Analyses of influence of residential buildings' space organization on heating energy consumption in Lhasa

The heating load simulation models of the residential buildings in Lhasa are established for enhancing the space organization’s adaptability to climate and radiation and improving its energy saving performance.The space organization items a e analyzed for both the existing buildings without insulation and new buildings with good insulation.The items include orientation design,south a d north balcony design,the north and south partition wall’s position design,storey height design and window-wall ratio design.Simulation results show that orientation is the key design element for energy saving design,and adverse orientation can obviouslyincrease heating energy consumption;south and north balconies can reduce winter heating energy consumption;partition walls move to the north,which means that the south room’s big depth design leads to less heating energy consumption,but the effect is not inconspicuous;smaier storey height results in less heating load.For the existing buildings,the window-wall ratio of south side has a balance point for energy saving design in the calculation condition.For the new buildings with good insulation,enlarging the south window-wal ratio can continuously reduce heating energy consumption,but the energy saving rate between models gets smaier.The heating energy consumption comparison study between the common model and optimal space design model demonstrates that the energy saving design can significantly reduce heating energy consumption

Analysis and forecast of residential building energy consumption in Chongqing on carbon emissions

Carbon emissions mainly result from energy consumption. Carbon emissions inevitably will increase to some extent with economic expansion and rising energy consumption. We introduce a gray theory of quantitative analysis of the energy consumption of residential buildings in Chongqing,China,on the impact of carbon emission factors. Three impacts are analyzed,namely per capita residential housing area,domestic water consumption and the rate of air conditioner ownership per 100 urban households. The gray prediction model established using the Chongqing carbon emission-residential building energy consumption forecast model is sufficiently accurate to achieve a measure of feasibility and applicability.

Energy Consumption Monitoring Analysis for Residential, Educational and Public Buildings

In the present article thermal and electrical energy consumptions for different types of buildings are analyzed. The latitude and longitude of the researched area are defined 59?00'N and 26?00'E. According to K?ppen climate classification the area is located in warm summer continental climate. The study consist 40 residential, 7 educational and 44 public buildings. Three years data for each building type among 2006-2011 was used. Several detailed energy balances are presented for apartment buildings. In addition the different ways of domestic hot water preparation are analyzed for apartment buildings. The school buildings average consumption values are represented in study. Also valuable information of measured electrical energy consumption balance for a new office building is presented. Finally there is included the energy consumption analysis of public buildings.

Characteristics of Changes in Energy Consumption of Rural Residential Buildings from the Perspective of Province and Recommendations

In the context of the new period,the living standards and comfort demands of rural residents are increasing,which promotes the continuous growth of the total energy consumption of rural residential buildings.In this study,it estimated the total energy consumption of rural residential buildings in 30 provinces(or cities)in China from 2004 to 2016.Through the division of climate regions of the residential buildings,this paper analyzed the characteristics of changes in the energy structure of residential buildings and the trend of energy consumption from the perspective of the province.Then based on the people s livelihood and from the perspective of development,it came up with some pertinent strategies and recommendations for energy saving and emission reduction in rural residential buildings.

The Effects of Future Climate Change on Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings in China

China is currently going through a phase of rapid mass urbanisation, and it is important to investigate how the growing built environment will cope with climate change, to see how the energy consumption of buildings in China will be affected. This is especially important for the fast-growing cities in the north, and around the east and south coasts. This paper aims to study the effects of future climate change on the energy consumption of buildings in the three main climate regions of China, namely the “Cold” region in the north, which includes Beijing;the “Hot Summer Cold Winter” region in the east, which includes cities such as Shanghai and Ningbo;and the “Hot Summer Mild Winter” region in the south, which includes Guangzhou. Using data from the climate model, HadCM3, Test Reference Years are generated for the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s, for various IPCC future scenarios. These are then used to access the energy performance of typical existing buildings, and also the effects of retrofitting them to the standard of the current building codes. It was found that although there are reductions in energy consumption for heating and cooling with retrofitting existing residential buildings to the current standard, the actual effects are very small compared with the extra energy consumption that comes as a result of future climate change. This is especially true for Guangzhou, which currently have very little heating load, so there is little benefit of the reduction in heating demand from climate change. The effects of retrofitting in Beijing are also limited, and only in Ningbo was the effect of retrofitting able to nullify the effects of climate change up to 2020s. More improvements in building standards in all three regions are required to significantly reduce the effects of future climate change, especially to beyond 2020s.

The Impacts of Building Regulations on the Thermal Performance and Energy Consumption of Residential Buildings in Riyadh City-Saudi Arabia

Riyadh city is the fastest growing city in Saudi Arabia. The rapid urban growth that happened recently in Riyadh was not based on the traditional urban planning principles, which have been established and applied for the city development process. The imported building regulations have created a new urban structures and street patterns. The contemporary urban form in Riyadh city is based mainly on traffic and economic consideration with the neglect of environmental dimensions. This research aims to examine the impacts of building regulations on the thermal performance of residential buildings in Riyadh city, with the ultimate goal of establishing planning guidelines that consider the environmental conditions of the city. The methodology adopted for achieving the aim of this study consists of two phases. First, the literature related to building regulations development in Riyadh, as of 2018, was reviewed. Second, buildings energy simulation was conducted to examine the thermal performance of the typical current status of residential building blocks in Riyadh city, and then several changes to building regulations were made to investigate their impacts on the thermal performance of buildings. The results showed that the impacts of Riyadh building regulations on the thermal performance of residential buildings differ across the evaluated cases. The ratio of building height to street width, urban block street orientation, and building orientation are the main factors affecting thermal performance of buildings within urban block. The study also concludes that adjusting the ratio of building height to the distance between buildings could have a significant impact in reducing cooling loads. This study will help policy makers, planners and designers to investigate the shortcoming in the current building regulations.

Discussion on the Intelligent Design of Ultra-Low Energy Consumption Passive Buildings

With the continuous development of science and technology and the gradual improvement of modem building technology, people pay more and more attention to the introduction of advanced technology in architectural design, such as the application of intelligent technology. With the increasingly severe environmental situation, people are increasingly demanding the environmental performance and green performance of buildings. The establishment of ultra-low energy consumption passive buildings has become one of the key construction contents of construction projects. This paper mainly analyzes the design points and architectural forms of related buildings from the perspective of intelligent control.

A Data Analytics Study on Building Characteristics Impacting Energy Consumption in Single-Family Attached Homes

San Antonio, Texas is the seventh largest city in the United States with a population of 1.4 million people, and ranked among the fastest growing cities. To assess the implications of past and present building practices within the residential sector on future energy consumption, the energy utilization of single-family attached homes (SFAH) in Bexar County, Texas is studied. The available dataset includes 3932 SFAH records representing about 33% of the total number of SFAHs within the county. The study is based on pairing and analyzing data at the individual building level from a variety of sources including the buildings’ physical characteristics, access to fuels, and monthly energy consumption. The results indicate that the area of conditioned space, presence of swimming pools, number of stories, presence of fireplaces, fuel-type, and number of shared walls are a significant factor on the energy consumption of single-family attached homes. In terms of energy consumption, all-electric two-story homes sharing two walls are the most energy efficient among SFAHs. This study can aid comprehensive master planning efforts for developing sustainable communities by highlighting key features of SFAHs and making the case for higher density housing as a viable and more energy efficient alternative to single-family detached homes (SFDH).

Influence of urban morphological factors on building energy consumption combined with photovoltaic potential: A case study of residential blocks in central China

Studies on urban energy have been growing in interest,and past research has mostly been focused on studies of urban solar potential or urban building energy consumption independently.However,holistic research on the combination of urban building energy consumption and solar potential at the urban block-scale is required in order to minimize energy use and maximize solar power generation simultaneously.The aim of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the impact of urban morphological factors on photovoltaic(PV)potential and building energy consumption.Firstly,58 residential blocks were classified into 6 categories by k-means clustering.Secondly,3 energy performance factors,which include the energy use intensity(EUI),the energy use intensity combined with PV potential(EUI-PV),and photovoltaic substitution rate(PSR)were calculated for these blocks.The study found that the EUI of the Small Length&High Height blocks was the lowest at around 30 kWh/(m^(2)·y),while the EUI-PV of the Small Length&Low Height blocks was the lowest at around 4.45 kWh/(m^(2)·y),and their PSR was the highest at 87%.Regression modelling was carried out,and the study concluded that the EUI of residential blocks was mainly affected by shape factor,building density and floor area ratio,while EUI-PV and PSR were mainly affected by height and sky view factor.In this study,the results and developed methodology are helpful to provide recommendations and strategies for sustainable planning of residential blocks in central China.

Discussion on Electrical Design of Passive Residential Building

As the national buildings in each climate zone and passive low energy consumption building demonstration projects expand,there has been a wave of innovation across the construction industry.China is also becoming a hot zone for energy-efficient and high-performance passive buildings.Along with the traditional passive building structure,steel structure passive construction,assembled PC structure passive construction such as the emergence of various types of passive construction,as well as a variety of new building materials,doors and Windows,and air conditioning air equipment,put forward a new challenge for building electrical engineering design personnel and requirements.

Intelligent System Application to Monitor the Smart City Building Lighting

A smart city incorporates infrastructure methods that are environmentally responsible,such as smart communications,smart grids,smart energy,and smart buildings.The city administration has prioritized the use of cutting-edge technology and informatics as the primary strategy for enhancing service quality,with energy resources taking precedence.To achieve optimal energy management in themultidimensional system of a city tribe,it is necessary not only to identify and study the vast majority of energy elements,but also to define their implicit interdependencies.This is because optimal energy management is required to reach this objective.The lighting index is an essential consideration when evaluating the comfort indicators.In order to realize the concept of a smart city,the primary objective of this research is to create a system for managing and monitoring the lighting index.It is possible to identify two distinct phaseswithin the intelligent system.Once data collection concludes,the monitoring system will be activated.In the second step,the operation of the control system is analyzed and its effect on the performance of the numerical model is determined.This evaluation is based on the proposed methodology.The optimized resultswere deemed satisfactory because they maintained the brightness index value(79%)while consuming less energy.The intelligent implementation system generated satisfactory outcomes,which were observed 1.75 times on average.

Occupant Behavior: A “New” Factor in Energy Performance of Buildings - Methods for Its Detection in Houses and in Offices

The role that occupants have on energy consumption and performance of buildings is known,but still requires a great deal of research.In this paper,the most common techniques to detect occupancy and occupant behavior in buildings are categorized with their advantages and disadvantages.Being the buildings characterized by different energy usage,the presentation of the studies that applied surveys and monitoring campaigns is conducted with differentiation between residential and office buildings.

基于DesignBuilder的长春地区居住建筑能耗主要影响因素研究

长春市属于严寒B区,居住建筑冬季采暖需求大、能耗效率低,为了推广应用被动式超低能耗居住建筑,利用建筑能耗模拟软件DesignBuilder建立模型,并模拟建筑朝向、屋面传热系数和不同种类外保温材料等条件,对该建筑节能性能进行研究.结果表明:被动式超低能耗居住建筑最佳朝向为南偏西3~6℃;屋面传热系数的降低对空调能耗的影响要比对全年总负荷的影响更大;对比分析4种保温材料,发现聚氨酯板在夏、冬季均具有很好的保温效果.研究成果为长春地区居住建筑的建设与发展提供一定参考.

Economic Feasibility Evaluation of Building Passive Houses

The research presents an improved method of rational design of energy-efficient low-rise residential buildings according to their life cycle. The mathematical model for finding the optimal version of draft power-efficient residential building has been developed. For conditions of Ukraine the optimization problem has been set and solved （finding the optimal version of the draft energy-efficient buildings）. The calculations prove the fact that the construction of passive houses in Ukraine today is economically feasible. Scientific and practical regulations, outlined in the research, can be used by all participants of the investment programs, and energy-efficiency projects, renovation projects and developing normative-technical documents.

民居建筑室内空间热环境多点能耗精准预测

在民居建筑室内热环境多点能耗预测时,若不能有效确定热环境下室内当前状态下舒适程度,会直接影响能耗预测精度。因此,提出考虑舒适度的民居建筑室内空间热环境多点能耗预测方法。根据室内状态建立民居建筑内热环境模型,采用主元分析法获取能耗评价指标,构建热环境下室内能耗指标评价体系,并利用指标建立评价模型,从而确定室内当前热环境能耗;将确定指标作为模型输入向量,利用RBF神经网络构建室内能耗多点预测模型;通过建立的模型实现对民居建筑室内空间多点能耗的精准预测。实验结果表明,所提方法开展室内能耗多点预测时,预测精度高、效果好。

安徽省典型超低能耗居住建筑外墙材料全生命周期碳排放测算

通过调研安徽省的超低能耗居住建筑,总结出常用的保温形式和保温材料,结合实际项目,得出7种典型外墙构造。从全生命周期角度,对这7种外墙构造在建材生产阶段、建材运输阶段、外墙施工阶段、外墙维护阶段、外墙拆除阶段的碳排放量进行测算。结果表明:建材生产阶段的碳排放量占比最大,达到总碳排放量的70%以上;装配式比非装配式的总碳排放量降低6%左右;内外复合保温外墙的总碳排放量最大,比“夹心保温+外保温外墙”的碳排放量高18%以上,比外保温外墙的碳排放量高11%以上;不同的保温材料和墙体材料对外墙的总碳排放量影响较小。通过分析比较,得出碳排放最优的外墙构造,从建材角度为降碳提供依据和方法。

基于能耗模拟的湖北地区既有农宅围护结构改造方案比选研究

为了改善湖北地区现有农村住房结构老化、围护结构热工性能不佳导致的住宅能耗增加及室内热环境差等问题,本研究致力于对湖北地区典型农宅的围护结构进行改造。研究采用能耗模拟软件Ecotect对不同围护结构改造方案的节能效率进行定量分析,并运用熵值法和多因素正交实验分析了16种具有代表性的改造方案,优选出兼顾节能性和经济性的最佳方案。结果表明,单因素改造方案的节能效果排序为:屋顶改造>门窗改造>外墙改造。在熵值法下的多因素组合改造方案初选中,节能率、节能改造方案初投资、节能改造收益、静态投资回收期及净现值(NPV)的所占权重分别为0.2、0.26、0.21、0.14和0.19。该研究为湖北地区现有农宅的节能改造提供了新的思路,并在围护结构改造方案优选中具有一定的参考价值。

寒冷地区农村居住建筑供暖能耗计算方法研究

分析了主要文献对多智能体的定义及其特征,对建筑环境与能源控制领域的多智能体控制系统应用的标准、常用框架和语言进行了综述和介绍,并对多智能体控制系统的不同系统架构、协调机制、优化算法进行了对比分析。针对建筑设备系统优化控制、单体建筑能源与环境优化控制、建筑与外部能源网络交互优化控制、建筑群与外部能源网络优化控制等不同层次的多智能体控制应用研究进行了综述,并对多智能体控制系统在建筑能源和环境领域应用中存在的时间序列优化、在线学习、计算不确定性、稳定性与收敛性等重要问题进行了讨论。

基于十年前后能耗调研的长沙地区既有住宅节能改造策略研究

长沙地区既有住宅节能改造存在居民改造意愿不强、节能改造效果不明显等问题。分别于2008年、2009年和2019年、2020年调研了湖南大学周边近35栋住宅的围护结构、家电情况与400余户居民终端用电量,采用K-means聚类法将总用电量、采暖、制冷、生活用电量分别进行聚类并计算界限值、平均值等参数,进而分析十年前后居民用电量变化规律,提出改善室内热环境与减少制冷能耗为该地区既有住宅节能改造的重要目标。对既有住宅用电量进行宏观情景预测,论证了既有住宅建筑围护结构节能改造的必要性,分析节能改造意愿不强的原因,结合目前改造现状提出适宜的相关策略。对同等气候区既有住宅节能改造具有一定参考价值。

全生命周期视域下绿色建筑碳排放测算与减排效果研究

建筑业存在高能耗与高二氧化碳排放的问题,为助力建筑业实现“双碳”目标,本研究从全生命周期视域出发,借助BIM技术与OpenStudio能耗模拟技术,细化构建了住宅建筑碳排放测算模型,为今后住宅建筑全生命周期碳排放研究提供了一定的参考。研究案例以传统住宅建筑单体与绿色住宅建筑单体为研究对象,从全生命周期视角下分析两者的异质性,结果表明,与传统住宅建筑相比,绿色住宅建筑全生命周期碳排放较低,在运行阶段拥有更好的节能减排效果,但绿色住宅建筑物化阶段碳排放高于传统住宅建筑。本研究可为中国建筑业节能减排战略规划提供理论依据。