Development of ultra-narrow gap welding with constrained arc by flux band

Narrow gap welding has merits of lower residual stress and distortion, and superior mechanical properties of joints. A major problem of this process is the lack of fusion in sidewalls, hence many methods of weaving arc have been developed to increase heating effect of arc to the sidewalls. In this work, a new approach Without weaving arc is attempted to ensure the penetration of sidewall, and ultra-narrow gap welding with the gap of less than 5 mm was executed successfully. In this approach, the width of gap is decreased further, so that the sidewalls are made within range of arc heating to obtain the enough heat. In order to prevent the arc from being attracted by sidewall and going up along the sidewalls, two pieces of flux bands consisting of the specified aggregates are adhered to the sidewalls to constrain the arc. In addition, when flux band being heated by the arc, slag and gases are formed to shield the arc and the weld pool. This technique was tested on the welding experiment of pipeline steel with thickness of 20 mm. The involved welding parameters were obtained, that is, the width of gap is 4 mm, the welding current 250 A, and the heat input 0. 5 kJ/mm, the width of heat-affected zone is 1 -2 mm.

Weld formation and heating mechanism in ultra-narrow gap withconstricted arc by ultra-fine granular flux

Ultra-narrow gap welding （UNGW） process with high stabilization, reliability and without spatter can be achieved with constricted arc by molten slag wall, which is made from melted flux. The experiments are carried out by changing voltage under different currents. The results indicate voltage range being fit for UNGW is about 22 -31 V under the current range of 200 -320 A. With the increasing of voltage, weld formation of UNGW has the law of lack of fusion on sidewall, good weld and undercut in turn under a certain current. In addition, the action relationships among arc, molten slag wall and sidewalls can be improved by properly adjusting voltage and current of arc, which makes cathode spot properly distribute in ultra-narrow gap. Therefore, the effective control of weld formation of UNGW has been achieved.

Research on droplet transfer in oscillating arc narrow gap GMA welding

In this paper, the droplet transfer in oscillating arc narrow gap gas metal arc （ GMA ） welding was studied. According to the experimental results, the oscillating arc has effect on the droplet transfer mode. The droplet transfer frequency in narrow gap groove is higher than that in bead-on-plate welding. Because of the change of arc location in narrow gap groove, the droplet transfer in oscillating arc narrow gap changes regularly. The droplet transfer frequency near groove sidewall is higher than that at the middle of narrow gap groove.

The comparison of multi-layer narrow-gap laser and arc welding of S32101 duplex stainless steel

Multi-layer narrow-gap welding of thick S32101 duplex stainless steel was conducted using laser welding with beam wobble process.The phase transition,grain size,phase proportion and crystal texture of welded joint were also studied and compared with gas metal arc welding process.The microhardness and tensile strength were measured and fracture surface was analyzed to evaluate the mechanical properties of welded joints.The results showed that beam wobble technology improved the misalignment of laser beam and filler wire in narrow groove and helped to avoid incomplete fusion defects.Compared to arc welding process,the groove size and heat input were reduced,while welding efficiency was increased.The faster cooling rate and lower temperature gradient of laser wobble welding favored grain refinement,while the austenite content in weld zone decreased.Both the beam wobble and swing arc were conducive to stir weld pool,optimizing the weld microstructure and joint formation.The microstructural variance in various weld passes was caused by the heat input and heat dissipation ability.The microhardness of laser welded joint was lower,while the tensile strength and elongation percentage were higher.The fracture surface of arc welded joint was featured with shallower dimples and cleavage steps.

Characteristics of the electrode melting phenomena in narrow gap MAG high-rotating-speed arc welding

The influence of rotating speed on metal transfer and the wire metal speed was studied in the high rotating speed arc narrow gap welding.The results indicate that the high rotating speed arc has benefit on the metal transfer,and that with the rotating speed increasing,the droplet volume decreases.It is shown that the rotating speed has little influence on the wire metal speed with DC electrode positive polarity(DCEP),but the melting speed decreases with increasing of rotating speed in DC electrode negative polarity(DCEN).

RECALLABLE TRACKING TECHNIQUE FOR TOP WELD BEADS OF NARROW GAP SUBMERGED ARC WELDING

According to the wire and nozzle movement track in groove, the movement parameters of wire were memorized and recalled for the following top welds by using a single chip computer. In this paper, it was also discussed that the design problems of correcting deviation of wire movement track in narrow gap submerged arc welding process must be noticed in order to obtain the sound welding result.

Rotating arc horizontal narrow gap welding of high strength quenched and tempered steel

Rotating arc borizontal narrow gap welding of quenched ＆ tempered （Q＆T） steel was innovatively performed for solving the bottleneck that the molten pool sagged due to the gravity. The shapely multilayer single pass horizontal joint could be obtairzed by using the rotating are welding process. The cold crack was not observed in the joint without controlling the heat input and selecting the consumables intentionally. Microstructure of the joint could be divided into three zones： base metal zone （BMZ） , heat-affected zone （ HAZ） and weld zone （WZ）. Because of the characteristic of the rotating arc horizontal welding process, the defects in the joints were slag inclztsion formed at the interlayer of lower side wall. Tbe tensile strength and hardness of HAZ and WZ were larger than those of BMZ. The impact toughness in WZ, HAZ and BM at 0 % is equal to 11.5, 212 and 236 J, respectively.

Influence of arc pressure on the forming of molten pool in tungsten inert gas arc butt welding with micro gap for tantalum sheet

Arc pressure is the key influencing factor to forming of molten pool. Countering the characteristic of tungsten inert gas arc welding with micro gap for tantalum sheet, according to the fundament of arc physics, a distribution model of arc pressure and forming mechanism of molten pool with micro butt gap are proposed, and the influences of arc pressure on forming of molten pool are discussed. Experimental researches for the dynamic formation process of weld molten pool by using high-speed vidicon camera show that when butt gap is appropriate, that is from 0. 1 to 0. 15 mm, molten metals formed on two workpiece uplift and grow up first, then are fused and form uniform molten pool finally.

Metal transfer characteristics of tandem narrow gap GMAW for flat welding position

A series of experiments of tandem narrow gap GMAW for flat welding position were carried out. The arc behavior and metal transfer process were observed by a high-speed photography system. The effects of the welding parameters on the metal transfer were investigated. The results show that the arc behavior and metal transfer process of tandem narrow gap GMA W are different from these of bead-on-plate tandem GMA W. The arc behavior and metal transfer process are influenced by the distance between the two wires, the peak voltage, the pulse frequency and the peak time. With the increase of the distance between the two wires, the metal transfer mode gradually transforms from one pulse-multi droplets into one pulse-one droplet, and the average welding current increases. With the increase of the peak voltage, pulse frequency or peak time, the metal transfer mode transforms from one pulse-one droplet into one pulse-multi droplets, and the arc tends to occur between the wire and the sidewall.

A twin-electrode alternating current to direct current synergetic pulsed arc welding control method

A novel synergetic arc control method was used to control twin-electrode alternating current （ AC） to direct current （DC） pulsed arc welding and the mechanism of poor sidewall fusion in narrow gap welding was investigated. The synergetic arc control method easured that the arc voltage of DC welding source could switch in phase with the AC welding source. To test the reliability and operability of this method, a twin-electrode AC to DC pulsed arc welding system was set up and data was acquired through high-speed photography and electrical signal measurement system. The results show that the interactions between the two arcs can be controlled effectively and the control method is a sensitive and efficient control method.

摇动电弧窄间隙自由成形打底焊工艺研究

针对厚板坡口根部焊接难的问题,文中提出了一种采用摇动电弧的窄间隙坡口自由成形打底焊接方法,通过控制电弧做圆弧形轨迹摇动来调整电弧热分布,使焊接熔池自由凝固成形.进行了摇动电弧窄间隙自由成形打底焊接试验,研究了电弧摇动参数对打底焊缝自由成形的影响.结果表明:电弧摇动参数能显著影响打底焊缝自由成形,过小的摇动参数易使打底焊缝烧穿,适当增大电弧摇动参数可增强坡口侧壁与根部的熔透,过大的摇动参数会产生未焊透缺陷.

窄间隙P-GMAW仰焊位置熔滴过渡影响因素及控制方法

管道窄间隙全位置焊接过程中,在接近仰焊位置容易出现焊接缺陷,制约了管道施工的质量和效率.文中针对管道自动焊仰焊位置成形差、可靠性低的问题,分析P-GMAW过程送丝速度、弧长修正、导电嘴到熔池距离等因素对熔滴过渡的影响规律.结果表明,增加弧长修正系数可以增大电弧对侧壁的热输入,能够缓解侧壁熔合不良的问题,但会使熔滴过渡路径难以控制.因此当焊枪运动到仰焊位置时,提高送丝速度有利于获得更小的熔滴、更高的过渡频率;降低导电嘴到熔池距离,可以增加电磁力、减小熔滴尺寸,从而更有利于仰焊位置熔滴向熔池的过渡,研究结果对于管道窄间隙焊接的工艺设计具有一定的指导意义.

基于电弧声信号的窄间隙脉冲熔化极气体保护焊侧壁熔合状态在线识别

为在焊接过程中实时了解焊缝内部的焊接状况,构建了电弧声信号实时采集系统。在焊枪摆动中心处于不同位置的情况下,进行了电弧声信号特征与侧壁熔合状态的相关性分析。分别从时域与频域中提取了与侧壁熔合状态相关性较强的电弧声特征。为进一步提高熔合状态预测的有效性,采用电弧声特征参量构建了支持向量回归的侧壁熔合状态识别模型。为减小不良特征对识别模型的影响,显著提高模型的识别精度,采用遗传算法进行了参数寻优。参数寻优后模型的总体识别率达93.33%,实现了窄间隙侧壁熔合状态的有效识别。

辅丝对摇动电弧窄间隙GMA焊接温度场的影响

【目的】旨在建立主辅丝同步的摇动电弧窄间隙GMA焊温度场模型。【方法】从宏观传热学出发,综合考虑横断面几何形状特征、主丝和辅丝的运动及焊缝表面形状对电弧热流分布特征的影响,并利用ANSYS软件对不加辅丝和主辅丝同步摇动两种情况下的电弧瞬态温度场及热循环曲线进行了模拟计算。【结果】焊缝横断面的计算结果、测温特征点热循环曲线的计算结果,与试验结果接近。【结论】证明模型可以真实反映添加辅丝的摇动电弧的移动轨迹及分布特征,具有较高的准确性。不加辅丝时,焊缝横断面底部有明显“双峰”特征,主辅丝同步摇动时,“双峰”特征明显减弱。主辅丝同步摇动情况下的热影响区宽度略有增加。

P-GMAW起弧过程特征分析及稳定性判别方法

脉冲熔化极气体保护焊(pulsed gas metal arc welding,P-GMAW)起弧过程易产生不稳定现象,会严重影响电弧传感焊缝跟踪精度.针对这一问题,对摆动电弧窄间隙P-GMAW不稳定起弧过程的成因进行了研究,发现送丝速度对起弧过程稳定性具有重要影响.通过对电弧图像与电信号特征进行对比分析,提取了表征电弧稳定性的电信号特征变量;为减小变量冗余性和过拟合,采用最大似然估计法筛选并提取了8个变量,并通过主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)对变量进行融合,提取了方差贡献率最高的前两个主成分;根据因子载荷发现,相比熔滴过渡阶段和基值阶段,脉冲峰值阶段是电弧更易发生不稳定现象的阶段.结合提取的主成分变量与二分类Logistic回归模型建立了起弧过程电弧稳定性判别模型.通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线得到了模型的最佳阈值.结果表明,该模型对脉冲稳定性判别准确率达到了80%以上,表明模型具有良好的判别性能.该模型对提高窄间隙高低跟踪精度、保证焊接质量具有一定应用价值.

基于BP神经网络薄板P-PAW搭接的间隙自适应工艺参数优化

对大型LNG燃料薄膜舱中1.2 mm厚SUS304L不锈钢板薄板的搭接焊,存在的搭接间隙会带来焊缝成形不良等严重影响船舱安全性的问题。本文通过激光传感器检测搭接间隙变化,设计了不同的峰值电流和焊接速度在不同间隙下的工艺实验,研究了间隙对焊缝成形质量的影响机制;基于BP神经网络建立不同间隙下的脉冲等离子弧焊(P-PAW)的工艺参数和间隙及焊缝成形尺寸之间的拓扑关系模型,通过工艺实验获取模型的训练样本,实现了基于BP神经网络的间隙自适应工艺参数优化系统。结果表明,该系统实现了不同搭接间隙下进行实时工艺参数优化的功能,并对搭接间隙在0~0.6 mm变化时所带来的空洞等缺陷起到了有效的抑制作用,实现了良好的焊接成形一致性控制,提高了在LNG薄膜舱中不锈钢板焊接的自适应能力。

厚板窄间隙焊接技术研究现状与应用进展

窄间隙焊接技术已经成为现代工业生产中厚板结构的首选技术,其技术和经济优势决定了它是今后厚板焊接技术发展的主要方向之一,近年来随着科技工作者的不断探索和研发,相继涌现了多种窄间隙焊接方法,文中对电弧焊、激光焊和激光-电弧复合焊等窄间隙焊接制造技术进行了系统阐述,概述了不同热源窄间隙焊接制造过程中的焊接质量、焊接效率的影响因素,归纳了不同热源窄间隙焊的工艺特点及应用领域,结合国内外相关技术的发展现状,总结了窄间隙焊技术面临的问题,提出了后续的发展建议,为相关领域的科研工作者提供参考.

点环激光超窄间隙焊与电弧焊高强钢厚板组织性能对比研究

为消除激光超窄间隙焊易产生的侧壁熔合缺陷,开发了点环激光填丝焊工艺,利用中心点激光对焊丝加热,利用环激光对窄间隙坡口加热,完成30 mm厚10CrNi3MoV低合金高强钢的焊接,并与传统电弧焊接头开展组织和性能对比分析。结果表明,激光超窄间隙填丝焊接头焊缝区由针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体与少量的马氏体组成,电弧焊接头由针状铁素体和粒状贝氏体组成。激光焊的快速冷却特点使其焊缝组织较弧焊更加细小。激光焊接头热影响区由较多的铁素体和粒状贝氏体组织和较少的M-A组元组成,有利于接头性能的提高。激光超窄间隙填丝焊接头抗拉强度与电弧焊接头近似相当,但激光超窄间隙填丝焊接头具有更好的冲击韧性。

G115钢窄间隙自动氩弧焊焊接接头的组织与性能研究

采用窄间隙自动氩弧焊机焊接G115大口径厚壁管,借助金相显微镜对焊接接头的显微组织进行观察,应用拉伸、弯曲、冲击、硬度和残余应力测试等方法对接头的力学性能进行试验分析。结果表明:窄间隙氩弧焊接头显微组织均为回火马氏体,热影响区未发现显微裂纹缺陷,热影响区宽度仅为1.7mm。焊接接头强度性能良好,弯曲试验满足标准要求,冲击试验结果优良,最高硬度值249HV满足标准要求,焊接接头中残余应力的最大值位于焊缝中心,拉应力为278MPa,是母材屈服强度的52%。本研究的全位置窄间隙自动氩弧焊工艺,为G115钢的工程化应用奠定了坚实的技术基础。

窄间隙激光焊接研究现状与存在的问题

对于20 mm以上的厚板焊接传统上广泛采用窄间隙埋弧焊、窄间隙熔化极气体保护焊等方法,但其热输入大、变形大等特点限制了其发展。激光焊接具有能量集中、热影响区小、焊接变形小等优势,在厚板焊接方面有更大的优势。文中主要介绍了目前中厚板及厚板窄间隙激光焊接方法中常见的激光自熔焊、激光填丝焊和激光-电弧复合焊的技术特点及其研究现状,分析了窄间隙激光焊在实际应用中存在的问题,如焊接效率不足、热输入过大、焊后变形大、易产生未熔合等。激光-电弧复合焊接具有焊接效率高、熔敷效率高、焊接热损伤低等特点,是适合厚板焊接的方法之一。最后总结和展望了激光焊技术在中厚板制造领域的发展前景。