Rolling Decision Model of Thermal Power Retrofit and Generation Expansion Planning Considering Carbon Emissions and Power Balance Risk

With the increasing urgency of the carbon emission reduction task,the generation expansion planning process needs to add carbon emission risk constraints,in addition to considering the level of power adequacy.However,methods for quantifying and assessing carbon emissions and operational risks are lacking.It results in excessive carbon emissions and frequent load-shedding on some days,although meeting annual carbon emission reduction targets.First,in response to the above problems,carbon emission and power balance risk assessment indicators and assessment methods,were proposed to quantify electricity abundance and carbon emission risk level of power planning scenarios,considering power supply regulation and renewable energy fluctuation characteristics.Secondly,building on traditional two-tier models for low-carbon power planning,including investment decisions and operational simulations,considering carbon emissions and power balance risks in lower-tier operational simulations,a two-tier rolling model for thermal power retrofit and generation expansion planning was established.The model includes an investment tier and operation assessment tier and makes year-by-year decisions on the number of thermal power units to be retrofitted and the type and capacity of units to be commissioned.Finally,the rationality and validity of the model were verified through an example analysis,a small-scale power supply system in a certain region is taken as an example.The model can significantly reduce the number of days of carbon emissions risk and ensure that the power balance risk is within the safe limit.

Angle Scattering Method for Soot Concentration Measurement under Ultra-Low Emissions Condition

Aiming at the problem of soot concentration measurement under ultra-low emission conditions,a forward small angle soot concentration measurement method is proposed.Taking a typical boiler emission of 0.1μm-3.0μm bimodal distribution soot as an object,the particle scatter simulation calculation under different parameters is carried out,and the influence of detection angle and particle size on the angular scatteringmeasurement of ultra-low emission soot is analyzed.The influence of detection angle and particle size on the angular scatteringmeasurement of ultra-lowemission soot is analyzed.Preferably,thewavelength of incident light is 650 nm,and the forward detection angle parameter is 15◦for the design of forward small angle soot concentration measurement system.An experimental system for measuring soot with standard concentration is built.Experiments of particle concentration measurement of 1.0μm and 3.0μm under ultra-low emission conditions are carried out.The results show that the average deviation of soot concentration measurement is less than 0.10 mg/m3 under the condition of ultra-low emission by using 15◦of forward detection,which provides an effective way for monitoring ultra-low emission soot concentration in coal-fired power plants.

Re-understanding and Thinking about Environmental Impact of Coal-fired Power Plants under Ultra-low Emission

From the perspective of development background,concepts and related policies of ultra-low emission,according to work practice,some issues and difficulties that need to be paid attention to in the environmental impact assessment of ultra-low-emission thermal power projects were discussed from the aspects of evaluation criteria,evaluation grade and scope,pollution control technical lines,environmental benefit accounting,and total emission control,and corresponding recommendations were put forward.

A systematic strategy for multi-period heat exchanger network retrofit under multiple practical restrictions

A systematic strategy for retrofit of the multi-period heat exchanger network （HEN） on the basis of the multi- objective optimization is developed. In this three-stage procedure, a simplified multi-objective optimization model of the multi-period lIEN is first established and then solved to target the retrofit, aiming to minimizing the total annual cost and total annual CO2 emissions. The obtained Pareto front represents series of retrofit targets under different emission limitations, from which the most desirable one can be selected. The matching of the existing and the required heat exchangers is further implemented to finalize the retrofit, which will meet the practical retrofit requirements and matching restrictions. The application of the proposed procedure is illustrated through a case study of a HEN in a vacuum gas oil hydro-treating unit.

基于暴雨洪水管理模型的工业厂房海绵城市改造设计优化——以天津卷烟厂技改项目三期工程为例

以天津卷烟厂技改项目三期工程为研究对象,对项目场地内的普通绿化、普通下凹式绿地以及碳纤维模块绿地分别进行人工注水试验,并根据试验数据对不同构造条件下土壤层的孔隙率、产水能力、枯竭点及渗透系数等模型参数进行率定。通过暴雨洪水管理模型(SWMM)的模拟分析,以项目改造前的场地绿化雨水径流为对照样本,研究在不同降雨强度和降雨历时的条件下,普通下凹式绿地和采用碳纤维模块的下凹绿地对暴雨径流的影响。模拟结果显示,设有碳纤维模块的下凹绿地其产水能力及渗透系数均有提升,对雨水径流的控制能力更强,项目优化后的海绵城市效益相对更好,可为其他同类型的改造工程提供海绵城市设计参考。

西安地区典型博物馆建筑低碳化改造研究——以陕西历史博物馆为例

为解决博物馆建筑室内舒适度与碳排放难以权衡的改造问题,从建筑性能提升和可再生能源利用两个方面对西安地区典型博物馆建筑进行低碳化改造。在建筑性能提升方面,利用拉丁超立方采样技术,基于多维设计参数形成的能耗模拟数据库,分析建筑能耗与参数设计的关系,结合TOPSIS方法寻求评估指标的最优解。此外,还进行了变量敏感性分析,为决策提供客观和科学的支持。在可再生能源利用方面,提出了西安地区太阳能光伏发电的最佳倾角和方位角。通过陕西历史博物馆的案例研究,结果显示改造后的博物馆舒适度提升了1.43%,总碳排放量、供暖碳排放量、供冷碳排放量分别降低了57.9%、70.9%、39.8%,屋顶光伏板年发电量可满足建筑性能提升后94%的能源需求。

住宅建筑超低能耗改造设计及碳排放对比研究

近年来,超低能耗建筑和近零能耗建筑获得了越来越多的关注。随着国家由增量转存量的建筑节能目标转变,针对住宅建筑的节能改造呈现出巨大的潜力。以寒冷地区典型住宅建筑为案例,进行超低能耗节能改造设计及碳排放测算对比研究。设置30组外墙保温方案、30组屋面保温方案、4组外窗类型方案进行模拟,并基于模拟结果采用敏感性分析进行方案比选。相较基准建筑和改造前建筑,综合最优方案的节能率分别为57.1%、72.1%。采用碳排放因子法对改造前建筑及58组模拟方案进行碳排放测算,可知改造后建筑运行阶段的碳排放量可降低84.2%,并基于测算结果对改造设计方案进一步优化,为既有住宅的超低能耗节能改造提供理论与实践参考。

Environmental consequences of an ultra-low emission retrofit in coal-fired power plants from a life cycle perspective

To make coal-fired power generation more environmentally friendly,China has initiated a series of ultra-low emission ret-rofits to the air pollution control(APC)system of the existing power plants.In this study,a life cycle assessment(LCA)is conducted to analyze the environmental net benefits for the typical ultra-low emission retrofit of a 1000 MW power plant.The key processes,substances,and APC devices are verified and discussed.The results confirm that the retrofit effectively decreases the environmental stress of acidification potential(AP),eutrophication potential(EP),and photochemical ozone creation potential(POCP)by 69%-79%,which can be attributed to significantly reduced emissions at the stack.However,the retrofit has also increased other impact categories by 24%-79%,primarily due to the consumption of additional elec-tricity and adsorbents.The retrofit of selective catalytic reduction,electrostatic precipitator(ESP),and wet limestone flue gas desulfurization devices has a dominant effect on the impacts of EP,human toxicity potential(HTP),and AP.A newly installed wet ESP shows some environmental benefits(only for AP),but causes considerable burdens,in particular for the investigated impact categories global warming potential(GWP),marine aquatic ecotoxicity(MAETP),and abiotic depletion fossil(ADP fossil).The obtained results indicate that the hidden environmental consequences,which are associated with the production of energy and materials,need to be examined more comprehensively to inform the development of ultra-low emission technologies and strategies effectively.

Multi-process and multi-pollutant control technology for ultra-low emissions in the iron and steel industry

The iron and steel industry is not only an important foundation of the national economy,but also the largest source of industrial air pollution.Due to the current status of emissions in the iron and steel industry,ultra-low pollutant emission control technology has been researched and developed.Liquid-phase proportion control technology has been developed for magnesian fluxed pellets,and a blast furnace smelting demonstration project has been established to use a high proportion of fluxed pellets(80%)for the first time in China to realize source emission reduction of SO_(2)and NO_(x).Based on the characteristics of high NO_(x)concentrations and the coexistence of multiple pollutants in coke oven flue gas,low-NO_(x)combustion coupled with multi-pollutant cooperative control technology with activated carbon was developed to achieve efficient removal of multiple pollutants and resource utilization of sulfur.Based on the characteristics of co-existing multiple pollutants in pellet flue gas,selective non-catalytic reduction(SNCR)coupled with ozone oxidation and spray drying adsorption(SDA)was developed,which significantly reduces the operating cost of the system.In the light of the high humidity and high alkalinity in flue gas,filter materials with high humidity resistance and corrosion resistance were manufactured,and an integrated pre-charged bag dust collector device was developed,which realized ultralow emission of fine particles and reduced filtration resistance and energy consumption in the system.Through source emission reduction,process control and end-treatment technologies,five demonstration projects were built,providing a full set of technical solutions for ultra-low emissions of dust,SO_(2),NO_(x),SO_(3),mercury and other pollutants,and offering technical support for the green development of the iron and steel industry.

Distribution and bioavailability of mercury in size-fractioned atmospheric particles around an ultra-low emission power plant in Southwest China

Ultra-low emission(ULE)technology retrofits significantly impact the particulate-bound mercury(Hg)emissions from coal-fired power plants(CFPPs);however,the distribution and bioavailability of Hg in size-fractioned particulate matter(PM)around the ULE-retrofitted CF-PPs are less understood.Here,total Hg and its chemical speciation in TSP(total suspended particles),PM_(10)(aerodynamic particle diameter≤10μm)and PM_(2.5)(aerodynamic particle diameter≤2.5μm)around a ULE-retrofitted CFPP in Guizhou Province were quantified.Atmospheric PM_(2.5)concentration was higher around this ULE-retrofitted CFPP than that in the intra-regional urban cities,and it had higher mass Hg concentration than other sizefractioned PM.Total Hg concentrations in PM had multifarious sources including CFPP,vehicle exhaust and biomass combustion,while they were significantly higher in autumn and winter than those in other seasons(P<0.05).Regardless of particulate size,atmospheric PM-bound Hg had lower residual fractions(<21%)while higher HCl-soluble fractions(>40%).Mass concentrations of exchangeable,HCl-soluble,elemental,and residual Hg in PM_(2.5)were higher than those in other size-fractioned PM,and were markedly elevated in autumn and winter(P<0.05).In PM_(2.5),HCl-soluble Hg presented a significantly positive relationship with elemental Hg(P<0.05),while residual Hg showed the significantly positive relationships with HCl-soluble Hg and elemental Hg(P<0.01).Overall,these results suggested that atmospheric PM-bound Hg around the ULE-retrofitted CFPP tends to accumulate in finer PM,and has higher bioavailable fractions,while has potential transformation between chemical speciation.

典型气候区既有居住建筑节能改造策略研究

利用PKPM软件对夏热冬冷、夏热冬暖及温和地区某典型居住建筑的典型工况进行模拟分析,计算既有建筑改造前后的节能率及经济效益,并提出了以单位建筑面积碳排放经济成本为指标进行碳排放分析。研究结果显示,夏热冬冷地区建议进行屋面和外墙综合改造;夏热冬暖地区以屋面和低SHGC外窗作为综合节能改造的重点;温和地区则建议进行屋面和高SHGC外窗改造。

炼厂燃气动力炉富氧燃烧技术改造方案及性能分析

通过实验研究和理论分析,对燃气动力炉富氧燃烧污染物排放与燃烧特性进行研究,分析氧气体积分数对锅炉燃烧性能的影响。结果表明:当氧气体积分数为28%~30%时,炉膛温度基本与空气助燃工况相当,而炉膛的传热效率则随氧体积分数的升高而上升。氧体积分数升高可以提升燃烧效率,降低烟气中CO的排放,同时,富氧燃烧通过屏蔽氮源及控制炉温可大幅降低NO_(x)质量浓度。在70 kW热水锅炉上测试结果表明,当燃气量为3 m^(3)·h^(-1)、富氧助燃氧气体积分数大于28%时,锅炉排烟中NOx质量浓度小于20 mg·m^(-3),CO质量浓度小于80 mg·m^(-3),排烟中CO_(2)体积分数为32%,水体积分数为63%,该烟气经脱水后,CO_(2)体积分数可达到95%以上,满足CO_(2)用于驱油的指标要求。

一种城市功能照明自愿性减排量核定方法——以南京市路灯节能改造项目为例

以南京市路灯节能改造项目为例,从“新建”和“改造”两个方面介绍了一种城市功能照明设施自愿性减排量的核定方法。该方法以“自愿性减排量=基准线排放量-减碳项目实施后排放量”为核心公式,通过“项目边界核定”“基准线排放量核定”和“减碳项目实施后排放量核定”等多个步骤计算得出核定结果,为城市照明节能改造项目的减排量核算提供了一种参考模型。

小单元气动振打电除尘技术研究及应用

双碳目标下,燃煤机组负荷适应性和提效改造正成为行业改造升级的主流方向。在此背景下,分析了电除尘出口槽型板粉尘逃逸原理,研发了小单元气动振打电除尘技术,通过对电除尘器出口槽型板进行小单元划分,并设置单独的振打清灰机制,实现了收尘功能,并解决了影响电除尘二次扬尘的技术瓶颈,显著提升了电除尘器的除尘效率。以江苏镇江电厂某630 MW机组电除尘器改造为例,对比了不同负荷下的性能,并在燃用难以静电除尘的劣质煤种情况下进行了试验。试验结果显示:电除尘提效成果显著。

产能置换情景下钢铁企业防护距离影响研究

基于辽宁省某钢铁企业的污染源排放数据,建立现状和产能置换实施后两种情景,利用CALPUFF模型模拟了两种情景下该钢铁厂各类污染物排放对厂区周边大气环境防护距离和卫生防护距离设置的影响。结果显示:钢铁企业产能置换项目的实施对各主要污染物的减排效果明显,各主要污染物中颗粒物、SO2、NOX分别减排约53.4%、16.2%、50.9%。产能置换项目实施后,相较于现状情景下,钢铁厂周边区域的大气防护距离和卫生防护距离均得到了减少。

内支线船舶岸电系统改造策略及经济影响因素研究

绿色港口建设背景下,为促进港口节能减排,航运公司面临是否对其经营的船舶进行岸电改造的问题.选取内支线船舶为研究对象,以寿命期内船舶在泊期间用电成本净现值最小为目标,构建考虑排放约束的船舶岸电改造策略动态优化模型.采用逐年比较法求解该模型得到最优策略,并研究环境税、岸电价格对改造决策的影响.算例结果表明：船舶剩余寿命大于14 a时,进行岸电改造是经济可行的,且越早实施改造越经济;船舶在泊期间的排放成本约占总用电成本的0.8%～4.0%;环境税征收标准对岸电改造决策影响较小;从经济角度看,低于1.14元/（k W·h）的岸电收费标准宜于船舶岸电系统改造的推广.研究方法及结果可为航运公司运营船舶提供决策参考.

LNB改造后燃烧器烧损及NO_x排放高原因分析

以某电厂为例,一期1、2号锅炉在低氮燃烧器(low-NOxburner,LNB)改造后,燃烧器设备先后出现烧损问题,且1号炉NOx排放较2号炉高约100 mg/m3,危及锅炉运行安全及脱硝设备正常投运。针对上述问题,从改造方案、设备制造及运行方式等方面分析了原因。发现:(1)2号炉改造设计没有考虑煤种变化,采用了常规稳燃措施,同时运行期间周界风开度小,导致燃烧器区域出现局部高温,燃烧器防磨陶瓷脱落引起煤粉堆积,并在一次风室内燃烧导致燃烧器烧损;(2)1号炉燃烧器制造过程中各喷口间空隙未按设计要求封堵,煤粉被负压回流带入燃烧器隔板堆积燃烧,导致燃烧器烧损。同时,喷口间隙未封堵造成燃烧器二次风漏风严重,降低了空气分级效果,导致NOx偏高。在原因分析的基础上,采取了相应改进措施。结果表明,改进措施有效解决了1、2号炉出现的问题,可为其他电厂类似问题的解决提供参考。

600MW机组锅炉低氮燃烧改造

为降低NO2排放浓度，通过更换低氮燃烧器，增加燃尽风喷嘴，采用分级燃烧技术对一台600MW对冲燃烧锅炉进行了低氮燃烧改造，使NO2排放浓度由750～900mg／m3降低到350mg／m3以下，同时锅炉飞灰含碳量没有明显变化。改造后在燃尽风全关的情况下NO2排放浓度即可降低40％，且随燃尽风量增大NO2排放浓度继续降低。针对改造后过热器减温水量明显增加问题，提出了采用部分低温过执器置换为省煤器的方案．以降低减温水流量．

1000MW超超临界锅炉低NO_x燃烧技术改造及性能优化试验

为降低NOx排放,某电厂对其1 000 MW超超临界锅炉进行了低NOx燃烧技术改造。改造后锅炉NOx排放质量浓度较改造前降低42%,但CO排放质量浓度、飞灰含碳质量分数较改造前均有上升。在分析改造前后锅炉燃烧工况变化的基础上进行了燃烧调整试验,通过改变省煤器出口O2体积分数、二次风配风方式、OFA风量和SOFA风量,研究了不同工况下锅炉燃烧及NOx排放特性。调整后锅炉在高负荷下CO排放质量浓度降至100 mg/m3以下,飞灰含碳质量分数降至1%以下。

北方采暖地区既有居住建筑供热计量及节能改造工作现状及未来工作重点

对"十一五"期间我国在北方采暖地区开展的既有居住建筑供热计量及节能改造工作进行了总结,分析了改造工作中存在的问题,阐述了改造工作中获得的经验,并提出了未来的改造工作思路,为"十二五"期间改造工作的继续推进提供参考。