、基岩及火山岩3大领域是未来超深层油气勘探重点领域,超深层元古界是值得勘探重视的潜在领域,并指出超深层油气地质理论与关键技术的攻关方向。研究表明:(1)克拉通盆地海相碳酸盐岩发育以多套海相烃源岩、白云岩和断控型缝洞体等规模储集层、3类有利成藏组合,是寻找碳酸盐岩大油气田的重点领域;(2)前陆盆地下组合发育以煤系为主的湖相优质烃源岩、(扇)三角洲砂体为主的规模储集层、大型构造圈闭,是寻找碎屑岩大油气田的重点领域;(3)以花岗岩和变质岩为主的基岩储集层不受埋深限制,源岩-基岩接触型成藏组合最有利,紧邻生烃凹陷及大型走滑断裂带的基岩潜山是深层-超深层基岩油气藏勘探的重点领域;(4)中新元古界受超大陆裂解及全球冰期影响,发育受陆内裂陷控制的优质烃源岩,资源潜力较大,未来勘探地位值得重视。

基于三维剩余密度结构的松原地震成因

自2006年以来松原市乾安县与宁江区地震频发,成为东北地震活动最为频繁的区域,目前对两地的发震构造和地震成因的认识存在严重分歧,制约了地震危险性评价与预防工作的开展。文中通过对区域重力数据进行非线性共轭梯度聚焦反演,获得了松原震区的三维剩余密度结构,结合石油井震资料,获得了如下认识:1)研究区的剩余密度异常呈高低相间的带状分布,南部异常走向为NNW,北部异常转变为NNE向,该特征反映出乾安震区和宁江震区的深部孕震环境不同,前者震源位于查干花高密度异常体内及其边缘,后者震源位于松原低密度异常带中部,指示两地震源位置的岩性不同;2)两者的发震构造不相同,前者受控于查干花断裂和乾安断裂,后者受控于松原断裂和扶余北断裂;3)地震的形成与区域应力,基底结构,深部气、流体运移和长期油气开采等因素有关。长期注水采油破坏了地质结构和应力环境,可能是重要的地震诱发因素。

南海中央海盆海底初始扩张时间的重新认定

由于磁异常条带识别的不确定性而使其具有多解性,因此对于应用磁异常条带对比得出的南海中央海盆海底初始扩张时间一直存在较大的争议。随着南海勘探活动的不断深入和资料的大量积累,有必要对这一重要问题给予重新认定。最新研究发现:南海中央海盆初始扩张区域的南、北边缘发育晚始新世-早渐新世(T7-Tog)沉积层序,说明洋壳基底之上的最早沉积层年代要老于原来认识的32-33Ma。在南海,持续时间长、活动强烈、形成近东-西向构造体系的变革运动发生时间为40Ma左右。南海陆缘不整合面对比证实,将T8界面(37.2-40Ma)作为南海初始扩张的破裂不整合面更为准确。由此得出结论,南海中央海盆海底初始扩张时间应为39-40Ma左右。

四川盆地东缘寒武系盐下油气勘探领域探讨

地球物理资料显示四川盆地东缘齐岳山附近寒武系高台组膏盐岩层下深部存在逆冲构造,其形成过程以及油气地质意义未见深入研究。笔者等综合四川盆地东部石柱地区线束三维和建南地区二维地震反射资料,并结合钻井资料以及区域地质研究成果,从构造继承性的角度探讨四川盆地震旦系灯影组台缘带类型,并分析了川东地区寒武系盐下油气圈闭特征。研究获得如下认识:①川东齐岳山北段构造变形强烈,普遍发育基底卷入构造,构造样式受青白口纪—南华纪裂谷与转换带构造位置的控制。②依据构造继承关系将盆内灯影组台缘带划分为德阳—安岳地区原生型台缘带、万源—达州地区继承型台缘带以及石柱地区继承—改造型台缘带。③依据青白口纪—南华纪裂谷的分布和后期构造作用影响大小,认为沿齐岳山向南至南川一带存在与石柱地区相似的灯影组继承—改造型台缘带,忠县、南川以西存在灯影组继承型台缘带。④研究区新元古界—下寒武统烃源岩、灯影组—龙王庙组滩相白云岩储层与寒武系膏盐岩层系构成完整的生储盖组合。⑤寒武系盐下基底逆冲可形成成排、成带的构造,与灯影组继承—改造型台缘带、龙王庙组滩相白云岩储层配置,形成断层相关的构造—岩性圈闭带,成为川东地区油气规模聚集有利区。研究认为四川盆地东部石柱地区震旦纪—早寒武世早期继承了青白口纪—南华纪裂谷构造特征,燕山期构造反转,高台组盐下形成基底卷入逆冲构造,具备生储盖等基本石油地质条件,具有重要的油气勘探现实意义。

鄂尔多斯盆地北部重磁场及其基底断裂特征研究

为了明确鄂尔多斯盆地北部基底断裂特征,在分析其重磁场特征基础上,采用小波多尺度分解和功率谱分析的方法获取了基底重磁异常场,并对其基底断裂构造进行了综合识别和解释。研究发现盆地北部布格重力异常场呈东高西低、航磁场呈近东西、正负相间排列的特征;盆内发育28条基底断裂,整体上以NE向和EW向基底断裂为主,NW和SN向基底断裂错断或斜交分布的构造格架;EW—NE向基底断裂形成于~1.95 Ga阴山地块与鄂尔多斯地块的陆陆碰撞事件,其中新召北—泊尔江海子南(F4+F10)基底断裂带在中元古代之前是一条不同构造单元的分界线;SN—NW向基底断裂是上述陆陆碰撞过程中形成的撕裂构造,中元古代在近EW向拉张应力场下选择性激活。盆地北部基底断裂体系形成是不同陆块相互作用的产物,并在后期选择性活化,为研究华北克拉通化和再造过程提供了构造变形的证据。

塔里木盆地东北缘吐格尔明背斜和阳北断裂带构造分析

吐格尔明背斜和阳北断裂位于塔里木盆地北缘,南天山山前库车褶皱冲断带的东段,两者均为基底卷入型构造。阳北断裂是一个反转构造,其变形历史可以追溯到侏罗纪—白垩纪的正断层;新生代构造反转,发生了多期冲断变形加速期,分别发生于白垩纪末—古近纪初、古近纪末—新近纪初、中新世早期、上新世和第四纪。吐格尔明背斜构造带是阳北断裂中新世早期及以后的冲断作用派生出来的一个次级基底卷入型构造变形带。它由吐格尔明背斜及其南、北两条呈背冲关系的逆冲断层组成。背斜核部元古宇变质岩出露地表;中、新生界直接不整合于变质岩之上,缺失全部古生界,说明研究区可能属于一个长期存在的古生代古隆起。

基于二维地震数据的北部湾南康盆地南缘地层结构探测研究

近地表二维地震数据在地层结构探测中应用广泛,但从二维地震数据体提取相关地震属性并应用于沉积环境解释的案例较少。通过采用多种叠前噪音去除、振幅补偿、反褶积、高精度速度分析与叠加等处理技术,获得供地层结构划分与属性提取的高信噪比叠加地震剖面。提取盆地基底等T0值,并优选均方根振幅、瞬时频率、主频率、带宽等地震属性,计算了基底埋深等T0空间分布图、相关地震属性分布图。结果表明,盆地基底西北部埋深小于东南部,呈现北西—南东向倾斜入海的趋势;盆地埋深浅的基底目标沉积环境,对应均方根振幅高、带宽值高,埋深大的基底目标沉积环境,对应均方根振幅低、带宽值低,瞬时频率与主频率也呈现低值特征。

塔里木盆地西北缘乌什西次凹的地层系统和构造特征

乌什西次凹位于塔里木盆地西北缘,隶属于库车坳陷的乌什凹陷。它位于南天山主山脉(哈尔克山)和塔里木盆地柯坪—温宿凸起之间。区域构造格局上,这里是塔里木克拉通向西北自然延伸的部分。次凹北缘的阿合奇断裂是南天山造山带和塔里木克拉通的分界。乌什西次凹内发育与柯坪—温宿凸起相似的晚前寒武纪—古生代地层系统,包括寒武系、奥陶系和石炭系的烃源岩。新近系—第四系碎屑岩建造直接不整合于变形的古生代被动大陆边缘碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩沉积建造之上;剖面上,向南天山方向加厚,向塔里木克拉通方向减薄,呈现典型的前陆盆地剖面结构特征。这是一个晚新生代陆内前陆盆地,叠加在晚海西期—燕山期古隆起之上。这里的构造变形主要有3期,分别是中海西期、晚海西期—印支期和晚喜山期。变形以厚皮冲断构造及其相关褶皱为主,薄皮构造不发育。平面上,主构造线走向NE-SW。剖面上,以南天山向塔里木冲断为主。

复杂标高下行走式塔式起重机行走轨道设计技术

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