Evaluating the stability and volumetric flowback rate of proppant packs in hydraulic fractures using the lattice Boltzmann-discrete element coupling method

The stability and mobility of proppant packs in hydraulic fractures during hydrocarbon production are numerically investigated by the lattice Boltzmann-discrete element coupling method(LB-DEM).This study starts with a preliminary proppant settling test,from which a solid volume fraction of 0.575 is calibrated for the proppant pack in the fracture.In the established workflow to investigate proppant flowback,a displacement is applied to the fracture surfaces to compact the generated proppant pack as well as further mimicking proppant embedment under closure stress.When a pressure gradient is applied to drive the fluid-particle flow,a critical aperture-to-diameter ratio of 4 is observed,above which the proppant pack would collapse.The results also show that the volumetric proppant flowback rate increases quadratically with the fracture aperture,while a linear variation between the particle flux and the pressure gradient is exhibited for a fixed fracture aperture.The research outcome contributes towards an improved understanding of proppant flowback in hydraulic fractures,which also supports an optimised proppant size selection for hydraulic fracturing operations.

Efficient placement technology of proppants based on structural stabilizers

Fiber is highly escapable in conventional slickwater,making it difficult to form fiber-proppant agglomerate with proppant and exhibit limited effectiveness.To solve these problems,a novel structure stabilizer(SS)is developed.Through microscopic structural observations and performance evaluations in indoor experiments,the mechanism of proppant placement under the action of the SS and the effects of the SS on proppant placement dimensions and fracture conductivity were elucidated.The SS facilitates the formation of robust fiber-proppant agglomerates by polymer,fiber,and quartz sand.Compared to bare proppants,these agglomerates exhibit reduced density,increased volume,and enlarged contact area with the fluid during settlement,leading to heightened buoyancy and drag forces,ultimately resulting in slower settling velocities and enhanced transportability into deeper regions of the fracture.Co-injecting the fiber and the SS alongside the proppant into the reservoir effectively reduces the fiber escape rate,increases the proppant volume in the slickwater,and boosts the proppant placement height,conveyance distance and fracture conductivity,while also decreasing the proppant backflow.Experimental results indicate an optimal SS mass fraction of 0.3%.The application of this SS in over 80 wells targeting tight gas,shale oil,and shale gas reservoirs has substantiated its strong adaptability and general suitability for meeting the production enhancement,cost reduction,and sand control requirements of such wells.

Characteristics of proppant transport and placement within rough hydraulic fractures

A three-dimensional reconstruction of rough fracture surfaces of hydraulically fractured rock outcrops is carried out by casting process,a large-scale experimental setup for visualizing rough fractures is built to perform proppant transport experiments.The typical characteristics of proppant transport and placement in rough fractures and its intrinsic mechanisms are investigated,and the influences of fracture inclination,fracture width and fracturing fluid viscosity on proppant transport and placement in rough fractures are analyzed.The results show that the rough fractures cause variations in the shape of the flow channel and the fluid flow pattern,resulting in the bridging buildup during proppant transport to form unfilled zone,the emergence of multiple complex flow patterns such as channeling,reverse flow and bypassing of sand-carrying fluid,and the influence on the stability of the sand dune.The proppant has a higher placement rate in inclined rough fractures,with a maximum increase of 22.16 percentage points in the experiments compared to vertical fractures,but exhibits poor stability of the sand dune.Reduced fracture width aggravates the bridging of proppant and induces higher pumping pressure.Increasing the viscosity of the fracturing fluid can weaken the proppant bridging phenomenon caused by the rough fractures.

A novel dandelion-based bionic proppant and its transportation mechanism in different types of fractures

Low-permeability reservoirs are generally characterized by low porosity and low permeability.Obtaining high production using the traditional method is technologically challenging because it yields a low reservoir recovery factor.In recent years,hydraulic fracturing technology is widely applied for efficiently exploiting and developing low-permeability reservoirs using a low-viscosity fluid as a fracturing fluid.However,the transportation of the proppant is inefficient in the low-viscosity fluid,and the proppant has a low piling-up height in fracture channels.These key challenges restrict the fluid(natural gas or oil)flow in fracture channels and their functional flow areas,reducing the profits of hydrocarbon exploitation.This study aimed to explore and develop a novel dandelion-bionic proppant by modifying the surface of the proppant and the fiber.Its structure was similar to that of dandelion seeds,and it had high transport and stacking efficiency in low-viscosity liquids compared with the traditional proppant.Moreover,the transportation efficiency of this newly developed proppant was investigated experimentally using six different types of fracture models(tortuous fracture model,rough fracture model,narrow fracture model,complex fracture model,large-scale single fracture model,and small-scale single fracture model).Experimental results indicated that,compared with the traditional proppant,the transportation efficiency and the packing area of the dandelion-based bionic proppant significantly improved in tap water or low-viscosity fluid.Compared with the traditional proppant,the dandelionbased bionic proppant had 0.1-4 times longer transportation length,0.3-5 times higher piling-up height,and 2-10 times larger placement area.The newly developed proppant also had some other extraordinary features.The tortuosity of the fracture did not influence the transportation of the novel proppant.This proppant could easily enter the branch fracture and narrow fracture with a high packing area in rough surface fractures.Based on the aforementioned characteristics,this novel proppant technique could improve the proppant transportation efficiency in the low-viscosity fracturing fluid and increase the ability of the proppant to enter the secondary fracture.This study might provide a new solution for effectively exploiting low-permeability hydrocarbon reservoirs.

Impacts of proppant distribution on development of tight oil reservoirs with threshold pressure gradient

Field evidence indicates that proppant distribution and threshold pressure gradient have great impacts on well productivity.Aiming at the development of unconventional oil reservoirs in Triassic Chang-7 Unit,Ordos Basin of China,we presented an integrated workflow to investigate how(1)proppant placement in induced fracture and(2)non-linear flow in reservoir matrix would affect well productivity and fluid flow in the reservoir.Compared with our research before(Yue et al.,2020),here we extended this study into the development of multi-stage fractured horizontal wells(MFHWs)with large-scale complicated fracture geometry.The integrated workflow is based on the finite element method and consists of simulation models for proppant-laden fluid flow,fracture flow,and non-linear seepage flow,respectively.Simulation results indicate that the distribution of proppant inside the induced cracks significantly affects the productivity of the MFHW.When we assign an idealized proppant distribution instead of the real distribution,there will be an overestimation of 44.98%in daily oil rate and 30.63%in cumulative oil production after continuous development of 1000 days.Besides,threshold pressure gradient(TPG)also significantly affects the well performance in tight oil reservoirs.If we simply apply linear Darcy’s law to the reservoir matrix,the overall cumulative oil production can be overrated by 77%after 1000 days of development.In general,this research provides new insights into the development of tight oil reservoirs with TPG and meanwhile reveals the significance of proppant distribution and non-linear fluid flow in the production scenario design.

Thermal conductive proppant with self-suspension ability

The in situ mining technology is applied to the exploitation of medium-and low-maturity shale oil,which can use heaters to warm up the oil shale formations and pyrolyze the kerogen.Due to the low thermal conductivity of oil shale,electric heaters need extra equipment to improve heat transfer efficiency.In this study,a thermally conductive proppant is fabricated by coating epoxy-resin and graphite on ceramic proppants for the first time,which could support the fracturing crack and transfer heat.The thermal conduction property of epoxy-resin and graphite coated proppants(EGPs)is 245%higher than that of uncoated proppants,which can transfer more heat to the oil shale formation and accelerate the conversion of kerogen.The adhesive property of EGPs is improved by 47.9%under the load force of 1500 nN,which prolongs the time for the fracture to close.In summary,this novel proppant is expected to assist in-situ mining technology in the production of medium and low-maturity shale oil.

Modeling of Crack Development Associated with Proppant Hydraulic Fracturing in a Clay-Carbonate Oil Deposit

Survey and novel research data are used in the present study to classify/identify the lithological type of Verey age reservoirs’rocks.It is shown how the use of X-ray tomography can clarify the degree of heterogeneity,porosity and permeability of these rocks.These data are then used to elaborate a model of hydraulic fracturing.The resulting software can take into account the properties of proppant and breakdown fluid,thermal reservoir conditions,oil properties,well design data and even the filtration and elastic-mechanical properties of the rocks.Calculations of hydraulic fracturing crack formation are carried out and the results are compared with the data on hydraulic fracturing crack at standard conditions.Significant differences in crack formation in standard and lithotype models are determined.It is shown that the average width of the crack development for the lithotype model is 2.3 times higher than that for the standard model.Moreover,the coverage of crack development in height for the lithotype model is almost 2 times less than that for the standard model.The estimated fracture half-length for the lithotype model is 13.3%less than that of for the standard model.A higher dimensionless fracture conductivity is also obtained for the lithotype model.It is concluded that the proposed approach can increase the reliability of hydraulic fracturing crack models.

Fracture propagation,proppant transport and parameter optimization of multi-well pad fracturing treatment

This paper establishes a 3D multi-well pad fracturing numerical model coupled with fracture propagation and proppant migration based on the displacement discontinuity method and Eulerian-Eulerian frameworks,and the fracture propagation and proppant distribution during multi-well fracturing are investigated by taking the actual multi-well pad parameters as an example.Fracture initiation and propagation during multi-well pad fracturing are jointly affected by a variety of stress interference mechanisms such as inter-cluster,inter-stage,and inter-well,and the fracture extension is unbalanced among clusters,asymmetric on both wings,and dipping at heels.Due to the significant influence of fracture morphology and width on the migration capacity of proppant in the fracture,proppant is mainly placed in the area near the wellbore with large fracture width,while a high-concentration sandwash may easily occur in the area with narrow fracture width as a result of quick bridging.On the whole,the proppant placement range is limited.Increasing the well-spacing can reduce the stress interference of adjacent wells and promote the uniform distribution of fractures and proppant on both wings.The maximum stimulated reservoir volume or multi-fracture uniform propagation can be achieved by optimizing the well spacing.Although reducing the perforation-cluster spacing also can improve the stimulated reservoir area,a too low cluster spacing is not conducive to effectively increasing the propped fracture area.Since increasing the stage time lag is beneficial to reduce inter-stage stress interference,zipper fracturing produces more uniform fracture propagation and proppant distribution.

粗糙壁面压裂裂缝内支撑剂运移铺置特征

采用铸模工艺对岩石露头粗糙劈裂裂缝面进行立体重建,搭建大型可视化粗糙裂缝实验装置并开展支撑剂运移实验,研究粗糙壁面裂缝内支撑剂运移铺置的典型特征及其内在机制,分析裂缝倾斜程度、裂缝宽度以及压裂液黏度对支撑剂在粗糙裂缝内运移铺置的影响规律。研究表明:裂缝的粗糙特征会引起流道形状和流体流动模式的改变,导致支撑剂运移时易发生桥接堆积并形成未充填区,携砂液出现窜流、反向流和绕流等多种复杂流动形式,并影响砂丘堆积的稳定性;支撑剂在倾斜粗糙裂缝内具有更高的铺置率,实验中相较于垂直裂缝其铺置率最大增加了22.16个百分点,但砂丘的稳定性差;缝宽减小会加剧支撑剂的桥接堆积并导致更高的泵注压力;增大压裂液黏度能够减轻裂缝面粗糙特征引起的支撑剂桥接堆积。

Proppant transport in rough fractures of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs

A method to generate fractures with rough surfaces was proposed according to the fractal interpolation theory.Considering the particle-particle,particle-wall and particle-fluid interactions,a proppant-fracturing fluid two-phase flow model based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD)-discrete element method(DEM)coupling was established.The simulation results were verified with relevant experimental data.It was proved that the model can match transport and accumulation of proppants in rough fractures well.Several cases of numerical simulations were carried out.Compared with proppant transport in smooth flat fractures,bulge on the rough fracture wall affects transport and settlement of proppants significantly in proppant transportation in rough fractures.The higher the roughness of fracture,the faster the settlement of proppant particles near the fracture inlet,the shorter the horizontal transport distance,and the more likely to accumulate near the fracture inlet to form a sand plugging in a short time.Fracture wall roughness could control the migration path of fracturing fluid to a certain degree and change the path of proppant filling in the fracture.On the one hand,the rough wall bulge raises the proppant transport path and the proppants flow out of the fracture,reducing the proppant sweep area.On the other hand,the sand-carrying fluid is prone to change flow direction near the contact point of bulge,thus expanding the proppant sweep area.

Proppant transport law in multi-branched fractures induced by volume fracturing

To further clarify the proppant transport and placement law in multi-branched fractures induced by volume fracturing, proppant transport simulation experiments were performed with different fracture shapes, sand ratios, branched fracture opening time and injection sequence of proppants in varied particle sizes. The results show that the settled proppant height increases and the placement length decreases in main fractures as the fracturing fluid diverts gradually to the branched fractures at different positions. The flow rate in branched fractures is the main factor affecting their filling. The diverion to branched fractures leads to low flow rate and poor filling of far-wellbore branched fractures. The inclined fracture wall exerts a frictional force on the proppant to slow its settlement, thus enhancing the vertical proppant distribution in the fracture. The increase of sand ratio can improve the filling of near-wellbore main fracture and far-wellbore branched fracture and also increase the settled proppant height in main fracture. Due to the limitation of fracture height, when the sand ratio increases to a certain level, the increment of fracture filling decreases. When branched fracture is always open(or extends continuously), the supporting effect on the branched fractures is the best, but the proppant placement length within the main fractures is shorter. The fractures support effect is better when it is first closed and then opened(or extends in late stage) than when it is first opened and then closed(or extends in early stage). Injecting proppants with different particle sizes in a specific sequence can improve the placement lengths of main fracture and branched fracture. Injection of proppants in an ascending order of particle size improves the near-wellbore fracture filling, to a better extent than that in a descending order of particle size.

深部地热能系统主要挑战与耦合储能的增强型创新开发模式

中国在中低温地热能直接利用方面早已领先全球,但在深部地热能发电方面却发展缓慢。深部高温高压环境下岩石渗透性降低,深部地热能开采需要建立工程型地热系统(Engineered Geothermal System,EGS),通过水力压裂对储层进行改造,以获得具有较高渗透性的人工地热储层。由于目前常用的深部地热能储层改造技术主要借鉴油气增产领域的水力压裂工艺,在热储改造效果、地震风险控制、高效取热等方面受到限制。首先总结深部地热能水力压裂的特点为:裂缝破坏主要以剪切机理为主;冷水回灌引起的温差效应产生拉应力会促使裂缝向更远处扩展;持续的注水使注入井井筒压力高于地层压力,有助于保持裂缝处于张开状态。因此,EGS水力压裂不需要使用支撑剂,与依靠支撑剂的油气井增产压裂完全不同。同时,系统剖析EGS面临的发电产能低、注采连通差、诱发破坏性地震以及无补贴难盈利4大难题与挑战。从创新压裂和循环利用层面提出耦合储能的增强型创新开发模式(Regenerative Engineered Geothermal System,REGS),通过数值模拟研究REGS的优点。结果表明,采用水平井非等距、非等面积、非等注水量分段压裂,可以提高注水井与生产井的连通能力。通过优化压裂工艺,采用多段压裂模式,每次压裂初始期间快速提高注水速率,而后期缓慢降低注水速率,避免井筒压力的突然波动,可以达到控制诱发地震震级的目的,避免产生实质性伤害地震。结合可再生能源大规模地下存储,既能实现多能互补,又能提高REGS项目生产寿命和盈利能力。研究成果有助于为我国深部地热能热电联产和储能一体化技术的试点和标准化推广奠定基础。

支撑剂回流对页岩人工裂缝导流能力影响试验

支撑剂回流对页岩人工裂缝导流能力的伤害不容忽视,须对实际应力加载条件下支撑剂回流进行定量表征。利用自主研发的导流能力测试系统,通过添加支撑剂回流腔体模块,实现压裂液返排过程中支撑剂回流的定量表征,在实验室尺度下开展不同应力加载方式(变围压测试和变流压测试)下的页岩人工裂缝长期导流能力对比试验。结果表明:不同应力加载方式对支撑剂破碎量和嵌入量的影响相似,但变围压测试下支撑剂回流量随围压变化维持在约4.46%,与现场支撑剂回流数据不符;变流压测试下支撑剂回流量在流压20 MPa时的支撑剂回流量为20.53%,且随着流压的降低,回流量下降,与现场支撑剂的回流变量变化规律一致;忽略支撑剂的回流会导致对裂缝导流能力伤害率的计算值偏低,不利于制定施工方案;页岩人工裂缝导流能力的准确测试,应采用与实际应力加载更符合的变流压测试方法,以便更好地体现支撑剂回流对导流能力的影响。

深层断溶体油气藏钻完井储层保护技术挑战与对策

深层断溶体油气藏储层裂缝发育,易导致大量工作液漏失,造成严重储层损害。以顺北区块奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层为例,考虑储层超深、超高压、超高温与断裂带特点,综合工区钻井液漏失情况、储层物性特征、矿物组成和裂缝发育情况,结合流体敏感性、应力敏感性与储层润湿性评价,揭示了深层断溶体油气藏储层损害机理。钻井液漏失是深层断溶体油气藏最重要的储层损害方式,岩体结构破碎、储层非均质性强、走滑断层裂缝缝面光滑及高温长井段循环进一步加大了储层保护的难度;通过采用控压钻井技术,结合抗高温高酸溶屏蔽暂堵技术与抗高温强滞留堵漏技术,可以达到较好的储层保护效果;根据深层断溶体碳酸盐岩油气藏裂缝发育特征,钻进全程加入高强度架桥材料,利用鳞片状岩屑作为填充材料,达到钻井过程防漏与开发过程预防裂缝应力敏感性的效果,实现漏失控制—储层保护—增产增渗的一体化目标。

不同支撑剂组合方式下页岩导流能力实验评价

为了深入了解多粒径支撑剂组合条件下页岩储层导流能力的大小,依据达西定律,采用API支撑剂实验装置,评价分析不同支撑剂质量比例、粒径、铺砂浓度、类型、流体类型、岩性等对导流能力的影响。实验结果表明:随着闭合压力增加,各种支撑剂组合方式下的导流能力都有很大程度下降;相同条件下,铺砂浓度与导流能力呈正相关关系,覆膜砂的导流能力高于石英砂,清水条件下的导流能力高于破胶液,硬度高的页岩储层导流能力高于硬度低的页岩储层;70/140目陶粒+40/70目覆膜砂+30/50目覆膜砂支撑剂组合,在质量比为1∶6∶3时导流能力最优;在高闭合压力下,70/140目陶粒+40/70目覆膜砂+30/50目覆膜砂组合的导流能力,略高于70/140目陶粒+30/50目覆膜砂+20/40目覆膜砂支撑剂组合。可见,对于较软地层采用覆膜砂组合支撑剂,更有利于长期保持较高的导流能力;压裂液选用时更要注重压裂液配方的低伤害性,以提高导流能力。

基于油基钻屑制备压裂支撑剂的室内研究

针对热解析后脱油钻屑处理难和处理方式单一的问题,开展了将油基钻屑残渣制备成免烧压裂支撑剂的研究,研究了钻屑与水泥比、CMC添加量、石膏添加量和养护天数共4个因素对免烧压裂支撑剂性能影响。结果表明,在原料配比较优的情况下,制备工艺为钻屑水泥比0.67(质量比),石膏添加量为6%(质量分数),CMC添加量为4%(质量分数),养护时间28 d。该条件下制得的压裂支撑剂颗粒体积密度为1.47 g/cm^(3),视密度为2.52 g/cm^(3),35 MPa下颗粒破碎率为1.57%。经扫描电子显微镜与X射线衍射仪分析发现,此时压裂支撑剂内部结构致密,孔隙封闭,水化产物CaO·SiO_(2)·nH_(2)O凝胶和钙长石类物质有利于提高压裂支撑剂的综合物理性能。为脱油钻屑残渣利用提供新的方向。

深层页岩压裂多级裂缝内支撑剂运移与分布规律

深层页岩天然裂缝与层理缝发育,经体积改造后易形成“主缝+支缝+次微缝”的多级裂缝结构,但受高垂向应力和高水平应力差条件的影响,深层页岩压裂裂缝开度极窄且主次缝开度差异较大。为了明确多级裂缝内支撑剂运移机制与分布规律,搭建了大型可视化支撑剂输送实验系统,研究了泵注排量、液体黏度、支撑剂粒径、支撑剂浓度、裂缝特征参数对支撑剂运移与分布的影响规律,最后基于水电相似原理计算了裂缝整体导流能力并开展了评价分析。研究结果表明:①缝内支撑剂存在多种堆积模式,其形成由流体对支撑剂的携带能力决定;②支撑剂分流效率受多种因素影响,增大排量与减小支撑剂粒径均可提高分流效率;③多级裂缝内,增大排量与压裂液黏度均在一定程度上改善了支撑剂非均匀分布,但裂缝导流能力表现为先增大后减小;④综合支撑剂分流结果与多级裂缝内支撑剂分布规律,推荐坚持“大排量+低黏度”泵注思想,以保证大粒径支撑剂占比,适当混合小粒径支撑剂,构建“近井区高导流+远井区有支撑”的高导流裂缝体。结论认为,基于含多级裂缝的大型可视化支撑剂输送实验系统,全面系统研究了不同条件下多级裂缝内支撑剂运移与堆积的模式,研究成果可为深层页岩压裂泵注工艺参数设计与优化提供理论支撑。

压裂复杂裂缝中支撑剂输送数值模拟研究

在非常规储层水力压裂施工过程中,水力裂缝容易与天然裂缝交汇形成复杂裂缝,支撑剂的运移和铺置形态直接决定了储层的增产效果。为了研究支撑剂在复杂裂缝中的铺置规律,基于欧拉-欧拉方法建立了支撑剂-压裂液两相流数学模型,并利用复杂裂缝室内实验装置与数值模拟的砂堤铺置形态对比的方式进行了模型验证,结果表明,选取的模型可用于研究滑溜水在复杂裂缝内的携带支撑剂的运移铺置规律。以相似准则为基础,建立了简化的复杂裂缝平板模型,并将砂堤形态参数、砂堤面积进行归一化处理,获得了压裂液排量、黏度、支撑剂粒径、裂缝宽度以及裂缝形态对支撑剂在复杂裂缝中铺置的影响规律。结果表明:增大排量、黏度和减小粒径均有利于支撑剂向裂缝深处运移,并且排量对支缝中的砂堤形态影响最明显,但增大排量不利于支撑剂填充近井地带。缝宽的影响体现在壁面效应,在注入时间相同的情况下,当压裂液黏度从1 mPa·s增加到5 mPa·s时,主缝砂堤的归一化长度平均增加了37.9%,归一化高度平均降低了61.4%。裂缝结构越复杂,所有支缝中的支撑剂铺置面积占比越高,分流作用越大。随着复杂裂缝的支缝数量、级数以及支缝延伸长度的增大,支缝中的砂堤高度与长度均有所降低;相对于T1型裂缝,T3和T5型裂缝中的砂堤长度、高度减小最多。

基于结构稳定剂的支撑剂高效铺置技术

针对纤维在常规滑溜水中逸出量较高,难以与支撑剂形成纤维-支撑剂簇、作用效果有限等问题,开发出一种结构稳定剂,基于微观结构观察和性能评价室内实验,分析结构稳定剂作用下支撑剂的铺置机理及结构稳定剂对支撑剂铺置规模、裂缝导流能力等的影响。研究表明:结构稳定剂与聚合物、纤维、石英砂之间可形成稳定的纤维-支撑剂团簇,与单纯支撑剂相比,密度降低,体积增大,沉降过程中与液体的接触面积增大,浮力与曳力增加,沉降速度变缓,更易被流体携带进裂缝深处。将纤维及结构稳定剂随支撑剂一起泵入储层可降低纤维逸出率、增加支撑剂在滑溜水中占据的体积,大幅提高支撑剂铺置高度、输送距离及裂缝导流能力,降低支撑剂返排率。实验结果表明,结构稳定剂最佳质量分数为0.3%。致密气、页岩油、页岩气80井次的应用效果证实,结构稳定剂具有较好的适应性,基本能满足该类油气井的提产、降本和防砂需求。

海相页岩与陆相页岩体积压裂支撑剂敏感性差异机理探讨

页岩体积压裂是储层在地应力与致裂压力联合作用下形成天然裂缝与压裂裂缝相互交错的复杂缝网,现场实践表明这个复杂的缝网破裂演化过程中海相、陆相页岩储层对不同粒径的支撑剂注入具有明显的敏感性差异。通过海陆相页岩露头剖面地质调查、钻井取芯对比分析岩体结构性差异,分析海相、陆相页岩水平井水力压裂施工数据,结合位移间断边界元裂缝网络演化模拟(DFN),揭示海相与陆相页岩体积压裂支撑剂敏感性差异机理。结果表明:陆相页岩呈岩性互层结构,多种岩体结构面发育,具有高度的结构非均质性特征;在相似的工况条件下,支撑剂随高压流体注入陆相页岩储层地面采集压力波动幅度较大,支撑剂对陆相页岩敏感性强于对海相页岩敏感性;海相页岩与陆相页岩岩体结构性差异导致水力压裂过程中的起裂行为、拓展机制、缝网形态的差异化机制,天然裂隙、弱结构面越发育,相同注入条件下压裂液滤失量大缝内净压力越低,水力裂缝平均开度越小;天然裂隙与最大水平主应力夹角越大,水力裂缝沟通天然裂隙之后转向至最大水平主应力方向扩展,转向段裂缝开度越小,容易引起支撑剂聚集沉降,从而造成支撑剂敏感性强。该研究对陆相页岩储层压裂方案优化具有一定现实指导意义。