超低频声压水听器的设计仿真与测试

随着减振降噪及消声技术的发展,水声探测技术逐渐向低频段延伸。相应地,对适用于超低频频段且具有高灵敏度的水听器需求也越来越迫切。该研究基于有限元理论,对4种形式的声压水听器进行了灵敏度对比分析,构建了超低频、高灵敏度声压水听器的系统模型;通过仿真,得到了其前二阶模态,空气及水中的导纳曲线,以及声压接收灵敏度,仿真结果表明,超低频频段内,该研究设计的声压水听器在空气及水中的频响曲线平坦。基于仿真结果进行了样机制作,对所研制的实物样机进行了实验测试,测试结果表明该种声压水听器具有良好的超低频响应特性以及较高的灵敏度。通过对实物样机的测试,验证了其实用性。

MEMS矢量水听器声压通道封装技术研究

为了更全面地获取水下声场信息,微机电系统(Micro-Electro-Mechanical System,MEMS)矢量水听器常需集成声压敏感通道来提升单个换能器性能,MEMS矢量水听器的敏感芯片采用的是MEMS工艺制备完成,其封装必须与水隔离,传统的橡胶灌封方式会破坏MEMS敏感芯片的机电性能,故MEMS敏感芯片常采用油封的方式,如硅油/蓖麻油。相反,对于MEMS矢量水听器声压通道的封装技术却不尽相同。文章选择给定尺寸的沿径向极化的压电陶瓷圆环,针对低频5~2000 Hz的探测频带需求,对比了两种不同封装形式,即聚氨酯密封和硅油作为耦合剂的聚氨酯密封,对声压通道接收灵敏度的影响规律。首先,建立了四种仿真模型,分析了不同形式下,接收灵敏度的变化规律。接着,设计了聚氨酯灌封和硅油耦合聚氨酯密封两种封装结构,并制备了实物。最后在驻波管中对两种封装形式的压电陶瓷圆环进行了接收灵敏度标定。结果显示,聚氨酯灌封和硅油耦合聚氨酯密封对声压通道的接收灵敏度特性影响不大,实操过程中要注意两种方式的工艺复杂度区别。

Hydrodynamic and Hydroacoustic Computational Prediction of Conventional and Highly Skewed Marine Propellers Operating in Non-uniform Ship Wake

Despite their high manufacturing cost and structural deficiencies especially in tip regions,highly skewed propellers are preferred in the marine industry,where underwater noise is a significant design criterion.However,hydrodynamic performances should also be considered before a decision to use these propellers is made.This study investigates the trade-off between hydrodynamic and hydroacoustic performances by comparing conventional and highly skewed Seiun Maru marine propellers for a noncavitating case.Many papers in the literature focus solely on hydroacoustic calculations for the open-water case.However,propulsive characteristics are significantly different when propeller-hull interactions take place.Changes in propulsion performance also reflect on the hydroacoustic performances of the propeller.In this study,propeller-hull interactions were considered to calculate the noise spectra.Rather than solving the full case,which is computationally demanding,an indirect approach was adopted;axial velocities from the nominal ship wake were introduced as the inlet condition of the numerical approach.A hybrid method based on the acoustic analogy was used in coupling computational fluid dynamics techniques with acoustic propagation methods,implementing the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H)equation.The hydrodynamic performances of both propellers were presented as a preliminary study.Propeller-hull interactions were included in calculations after observing good accordance between our results,experiments,and quasi-continuous method for the open-water case.With the use of the time-dependent flow field data of the propeller behind a nonuniform ship wake as an input,simulation results were used to solve the FW-H equation to extract acoustic pressure and sound pressure levels for several hydrophones located in the near field.Noise spectra results confirm that the highest values of the sound pressure levels are in the low-frequency range and the first harmonics calculated by the present method are in good accordance with the theoretical values.Results also show that a highly skewed propeller generates less noise even in noncavitating cases despite a small reduction in hydrodynamic efficiency.

分布反馈式光纤激光水听器的声压灵敏度频率响应特性

光纤激光水听器的频率响应曲线会在声压传递函数的谐振频率处出现谐振峰,使水听器的工作频带变窄。研制了一种金属膜片端面增敏结构的分布反馈式(DFB)光纤激光水听器。基于电声类比理论,建立了DFB光纤激光水听器的声压传递函数模型,仿真分析了水听器各结构参数对水听器声压传递函数的影响,实现了水听器结构的优化设计,加工制作了水听器原型样品并进行了实验研究。由实验结果可知,DFB光纤激光水听器在2.5~10kHz频率范围内的平均声压灵敏度为-135.99dB,波动幅度小于±0.6dB,且在16kHz附近出现谐振峰,实验结果与仿真分析结果较好地吻合。该研究对DFB光纤激光水听器的研制具有重要指导意义。

聚氨酯端面拉伸式光纤激光水听器的声压灵敏度频响特性

为研究声压传递函数的谐振频率对分布反馈式光纤激光水听器频响特性的影响,研制一种聚氨酯端面拉伸式增敏结构的光纤激光水听器。基于电声类比理论建立了声压传递函数模型,仿真分析水听器各结构、材料参数与水听器声压传递函数的关系,制作水听器原型样品并进行了实验研究。实验测得,该结构水听器在10~2000 Hz频率范围内的平均声压灵敏度为-142.8 dB,波动幅度小于±1.5 dB,且谐振频率出现在3150 Hz附近,与仿真分析结果吻合较好,表明光纤激光水听器的声压灵敏度频响特性可有效预测以及精细优化,这对于应用于小型水下作战平台的小尺寸阵元的研制具有重要指导意义。