Rolling Decision Model of Thermal Power Retrofit and Generation Expansion Planning Considering Carbon Emissions and Power Balance Risk

With the increasing urgency of the carbon emission reduction task,the generation expansion planning process needs to add carbon emission risk constraints,in addition to considering the level of power adequacy.However,methods for quantifying and assessing carbon emissions and operational risks are lacking.It results in excessive carbon emissions and frequent load-shedding on some days,although meeting annual carbon emission reduction targets.First,in response to the above problems,carbon emission and power balance risk assessment indicators and assessment methods,were proposed to quantify electricity abundance and carbon emission risk level of power planning scenarios,considering power supply regulation and renewable energy fluctuation characteristics.Secondly,building on traditional two-tier models for low-carbon power planning,including investment decisions and operational simulations,considering carbon emissions and power balance risks in lower-tier operational simulations,a two-tier rolling model for thermal power retrofit and generation expansion planning was established.The model includes an investment tier and operation assessment tier and makes year-by-year decisions on the number of thermal power units to be retrofitted and the type and capacity of units to be commissioned.Finally,the rationality and validity of the model were verified through an example analysis,a small-scale power supply system in a certain region is taken as an example.The model can significantly reduce the number of days of carbon emissions risk and ensure that the power balance risk is within the safe limit.

Angle Scattering Method for Soot Concentration Measurement under Ultra-Low Emissions Condition

Aiming at the problem of soot concentration measurement under ultra-low emission conditions,a forward small angle soot concentration measurement method is proposed.Taking a typical boiler emission of 0.1μm-3.0μm bimodal distribution soot as an object,the particle scatter simulation calculation under different parameters is carried out,and the influence of detection angle and particle size on the angular scatteringmeasurement of ultra-low emission soot is analyzed.The influence of detection angle and particle size on the angular scatteringmeasurement of ultra-lowemission soot is analyzed.Preferably,thewavelength of incident light is 650 nm,and the forward detection angle parameter is 15◦for the design of forward small angle soot concentration measurement system.An experimental system for measuring soot with standard concentration is built.Experiments of particle concentration measurement of 1.0μm and 3.0μm under ultra-low emission conditions are carried out.The results show that the average deviation of soot concentration measurement is less than 0.10 mg/m3 under the condition of ultra-low emission by using 15◦of forward detection,which provides an effective way for monitoring ultra-low emission soot concentration in coal-fired power plants.

Re-understanding and Thinking about Environmental Impact of Coal-fired Power Plants under Ultra-low Emission

From the perspective of development background,concepts and related policies of ultra-low emission,according to work practice,some issues and difficulties that need to be paid attention to in the environmental impact assessment of ultra-low-emission thermal power projects were discussed from the aspects of evaluation criteria,evaluation grade and scope,pollution control technical lines,environmental benefit accounting,and total emission control,and corresponding recommendations were put forward.

西安地区典型博物馆建筑低碳化改造研究——以陕西历史博物馆为例

为解决博物馆建筑室内舒适度与碳排放难以权衡的改造问题,从建筑性能提升和可再生能源利用两个方面对西安地区典型博物馆建筑进行低碳化改造。在建筑性能提升方面,利用拉丁超立方采样技术,基于多维设计参数形成的能耗模拟数据库,分析建筑能耗与参数设计的关系,结合TOPSIS方法寻求评估指标的最优解。此外,还进行了变量敏感性分析,为决策提供客观和科学的支持。在可再生能源利用方面,提出了西安地区太阳能光伏发电的最佳倾角和方位角。通过陕西历史博物馆的案例研究,结果显示改造后的博物馆舒适度提升了1.43%,总碳排放量、供暖碳排放量、供冷碳排放量分别降低了57.9%、70.9%、39.8%,屋顶光伏板年发电量可满足建筑性能提升后94%的能源需求。

Distribution and bioavailability of mercury in size-fractioned atmospheric particles around an ultra-low emission power plant in Southwest China

Ultra-low emission(ULE)technology retrofits significantly impact the particulate-bound mercury(Hg)emissions from coal-fired power plants(CFPPs);however,the distribution and bioavailability of Hg in size-fractioned particulate matter(PM)around the ULE-retrofitted CF-PPs are less understood.Here,total Hg and its chemical speciation in TSP(total suspended particles),PM_(10)(aerodynamic particle diameter≤10μm)and PM_(2.5)(aerodynamic particle diameter≤2.5μm)around a ULE-retrofitted CFPP in Guizhou Province were quantified.Atmospheric PM_(2.5)concentration was higher around this ULE-retrofitted CFPP than that in the intra-regional urban cities,and it had higher mass Hg concentration than other sizefractioned PM.Total Hg concentrations in PM had multifarious sources including CFPP,vehicle exhaust and biomass combustion,while they were significantly higher in autumn and winter than those in other seasons(P<0.05).Regardless of particulate size,atmospheric PM-bound Hg had lower residual fractions(<21%)while higher HCl-soluble fractions(>40%).Mass concentrations of exchangeable,HCl-soluble,elemental,and residual Hg in PM_(2.5)were higher than those in other size-fractioned PM,and were markedly elevated in autumn and winter(P<0.05).In PM_(2.5),HCl-soluble Hg presented a significantly positive relationship with elemental Hg(P<0.05),while residual Hg showed the significantly positive relationships with HCl-soluble Hg and elemental Hg(P<0.01).Overall,these results suggested that atmospheric PM-bound Hg around the ULE-retrofitted CFPP tends to accumulate in finer PM,and has higher bioavailable fractions,while has potential transformation between chemical speciation.

Multi-process and multi-pollutant control technology for ultra-low emissions in the iron and steel industry

The iron and steel industry is not only an important foundation of the national economy,but also the largest source of industrial air pollution.Due to the current status of emissions in the iron and steel industry,ultra-low pollutant emission control technology has been researched and developed.Liquid-phase proportion control technology has been developed for magnesian fluxed pellets,and a blast furnace smelting demonstration project has been established to use a high proportion of fluxed pellets(80%)for the first time in China to realize source emission reduction of SO_(2)and NO_(x).Based on the characteristics of high NO_(x)concentrations and the coexistence of multiple pollutants in coke oven flue gas,low-NO_(x)combustion coupled with multi-pollutant cooperative control technology with activated carbon was developed to achieve efficient removal of multiple pollutants and resource utilization of sulfur.Based on the characteristics of co-existing multiple pollutants in pellet flue gas,selective non-catalytic reduction(SNCR)coupled with ozone oxidation and spray drying adsorption(SDA)was developed,which significantly reduces the operating cost of the system.In the light of the high humidity and high alkalinity in flue gas,filter materials with high humidity resistance and corrosion resistance were manufactured,and an integrated pre-charged bag dust collector device was developed,which realized ultralow emission of fine particles and reduced filtration resistance and energy consumption in the system.Through source emission reduction,process control and end-treatment technologies,five demonstration projects were built,providing a full set of technical solutions for ultra-low emissions of dust,SO_(2),NO_(x),SO_(3),mercury and other pollutants,and offering technical support for the green development of the iron and steel industry.

一种城市功能照明自愿性减排量核定方法——以南京市路灯节能改造项目为例

以南京市路灯节能改造项目为例,从“新建”和“改造”两个方面介绍了一种城市功能照明设施自愿性减排量的核定方法。该方法以“自愿性减排量=基准线排放量-减碳项目实施后排放量”为核心公式,通过“项目边界核定”“基准线排放量核定”和“减碳项目实施后排放量核定”等多个步骤计算得出核定结果,为城市照明节能改造项目的减排量核算提供了一种参考模型。

小单元气动振打电除尘技术研究及应用

双碳目标下,燃煤机组负荷适应性和提效改造正成为行业改造升级的主流方向。在此背景下,分析了电除尘出口槽型板粉尘逃逸原理,研发了小单元气动振打电除尘技术,通过对电除尘器出口槽型板进行小单元划分,并设置单独的振打清灰机制,实现了收尘功能,并解决了影响电除尘二次扬尘的技术瓶颈,显著提升了电除尘器的除尘效率。以江苏镇江电厂某630 MW机组电除尘器改造为例,对比了不同负荷下的性能,并在燃用难以静电除尘的劣质煤种情况下进行了试验。试验结果显示:电除尘提效成果显著。

产能置换情景下钢铁企业防护距离影响研究

基于辽宁省某钢铁企业的污染源排放数据,建立现状和产能置换实施后两种情景,利用CALPUFF模型模拟了两种情景下该钢铁厂各类污染物排放对厂区周边大气环境防护距离和卫生防护距离设置的影响。结果显示:钢铁企业产能置换项目的实施对各主要污染物的减排效果明显,各主要污染物中颗粒物、SO2、NOX分别减排约53.4%、16.2%、50.9%。产能置换项目实施后,相较于现状情景下,钢铁厂周边区域的大气防护距离和卫生防护距离均得到了减少。

A systematic strategy for multi-period heat exchanger network retrofit under multiple practical restrictions

A systematic strategy for retrofit of the multi-period heat exchanger network (HEN) on the basis of the multi-objective optimization is developed. In this three-stage procedure, a simplified multi-objective optimization model of the multi-period HEN is first established and then solved to target the retrofit, aiming to minimizing the total annual cost and total annual CO_2 emissions. The obtained Pareto front represents series of retrofit targets under different emission limitations, from which the most desirable one can be selected. The matching of the existing and the required heat exchangers is further implemented to finalize the retrofit, which will meet the practical retrofit requirements and matching restrictions. The application of the proposed procedure is illustrated through a case study of a HEN in a vacuum gas oil hydro-treating unit.

MBBR用于某CAST工艺污水处理厂提标改造的效能及碳排放分析

通过对比分析浙江省某污水处理厂提标改造前后的运行数据,研究移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)工艺镶嵌循环式活性污泥工艺(CAST)对系统污染物去除效果以及电耗、药耗、物耗对碳排放量的影响。结果表明:MBBR工艺强化了系统的生物脱氮除磷效果,提高了系统的抗冲击负荷能力。改造后污水处理厂出水COD与NH_(3)-N、TN、TP浓度的全年平均值分别为13.7、0.2、4.3、0.05 mg/L,均能稳定达到浙江省地方标准DB 33/2169—2018《城镇污水处理厂主要水污染物排放标准》要求。改造后污水处理厂内部电耗分布无明显变化,吨水电耗增加19%,而全年消耗的外加碳源、混凝剂、消毒剂均不同程度下降,吨水药剂总用量减少44%。改造后污水处理厂碳排放量由1.04 kg/m^(3)降至0.79 kg/m^(3),处理过程产生的CH_(4)和物耗对污水处理厂整体碳排放的贡献较大。

中国既有公共建筑节能工作的困境与突围

基于我国“十四五规划”中对节能环保工作的强调,以及“30·60”双碳目标,国内各领域的节能减排工作愈发紧迫。近年来,建筑领域的能耗与碳排放量一直居高不下。据统计,2018年我国公共建筑的能耗总量达到3.83亿tce,约占到我国总能耗的8.30%,且仍在持续增长。因此,既有公共建筑节能改造工作需快速推进,该过程中也面临机遇与挑战。通过广泛的调研、文献综述、数据采集等方式,整理并展示了我国既有公共建筑面积及用能的现状与趋势,分析了该领域节能工作面临的困境和机遇;结合我国当前情形,从意识、实践、体系三个层面为国内既有公共建筑节能工作提出建议。

既有建筑零碳改造路径探索与评价

建筑领域实施低碳、零碳发展路径有助于早日实现“双碳”目标,践行“一带一路”的绿色发展理念。以北京金隅怀柔兴发科技园区及园区内一既有建筑零碳改造工作为例,确定了园区整体的低碳实施路径与零碳建筑改造技术方案。园区通过产业低碳、建造低碳、运行低碳3个方面实现低碳目标。既有建筑通过超低能耗技术(建筑本体节能)、光储直柔等可再生能源应用(碳替代)与绿植碳汇(碳补偿)技术,实现建筑运行阶段和全生命周期的零碳乃至负碳。既有建筑零碳改造后运行阶段一次能源总需求为-71.3 kW·h/(m^(2)·a),年单位建筑面积碳排放强度-14.2 kgCO_(2)e/(m^(2)·a),建筑全生命周期(50年)可减少碳排放量508.48 tCO_(2)e。研究内容为“一带一路”沿线国家实施建筑绿色低碳建造提供重要的理论参考和实践支撑。

Environmental consequences of an ultra-low emission retrofit in coal-fired power plants from a life cycle perspective

To make coal-fired power generation more environmentally friendly,China has initiated a series of ultra-low emission ret-rofits to the air pollution control(APC)system of the existing power plants.In this study,a life cycle assessment(LCA)is conducted to analyze the environmental net benefits for the typical ultra-low emission retrofit of a 1000 MW power plant.The key processes,substances,and APC devices are verified and discussed.The results confirm that the retrofit effectively decreases the environmental stress of acidification potential(AP),eutrophication potential(EP),and photochemical ozone creation potential(POCP)by 69%-79%,which can be attributed to significantly reduced emissions at the stack.However,the retrofit has also increased other impact categories by 24%-79%,primarily due to the consumption of additional elec-tricity and adsorbents.The retrofit of selective catalytic reduction,electrostatic precipitator(ESP),and wet limestone flue gas desulfurization devices has a dominant effect on the impacts of EP,human toxicity potential(HTP),and AP.A newly installed wet ESP shows some environmental benefits(only for AP),but causes considerable burdens,in particular for the investigated impact categories global warming potential(GWP),marine aquatic ecotoxicity(MAETP),and abiotic depletion fossil(ADP fossil).The obtained results indicate that the hidden environmental consequences,which are associated with the production of energy and materials,need to be examined more comprehensively to inform the development of ultra-low emission technologies and strategies effectively.

钢铁行业超低排放无组织排放改造难点及思路研究

钢铁工业作为国民经济的支柱产业,为国家现代化建设和国民经济发展做出了巨大贡献。长流程钢铁企业无组织排放点位众多,极易造成严重的环境污染问题。本文重点介绍并分析了钢铁行业在超低排放改造中无组织排放改造涉及的重、难点问题,通过科学合理的分配资源,提出超低排放无组织排放改造方法,以改善钢铁行业环境污染问题,为钢铁行业超低排放无组织排放改造提供总体方案与改造思路。

圆盘脱水机在循环流化床锅炉烟气超低排放改造中的应用

介绍了真空滤布圆盘脱水机在2×220t/h循环流化床锅炉烟气超低排放改造项目中的实际应用,结果表明,新安装圆盘脱水系统能将从石膏旋流器底流来的50%浓度的石膏浆液进行脱水处理,处理后的石膏表面含水率不超过10%,该设备运行稳定,相比真空皮带式脱水机具有占地小、能耗低的优势,尤其适用于场地受限的超低排放改造项目中。

船舶新燃料LNG 动力系统改装的设计分析

随着国际社会对低碳减排日益重视,液化天然气(liquefied natural gas,LNG)燃料作为目前最重要的过渡清洁能源受到较多关注,已有一些船东开始对船队进行清洁燃料动力改装,但对于大型船舶新燃料动力系统的改装有一定考验与难度。该文以15000标准箱大型集装箱船LNG动力改装为例,以LNG燃料舱、主机、发电机及锅炉、供气系统、加注系统和辅助系统等为主要研究对象,分析研究新燃料系统改装的一些设计方法,为当下新燃料动力系统的船只改装提供设计方法作为参考。

内支线船舶岸电系统改造策略及经济影响因素研究

绿色港口建设背景下,为促进港口节能减排,航运公司面临是否对其经营的船舶进行岸电改造的问题.选取内支线船舶为研究对象,以寿命期内船舶在泊期间用电成本净现值最小为目标,构建考虑排放约束的船舶岸电改造策略动态优化模型.采用逐年比较法求解该模型得到最优策略,并研究环境税、岸电价格对改造决策的影响.算例结果表明：船舶剩余寿命大于14 a时,进行岸电改造是经济可行的,且越早实施改造越经济;船舶在泊期间的排放成本约占总用电成本的0.8%～4.0%;环境税征收标准对岸电改造决策影响较小;从经济角度看,低于1.14元/（k W·h）的岸电收费标准宜于船舶岸电系统改造的推广.研究方法及结果可为航运公司运营船舶提供决策参考.

LNB改造后燃烧器烧损及NO_x排放高原因分析

以某电厂为例,一期1、2号锅炉在低氮燃烧器(low-NOxburner,LNB)改造后,燃烧器设备先后出现烧损问题,且1号炉NOx排放较2号炉高约100 mg/m3,危及锅炉运行安全及脱硝设备正常投运。针对上述问题,从改造方案、设备制造及运行方式等方面分析了原因。发现:(1)2号炉改造设计没有考虑煤种变化,采用了常规稳燃措施,同时运行期间周界风开度小,导致燃烧器区域出现局部高温,燃烧器防磨陶瓷脱落引起煤粉堆积,并在一次风室内燃烧导致燃烧器烧损;(2)1号炉燃烧器制造过程中各喷口间空隙未按设计要求封堵,煤粉被负压回流带入燃烧器隔板堆积燃烧,导致燃烧器烧损。同时,喷口间隙未封堵造成燃烧器二次风漏风严重,降低了空气分级效果,导致NOx偏高。在原因分析的基础上,采取了相应改进措施。结果表明,改进措施有效解决了1、2号炉出现的问题,可为其他电厂类似问题的解决提供参考。

600MW机组锅炉低氮燃烧改造

为降低NO2排放浓度，通过更换低氮燃烧器，增加燃尽风喷嘴，采用分级燃烧技术对一台600MW对冲燃烧锅炉进行了低氮燃烧改造，使NO2排放浓度由750～900mg／m3降低到350mg／m3以下，同时锅炉飞灰含碳量没有明显变化。改造后在燃尽风全关的情况下NO2排放浓度即可降低40％，且随燃尽风量增大NO2排放浓度继续降低。针对改造后过热器减温水量明显增加问题，提出了采用部分低温过执器置换为省煤器的方案．以降低减温水流量．