Dynamic response and failure process of horizontal-layered fractured structure rock slope under strong earthquake

Rock slope with horizontal-layered fractured structure(HLFS)has high stability in its natural state.However,a strong earthquake can induce rock fissure expansion,ultimately leading to slope failure.In this study,the dynamic response,failure mode,and spectral characteristics of rock slope with HLFS under strong earthquake conditions were investigated based on the large-scale shaking table model test.On this basis,multiple sets of numerical calculation models were further established by UDEC discrete element program.Five influencing factors were considered in the parametric study of numerical simulations,including slope height,slope angle,bedding-plane spacing and secondary joint spacing as well as bedrock dip angle.The results showed that the failure process of rock slope with HLFS under earthquake action is mainly divided into four phases,i.e.,the tensile crack of the slope shoulder joints and shear dislocation at the top bedding plane,the extension of vertical joint cracks and increase of shear displacement,the formation of step-through sliding surfaces and the instability,and finally collapse of fractured rock mass.The acceleration response of slopes exhibits elevation amplification effect and surface effect.Numerical simulations indicate that the seismic stability of slopes with HLFS exhibits a negative correlation with slope height and angle,but a positive correlation with bedding-plane spacing,joint spacing,and bedrock dip angle.The results of this study can provide a reference for seismic stability evaluation of weathered rock slopes.

Application of Horizontal Well Seismic Geo-Steering Technology in XX Block Development

During the development phase horizontal wells are very efficient way to improve the production in the deep coal bed methane. The 8# coal seam in the XX block on the eastern edge of the Ordos Basin has challenges such as deep burial depth (>2000 m), thin coal sweet spot (3 m), and significant short-distance structural fluctuations. The challenges caused a high risk of missing targets and running out of the target layers, as well as difficulties in cementing and completion due to uneven well trajectories. To address these challenges, this paper focuses on solving the issues through detailed precise geological modeling, optimized trajectory design, and accurate seismic geology Steerable Drilling. 1) Based on reasonable velocity field construction and Time-Depth transformation, a precise directional model is constructed using the layer-by-layer approximation principle with reference to marker layers, improving the accuracy of the target spot and avoiding premature or delayed entry into the target;2) Based on a precise geological model, the dip angle of the strata ahead and the development of sweet spots are clearly defined, enabling optimized trajectory design for horizontal wells;3) Using “1 + N” dynamic modeling to update the geological model in real-time during the drilling process, and actively guide the drill bit through the horizontal segment smoothly by using multi-information judgment of the drill bit position. The actual drilling of 80 completed horizontal wells in this area show: That this approach effectively ensures the smooth trajectory and high-quality drilling rate of the horizontal well in the coal seam, providing a basis for subsequent hydraulic fracturing and increasing single-well production. At the same time, it has certain potential value and significance for similar coalbed methane developments under similar geological conditions.

Horizontal structure of convergent wind shear associated with sporadic E layers over East Asia

At present,the main detection instruments for observing sporadic E(Es)layers are ground-based radars,dense networks of ground-based global navigation satellite system(GNSS)receivers,and GNSS radio occultation,but they cannot capture the whole picture of the horizontal structure of Es layers.This study employs the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension model(WACCM-X 2.1)to derive the horizontal structure of the ion convergence region(HSICR)to explore the shapes of the large-scale Es layers over East Asia for the period from June 1 to August 31,2008.The simulation produced the various shapes of the HSICRs elongated in the northwest-southeast,northeast-southwest,or composed of individual small patches.The close connection between Es layer critical frequency(foEs)and vertical ion convergence indicates that the HSICR is a good candidate for revealing and explaining the horizontal structure of the large-scale Es layers.

Restraint effect of partition wall on the tunnel floor heave in layered rock mass

The presence of horizontal layered rocks in tunnel engineering significantly impacts the stability and strength of the surrounding rock mass,leading to floor heave in the tunnel.This study focused on preparing layered specimens of rock-like material with varying thickness to investigate the failure behaviors of tunnel floors.The results indicate that thin-layered rock mass exhibits weak interlayer bonding,causing rock layers near the surface to buckle and break upwards when subjected to horizontal squeezing.With an increase in the layer thickness,a transition in failure mode occurs from upward buckling to shear failure along the plane,leading to a noticeable reduction in floor heave deformation.The primary cause of significant deformation in floor heave is upward buckling failure.To address this issue,the study proposes the installation of a partition wall in the middle of the floor to mitigate heave deformation of the rock layers.The results demonstrate that the partition wall has a considerable stabilizing effect on the floor,reducing the zone of buckling failure and minimizing floor heave deformation.It is crucial for the partition wall to be sufficiently high to prevent buckling failure and ensure stability.Through simulation calculations on an engineering example,it is confirmed that implementing a partition wall can effectively reduce floor heave and enhance the stability of tunnel floor.

Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger in Frozen Soil Layer

A simplified numerical model of heat transfer characteristics of horizontal ground heat exchanger (GHE) in the frozen soil layer is presented and the steady-state distribution of temperature field is simulated. Numerical results show that the frozen depth mainly depends on the soil′s moisture content and ambient temperature. The heat transfer loss of horizontal GHE tends to grow with the increase of the soil′s moisture content and the decrease of ambient temperature. Backfilled materials with optimal thermal conductivity can reduce the thermal loss effectively in the frozen soil. The applicability of the Chinese national standard “Technical Code for Ground Source Heat Pump (GB 50366-2005)” is verified. For a ground source heat pump project, the feasible layout of horizontal GHE should be determined based on the integration of the soil′s structure, backfilled materials, weather data, and economic analysis.

A rapid and accurate two-point ray tracing method in horizontally layered velocity model

A rapid and accurate method for two-point ray tracing in horizontally layered velocity model is presented in this paper. Numerical experiments show that this method provides stable and rapid convergence with high accuracies, regardless of various 1-D velocity structures, takeoff angles and epicentral distances. This two-point ray tracing method is compared with the pseudobending technique and the method advanced by Kim and Baag (2002). It turns out that the method in this paper is much more efficient and accurate than the pseudobending technique, but is only applicable to 1-D velocity model. Kim's method is equivalent to ours for cases without large takeoff angles, but it fails to work when the takeoff angle is close to 90°. On the other hand, the method presented in this paper is applicable to cases with any takeoff angles with rapid and accurate convergence. Therefore, this method is a good choice for two-point ray tracing problems in horizontally layered velocity model and is efficient enough to be applied to a wide range of seismic problems.

Similarity Solutions of Unsteady Mixed Convective Boundary Layer Flow of Viscous Incompressible Fluid along Isothermal Horizontal Plate

Unsteady mixed convective boundary layer flow of viscous incompressible fluid along isothermal horizontal plate is analyzed through Similarity Solutions. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using the similarity transformation and solved numerically along with shooting technique. The flow field for the fluid velocity, temperature and concentration at the plate surface are significantly influenced by the governing parameters such as unsteadiness parameter, permeability parameter, Prandtl number, Schmidt number and the other driving parameters. The results show that both fluid velocity and temperature decrease but no significant effect on concentration for the increasing values of Prandtl number. It is also exposed that velocity and concentration is higher at lower Schmidt number for low Prandtl fluid. Finally, the dependency of the Skin-friction co-efficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number, which are of physical interest, are also illustrated in tabular form for the governing parameters.

Study on Electrical Potential by Buried Source Electrode within the Horizontally Layered Half-space Model

The paper first studies the analytical expression of electrical potential by a point current source in a uniform half-space medium,and then focuses on the distribution of electrical potential in a horizontally layered half-space model by a point current source within the surface layer or the bottom layer.Finally,the electrical potential by a source electrode in any layer of a layered half-space model is presented.

Study on Characteristics of Underground Horizontal Electric Field Caused by Lightning Return Stroke Based on FDTD Method

Based on the MTLL lightning return stroke model,a two-dimensional cylindrical finite-difference time-domain( FDTD) model for underground horizontal electric field was established,and the effects of distance from lightning channel,depth,soil electrical conductivity and its distribution,and return stroke current on the characteristics of underground horizontal electric field were analyzed. The results showed that as long as the electrical conductivity of soil existed,the peak of underground horizontal electric field decreased with the increase in the horizontal distance from lightning channel. When the electrical conductivity of the upper soil was much smaller than that of the lower soil,the peak of corresponding horizontal electric field was larger than the electric field peak as the electrical conductivity of the upper soil was larger than that of the lower soil. When the electrical conductivity of the upper soil was less than that of the lower soil,the growth and decay of the horizontal electric field were faster than the growth and decay as the electrical conductivity of the upper soil was larger than that of the lower soil.

Horizontal convection in a rectangular enclosure driven by a linear temperature profile

The horizontal convection in a square enclosure driven by a linear temperature profile along the bottom boundary is investigated numerically by using a finite difference method.The Prandtl number is fixed at 4.38,and the Rayleigh number Ra ranges from107 to 1011.The convective flow is steady at a relatively low Rayleigh number,and no thermal plume is observed,whereas it transits to be unsteady when the Rayleigh number increases beyond the critical value.The scaling law for the Nusselt number Nu changes from Rossby’s scaling Nu~Ra^(1/5)in a steady regime to Nu~Ra^(1/4)in an unsteady regime,which agrees well with the theoretically predicted results.Accordingly,the Reynolds number Re scaling varies from Re~Ra^(3/11)to Re~Ra^(2/5).The investigation on the mean flows shows that the thermal and kinetic boundary layer thickness and the mean temperature in the bulk zone decrease with the increasing Ra.The intensity of fluctuating velocity increases with the increasing Ra.

绕墙底转动模式下装配式挡土墙土压力研究

墙背土压力分布及大小是装配式挡土墙设计的关键依据。设计并开展新型装配式混凝土挡土墙现场试验,研究挡土墙在加载条件下的位移模式和土压力分布规律。以现场试验为原型,建立无黏性填土、墙背倾斜且粗糙的挡土墙理论计算模型,同时考虑挡土墙位移模式与大小、土拱效应和土层间剪应力的影响,采用水平层分析法推导了绕墙底转动(RB)模式下挡土墙的土压力计算公式。结果表明:①该装配式挡土墙整体性能良好,绕墙底刚性转动。在RB模式下,墙顶处土体最先达到主动极限状态,土体从上至下逐渐达到极限状态;任意深度处的土体位移S_(c)达到7 mm时将达到极限状态,即S_(c)=0.16%H(H为墙高)。②本文理论解与试验值吻合较好,计算公式可用于求解挡土墙绕墙底转动过程中的土压力分布及大小。③随着挡土墙转动幅度的增大,土压力分布曲线凹向逐渐明显,土压力合力作用点高度呈现先降低后回升的现象;挡土墙转动角度η=0.007 rad为挡土墙达到主动状态的临界值。

大庆致密储层水平井密切割穿层提产增效压裂试验

大庆致密油储层为陆相沉积,主要发育有扶余和高台子油层。扶余油层存在单井产量低、采出程度低、产量递减快等问题,同时扶余油层水平井钻出层情况比较普遍;某区块完钻20口井,其中11口井平均砂岩钻遇率仅40.7%,常规压裂储量损失大。为此,开展大庆致密油储层水平井密集切割穿层压裂提产增效试验,提高储量动用程度,实现井筒的立体改造;开展钻遇储层段密集切割+钻出层段穿层压裂优化设计,优化储层段簇距9.0~10.5 m,穿层段簇距20~24 m,根据致密油穿层标准优化参数,优选伽马值低、储隔层应力差值低、隔层厚度小的位置进行穿层压裂布缝,同时应用压前测试压裂诊断和现场施工控制技术,保证穿层成功率,优选一体化滑溜水压裂液体系,保证基质到裂缝、裂缝到井筒油气流通全通道的畅通,大幅降低储层伤害和施工成本。

层状地基中楔形桩水平向非线性振动响应分析

楔形桩是一种集施工简便、承载力高等特点的新型路基处理桩型。为进一步完善楔形桩水平振动分析理论以推广其在工程中的应用,基于动力Winkler地基理论,建立楔形桩-土体水平耦合振动非线性分析模型,针对水平简谐荷载作用下层状地基中的楔形桩水平动力响应问题展开研究,并探讨不同桩身长径比对桩土分段的敏感性,研究楔形角和土体分层特性参数对楔形桩水平向非线性动力响应的规律。结果表明:随着楔形角或桩侧土体模量的增大,楔形桩水平动力特性均会得到显著改善;等体积条件下保持桩端半径不变改变桩长较保持桩长不变改变桩端半径时水平动力性能表现更好;桩侧上层土体性质变化对桩顶动力响应影响更加显著。

地震波斜入射下水平成层覆盖层地基波动输入研究

覆盖层具有土体动力非线性和结构成层特征,地震波斜入射下覆盖层地基自由场计算难度增大、人工边界吸能能力受到限制,制约了地震波动输入精度和应用。以水平成层覆盖层为研究对象,引入势函数理论,构建了地震波斜入射下顶层幅值矩阵与任意层幅值矩阵之间的动态传递关系,获得土体时域应变;基于二维应变状态理论,采用等效线性化法反映土体动力非线性,建立了地震波斜入射下非线性水平成层覆盖层地基自由场解析计算方法。利用作者发展的非线性黏弹性人工边界单元模拟远域辐射阻尼效应,近场波动分析中边界单元参数随内层土体单元动剪应变变化,边界单元吸能能力达到最优。结合解析自由场转换得到的等效输入荷载,建立了适用于地震波斜入射下非线性水平成层覆盖层地基地震波动输入方法。该方法能够依据深部斜入射波和地表地震动实现覆盖层地基波动输入,依据地表地震动实现波动输入是避免了通过基底地震动正演自由场等过程。研究了弹性水平双层和非线性水平多层覆盖层地基地震响应,结果表明,波动输入计算获得位移和应力均与解析解有较高拟合度,计算精度高,可为水平成层覆盖层地基上土石坝地震响应研究提供基础。

水平井蒸汽驱蒸汽腔均衡发育主控因素研究

海上M区块为薄层稠油油藏,采用水平井蒸汽驱开发,蒸汽腔发育受到先期井网和后期优渗通道影响。为此,基于数值模拟法,以突进系数为评价指标,分析原油黏度、地层倾角、平面渗透率级差、注入温度、注汽速度、注入干度、采注比对水平井蒸汽驱蒸汽腔均衡发育的影响,基于分析结果引入变异系数S作为评价指标,以表征突进系数在研究范围内的敏感程度,研究表明,影响薄层稠油水平井蒸汽驱蒸汽腔均衡发育的主控因素为:采注比、注入干度、地层倾角,可根据各主控因素对蒸汽腔均衡发育的影响,对水平井蒸汽驱开发设计进行优化。

水平层状海底Scholte波频散特性

海底Scholte波沿着海底流—固界面传播,具有典型的频散特性。Scholte波的频散特性可以反演海底浅层的横波速度,是海底横波速度建模的有效手段。建立准确的Scholte波频散理论模型至关重要。根据真实海水—海底环境建立水平层状海水—海底弹性模型,并利用边界应力和位移连续性条件推导了该模型的Scholte波频散方程及位移方程。分析了海水深度和海底物性参数对Scholte波频散特性的影响,6层海水—海底模型实验结果表明:①无论是硬海底还是软海底,Scholte波都具有明显的频散特性,硬海底Scholte波能量主要集中在海水中,基阶能量最弱,2阶能量最强,随着海水深度增加,Scholte波频散特性减弱;软海底模型固体海底的Scholte波能量明显增强,此时海水深度对Scholte波频散特性影响很小。②相比于深海环境,浅海Scholte波能量更强,频散特征更明显,因此在浅海环境利用Scholte波反演海底浅层横波速度的精度和可信度更高。最后,基于东海某工区的实际海底弹性地质模型模拟海底多分量地震数据并从中提取频散曲线,与理论计算的频散曲线进行对比分析,二者的频散曲线吻合很好,验证了所提理论方法的正确性。

深层页岩气水平井双层靶体优选及效益评估

川南泸州地区五峰组—龙马溪组深层(>3500 m)页岩气富集,为保障页岩气增产稳产的开发目标,需要实现龙一1亚段页岩气的立体动用。利用岩芯、测井及生产等资料,对研究区深层页岩气地层开展了储层特征、储层品质定量化评价及压裂高度模拟等方面的研究,结合储层品质定量化评价和压裂高度模拟建立了一种深层页岩气水平井双层靶体智能优选及效益评估方法。研究结果表明:1)龙一_(1)亚段由深到浅整体物性变差,龙一_(1)^(1)—龙一_(1)^(3)小层以Ⅰ类甜点为主,龙一_(1)^(4)小层以Ⅱ类甜点为主,厚度达40余米。2)深层页岩气储层水平井靶体智能优选方法可快速得到两套靶体优选的深度、甜点品质、压裂高度和水平井靶体效益评估Q值等信息。3)第一套靶体效益评估的平面优势区域与目前产量高的井区相符合,结合龙一_(1)^(4)小层的靶体效益评估Q值和部分已建立第二套靶体水平井的实际产量,认为川南深层页岩气储层第二套靶体具有一定的开发价值和潜力,且明确了两套靶体平面上的优势区域,为深层页岩气储层双层靶体的规模化实现及产量预测提供了依据。

利用长水平井实现超薄层未动用储量有效开发——以下二门油田梨树凹区块为例

泌阳凹陷下二门油田梨树凹区块受有效厚度薄、含油层位单一、储层物性差、单井产量低等因素限制,探明储量动用程度低,开发效果差。为提高该区储量动用程度,积极推广应用水平井开发技术,通过加强油藏地质综合研究,进一步落实了可动用潜力;地质工程一体化实施过程中,通过多靶点+近钻头方位伽马技术严控水平段轨迹,提高了储层及油层钻遇符合率;通过优化射孔井段,提高了单井产量,逐步形成了一套适合河南油田薄层油藏长水平井开发技术。现场实施结果表明,水平井实钻水平段长达892 m,储层钻遇符合率为100%,油层钻遇符合率为91.4%,初期日产油14.1 t。该区块水平井的成功实施,为超薄层油藏挖潜技术指出方向,对河南油田未动用储量的有效开发具有一定的指导意义。

层状地基中海洋大直径管桩水平动力响应分析

考虑桩−海水−层状土相互作用,研究了水平动荷载作用下层状地基中海洋大直径管桩的动力响应特性。将海水视为无黏性可压缩流体介质建立桩周、桩芯海水的运动方程,通过分离变量法并结合海水的边界条件求得桩周、桩芯海水作用在管桩上的动水压力。将海床土体视为黏弹性介质并考虑其成层非均质性,利用微分变化并结合土体振动边界条件解得桩周、桩芯土体作用在管桩上的水平抗力。进而根据各桩段上水平力的平衡建立管桩控制方程,利用传递矩阵法并结合桩身的连续条件以及桩顶、桩底的边界条件,得到层状海床土中海洋大直径管桩的水平动力响应解析解,给出了桩顶位移解析表达式。将所得解与有限元模拟结果以及退化解与已有文献解进行对比,验证了本研究计算方法的合理性。并基于所得解分析了管桩−海水−层状土系统水平动力响应对动水压力、水深、土体模量、土层厚度等关键参数的敏感性。

层状地基土水平抗力比例系数反演的杂交粒子群算法

土的水平抗力比例系数是基坑支护结构变形计算的重要参数,针对层状地基土中水平抗力比例系数反演的多目标优化问题,结合支护结构水平位移实测值和杆系有限元法,提出基于粒子群算法(PSO)的层状地基土水平抗力比例系数反分析法。给出水平抗力比例系数和目标函数精度双控的反演计算收敛条件和水平抗力比例系数最优解稳定条件。在利用基坑工程数值模型验证反演参数准确性基础上,运用工程实例进一步验证杂交粒子群算法(breedPSO)在水平抗力比例系数反演计算中的适用性。对比分析优化方法的计算效率和反演参数的收敛特性。结果表明:杂交粒子群算法具有更高的计算效率和计算精度,为合理反演水平抗力比例系数提供了有效途径。