Theoretical analysis of ultra-short pulsed laser ablation of SiO_2 material based on a Coulomb explosion model

Based on the kinetic theoretical Vlasov-Poisson equation, a surface Coulomb explosion model of SiO2 material induced by ultra-short pulsed laser radiation is established. The non-equilibrium free electron distribution resulting from the two mechanisms of multi-photon ionization and avalanche ionization is computed. A quantitative analysis is given to describe the Coulomb explosion induced by the self-consistent electric field, and the impact of the parameters of laser pulses on the surface ablation is also discussed. The results show that the electron relaxation time is not constant, but it is related to the microscopic state of the electrons, so the relaxation time approximation is not available on the femtosecond time scale. The ablation depths computed by the theoretical model are in good agreement with the experimental results in the range of pulse durations from 0 to 1 ps.

Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Manufacturing and Surface Processing of Microdevices

Ultra-short laser pulses possess many advantages for materials processing.Ultrafast laser has a significantly low thermal effect on the areas surrounding the focal point;therefore,it is a promising tool for micro-and submicro-sized precision processing.In addition,the nonlinear multiphoton absorption phenomenon of focused ultra-short pulses provides a promising method for the fabrication of various structures on transparent material,such as glass and transparent polymers.A laser direct writing process was applied in the fabrication of high-performance three-dimensional(3D)structured multilayer microsupercapacitors(MSCs)on polymer substrates exhibiting a peak specific capacitance of 42.6 mF·cm^-2 at a current density of 0.1 mA·cm^-12.Furthermore,a flexible smart sensor array on a polymer substrate was fabricated for multi-flavor detection.Different surface treatments such as gold plating,reducedgraphene oxide(rGO)coating,and polyaniline(PANI)coating were accomplished for different measurement units.By applying principal component analysis(PCA),this sensing system showed a promising result for flavor detection.In addition,two-dimensional(2D)periodic metal nanostructures inside 3D glass microfluidic channels were developed by all-femtosecond-laser processing for real-time surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS).The processing mechanisms included laser ablation,laser reduction,and laser-induced surface nano-engineering.These works demonstrate the attractive potential of ultra-short pulsed laser for surface precision manufacturing.

Wavelength tunable ultra-short pulses based on a flat broadband spectrum generated in a nonlinear ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier

We present a nonlinear ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier based on enhanced nonlinear effects that can produce a flat broadband spectrum ranging from 1050–1225 nm with a maximum average output power of 7.8 W at 14 W pump power.Its repetition rate is 89 MHz. Using a pair of gratings and two knife edges as a filter, wavelength tunable picosecond pulses of tens to hundreds of milliwatts can be obtained in the broadband spectrum range. The output power, pulse width, and spectrum（center wavelength and linewidth） are adjusted by tuning the distance of the grating pair and/or the knife edges.Fixing the distance between the two gratings at 15 mm and keeping the output spectrum linewidth at approximately 20 nm,the shortest pulse width obtained is less than 1 ps centered at 1080 nm. The longest wavelength of the short pulses is around1200 nm, and its output power and pulse width are 40 m W and 5.79 ps, respectively. The generation of a flat broadband spectrum is also discussed in this paper.

A review on glass welding by ultra-short laser pulses

Glass welding by ultra-short pulsed(USP)lasers is a piece of technology that offers high strength joints with hermetic sealing.The joints are typically formed in glass that is transparent to the laser by exploiting nonlinear absorption effects that occur under extreme conditions.Though the temperature reached during the process is on the order of a few 1000°C,the heat affected zone(HAZ)is confined to only tens of micrometers.It is this controlled confinement of the HAZ during the joining process that makes this technology so appealing to a multitude of applications because it allows the foregoing of a subsequent tempering step that is typically essential in other glass joining techniques,thus making it possible to effectively join highly heat sensitive components.In this work,we give an overview on the process,development and applications of glass welding by USP lasers.

Generation of time-dependent ultra-short optical pulse trains in the presence of self-steepening effect

Starting from the extended nonlinear Schrodinger equation in which the self-steepening effect is included, the evolution and the splitting processes of continuous optical wave whose amplitude is perturbed into time related ultra-short optical pulse trains in an optical fibre are numerically simulated by adopting the split-step Fourier algorithm. The results show that the self-steepening effect can cause the characteristic of the pulse trains to vary with time, which is different from the self-steepening-free case where the generated pulse trains consist of single pulses which are identical in width, intensity, and interval, namely when pulses move a certain distance, they turn into the pulse trains within a certain time range. Moreover, each single pulse may split into several sub-pulses. And as time goes on, the number of the sub-pulses will decrease gradually and the pulse width and the pulse intensity will change too. With the increase of the self-steepening parameter, the distance needed to generate time-dependent pulse trains will shorten. In addition, for a large self-steepening parameter and at the distance where more sub-pulses appear, the corresponding frequency spectra of pulse trains are also wider.

Taper Angle Correction in Cutting of Complex Micro-mechanical Contours with Ultra-Short Pulse Laser

The objective of this work was to investigate the possibility of taper angle correction in cutting of complex micro-mechanical contours using a TruMicro ultra-short pulse laser in combination with the SCANLAB precSYS micro machining sub system. In a first step, the influence of the process parameters on the kerftaper angle of metallic alloys was systematically investigated without beam inclination. A set of base parameters was derived for the subsequent investigations. In a second step, the kerftaper angle was controlled by static beam inclination. In a third step, the same optics was used in its dynamic precession mode to fabricate micro-mechanical components of complex contours with perpendicular 0~ taper angles. It was found that taper angle adjustments of up to 7.5~ are possible with the used setup for cutting applications. Taper angle control is possible both in the static beam inclination mode and in the dynamic precession mode. The static mode could be interesting for contours with sharp inner radii and for achieving faster cutting times similar to results with fixed optics, but would require excellent synchronization of beam inclination and axis motion. The dynamic precession mode would allow an easier integration of the optics into a laser machine but will result in longer cutting times and limitations with respect to achievable inner radii.

Study on Ultra-Short Laser Pulse Ablation of Metals by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The dynamical progresses involved in ultra-short laser pulse ablation of face-centered cubic metals under stress confinement condition are described completely using molecular dynamics method. The laser beam absorption and thermal energy turning into kinetics energy of. atoms are taken into account to give a detailed picture of laser metal interaction. Superheating phenomenon is observed, and the phase change from solid to liquid is characterized by a destroyed atom configuration and a decreased number density. The steep velocity gradients are found in the systems of Cu and Ni after pulse in consequence of located heating and exponential decrease of fluences following the Lambert-Beer expression. The shock wave velocities are predicted to be about 5 000 m/s in Cu and 7 200 m/s in Ni. The higher ablation rates are obtained from simulations compared with experimental data as a result of a well-defined crystalline surface irradiated by a single pulse. Simulation results show that the main mechanisms of ablation are evaporation and thermoelastic stress due to located heating.

Cooling rate calibration and mapping of ultra-short pulsed laser modifications in fused silica by Raman and Brillouin spectroscopy

This paper focuses on the preparation of a new extended set of calibrations of cooling rate(fictive temperature)in fused silica determined by inelastic light scattering and its subsequent use to characterize the local cooling rate distribution in ultra-short pulsed(USP)laser modification.In order to determine the thermal history(e.g.cooling rate and fictive temperature)of fused silica,high-resolution inelastic light-scattering experiments(Raman and Brillouin spectroscopy)were investigated.Calibrations were performed and compared to the existing literature to quantify structural changes due to a change of fictive temperature.Compared to existing calibrations,this paper provides an extension to lower and higher cooling rates.Using this new set of calibrations,we characterized a USP laser modification in fused silica and calculated the local fictive temperature distribution.An equation relating the fictive temperature(Tf)to cooling rates is given.A maximum cooling rate of 3000 K min-1 in the glass transition region around 1200℃ was deduced from the Raman analysis.The Brillouin observations are sensitive to both the thermal history and the residual stress.By comparing the Raman and Brillouin observations,we extracted the local residual stress distribution with high spatial resolution.For the first time,combined Raman and Brillouin inelastic light scattering experiments show the local distribution of cooling rates and residual stresses(detailed behavior of the glass structure)in the interior and the surrounding of an USP laser modified zone.

Effect of Lorentz local field correction on propagation of ultrashort laser pulse in one-dimensional para-nitroaniline (PNA) molecules

This paper investigates the effect of Lorentz local field correction （LFC） on the propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in a para-nitroaniline molecular medium under resonant and nonresonant conditions by solving numerically the full-wave Maxwell-Bloch equations beyond slowly-varying envelope approximation and rotating-wave approximation. The effect of the LFC is considerably obvious when pulses with large areas propagate in the dense molecular medium. In the case of resonance, the group velocity of the sub-pulses split from the incident pulse along propagation is severely decreased by the LFC, especially for the latest sub-pulse. However, in the case of nonresonance, the influence of the LFC on the temporal evolution of the pulse is less obvious and lacks homogeneity with an increase in incident pulse area, propagation distance and molecular density.

Dynamics of cooperative emissions in a cascade three-level molecular system driven by an ultrashort laser pulse

This paper investigates the dynamics of cooperative emissions in a cascade three-level system driven by an ultra, short laser pulse by solving numerically the full-wave Maxwell-Bloch equations. The 4, 4＇-bis（dimethylamino） stilbene molecule is used as the model molecule because of its strong two-photon absorption property. The two-colour cooperative emissions are studied as functions of molecular number density and dephasing rate of the dipole coherence. The propagation effects on the evolution of the cooperative radiations are also taken into account. The cooperative radiations are enhanced for large number density of the molecule, while the fast dephasing of the dipole coherence reduces the intensity of the cooperative radiations and delays the emission times or even inhibits the formation of the emissions. The delay time of the radiation decreases with the increase of the molecular number density and the propagation distance.

Features of Excitation of a Two-Level System by Short Nonresonance Laser Pulses

This paper is devoted to theoretical investigation of characteristic features arising during excitation by short nonresonance laser pulses. The treatment is made within the applicability of perturbation is given to the dependence of total excitation probability from eigenfrequency of TLS. Various laser pulse shapes of TLS on the pulse duration for different detuning are considered. two-level system （TLS） approach. Main attention of carrier laser frequency

Distortions in focusing laser pulses due to spatio-temporal couplings:an analytic description

In ultra-short laser pulses,small changes in dispersion properties before the final focusing mirror can lead to severe pulse distortions around the focus and therefore to very different pulse properties at the point of laser±matter interaction,yielding unexpected interaction results.The mapping between far-and near-field laser properties intricately depends on the spatial and angular dispersion properties as well as the focal geometry.For a focused Gaussian laser pulse under the influence of angular,spatial and group-delay dispersion,we derive analytical expressions for its pulse-front tilt,duration and width from a fully analytic expression for its electric field in the time±space domain obtained with scalar diffraction theory.This expression is not only valid in and near the focus but also along the entire propagation distance from the focusing mirror to the focus.Expressions relating angular,spatial and group-delay dispersion before focusing at an off-axis parabola,where they are well measurable,to the respective values in the pulse’s focus are obtained by a ray tracing approach.Together,these formulas are used to show in example setups that the pulse-front tilts of lasers with small initial dispersion can become several tens of degrees larger in the vicinity of the focus while being small directly in the focus.The formulas derived here provide the analytical foundation for observations previously made in numerical experiments.By numerically simulating Gaussian pulse propagation and measuring properties of the pulse at distances several Rayleigh lengths off the focus,we verify the analytic expressions.

基于数字孪生的承压设备安全监测与预警技术研究

数字孪生作为一种新型可视化现实模拟技术,不仅能够对氨制冷承压设备通过仿真等手段实现在线监测,还能从繁杂的管道和设备中筛出历次检验周期中存在异常的设备及相应处理结果,制定有效的检验方案。笔者单位首次将数字孪生技术运用到检验工作中,搭配自主研发的脉冲涡流检测设备,与红外成像和声学检测设备结合使用,监测设备的参数及使用情况,提升了检验效率,对特种设备安全使用与监测有一定的实践意义。

宽光谱多参数激光告警探测研究

随着激光技术的发展,激光武器得到了快速发展,针对来袭激光的威胁,激光告警也成为目前各国发展的重点,不同的激光告警系统探测不同的参数,根据告警参数采取相应的躲避和反击措施;目前激光告警主要探测参数有来袭激光方位角、俯仰角、激光波长、激光脉冲宽度等,但现有激光告警系统无法实现多参数的同时探测,且光谱范围窄、视场小、探测俯仰角和方位角为相对角度、无法获得绝对来袭方向。为此本文提出宽光谱波段、大视场、多参数激光告警新方法,可实现450~1700 nm宽光谱来袭激光波长、绝对方位角、绝对俯仰角、脉冲宽度多参数的高精度综合测量,该方法主要由激光脉冲宽度测量、绝对角度及激光波长测量、控制及数据处理三大部分组成。其中脉冲宽度测量模块由光学镜头、多带通窄带滤光片、高速光电探测器组成,实现来袭脉冲激光的高速光电转换;绝对角度及激光波长测量模块由光栅、大视场宽波段消色差镜头、多带通窄带滤光片、宽波段面阵探测器、三维电子罗盘组成,通过一级和零级衍射光斑位置获得来袭激光波长、相对方位角和相对俯仰角信息,结合三维电子罗盘测得的方位角、俯仰角以及横滚角,进而获得来袭激光的三维绝对方位角和绝对俯仰角。多带通窄带滤光片主要是根据常用几个军用激光波长进行选通滤光,有效滤除背景光的影响,降低系统虚警、漏警。理论分析推导具体测量方法和参数,设计宽光谱多参数激光告警探测系统样机,并进行实验可行性验证。实验结果表明,该系统的方位角视场120°、俯仰角视场96°、角度测量精度优于1°、中心波长测量精度优于10 nm、脉宽测量精度优于3 ns。该技术将为海、陆、空、天领域对来袭激光的高精度多参数综合探测奠定基础,有望提高复杂战场的生存能力。

基于STFT-FRFT的声纳脉冲信号实时检测和参数估计

声纳脉冲参数是分辨目标的重要信息来源,在进行目标识别时可以将目标发射的声纳脉冲参数作为一项重要的识别特征,因此正确检测和估计声纳脉冲参数具有重要意义。为解决水下未知声纳脉冲信号实时检测和参数估计的难题,提出了基于短时傅里叶变换(Short Time Fourier Transform,STFT)和分数阶傅里叶变换(Fractional Fourier Transformation,FRFT)相结合的算法(STFT-FRFT)。STFT-FRFT首先对未知信号采用短时傅里叶变换算法和自适应门限设置算法进行脉冲实时预警。脉冲预警后获取未知脉冲的起始位置和截止位置,然后截取本段信号采用分数阶傅里叶变换算法进行脉冲参数估计。理论研究及数据分析表明,此算法不仅可以保证信号检测的实时性,而且能准确估计出声纳脉冲信号的脉宽、中心频率、调频宽度和周期等参数,为后期目标分类识别提供依据。

一种多波长多编码合束输出的新型激光源研究

为了模拟复杂条件下的激光威胁源,设计了一种基于多波长多编码合束输出的新型激光产生装置,用于检测相应的激光告警设备。采用3路波长分别为650 nm、808 nm和905 nm的激光,以STC8H单片机为核心构成编码模块,输出调制后的编码激光,通过二向分色镜将3路激光光束合成一束出射,进行了理论分析和实验验证。结果表明,合束的脉冲激光能量最高达到2.45 mJ,光束直径为6 mm,频率调制精度达到0.5 Hz,占空比调制精度达到0.1%;该装置能够实现携带不同编码信息的、不同波长的激光合束出射。该研究为激光告警设备提供了一种新的检测装置,对检测手段的改进有一定的参考意义。

Demonstration of a petawatt-scale optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier based on yttrium calcium oxyborate

As optical parametric chirped pulse amplification has been widely adopted for the generation of extreme intensity laser sources,nonlinear crystals of large aperture are demanded for high-energy amplifiers.Yttrium calcium oxyborate(YCa_(4)O(BO_(3))_(3),YCOB)is capable of being grown with apertures exceeding 100 mm,which makes it possible for application in systems of petawatt scale.In this paper,we experimentally demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge,an ultra-broadband non-collinear optical parametric amplifier with YCOB for petawatt-scale compressed pulse generation at 800 nm.Based on the SG-II 5 PW facility,amplified signal energy of approximately 40 J was achieved and pump-to-signal conversion efficiency was up to 42.3%.A gain bandwidth of 87 nm was realized and supported a compressed pulse duration of 22.3 fs.The near-field and wavefront aberration represented excellent characteristics,which were comparable with those achieved in lithium triborate-based amplifiers.These results verified the great potential for YCOB utilization in the future.

多功能微型电动吸痰器在危重患者院内转运中的有效性

目的 探讨一种多功能微型电动吸痰器在危重患者院内转运的有效性。方法 研究对象选取2022年6月至2022年11月首都医科大学门头沟教学医院急诊科需要转运的228例危重患者,采用随机分配法将患者纳入试验组(n=114)与对照组(n=114),试验组采用多功能微型电动吸痰器为患者吸痰,对照组采用50 mL注射器连接吸痰管进行吸痰。对比两组患者经吸痰治疗后单位时间内经皮脉搏血氧饱和度(percutaneous pulse oxygen saturation,SpO_(2))升高数值与吸痰有效时间。结果 试验组患者经吸痰治疗后3 min、5 min的SpO_(2)升高数值明显高于对照组(P<0.05),吸痰有效时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 多功能微型电动吸痰器具有吸痰效果好及吸痰有效时间短等优势,在院内患者转运过程中可替代旧式手动式吸痰器,值得在临床中推广使用。

Ultra-Short Pulse Tracking by Using Wavelength Dispersion for a Short-Time Optical Buffer

To synchronize a control signal with a packet signal in response to changing timing jitter, we investigate ultra-short pulse tracking by using wavelength dispersion for a short-time optical buffer in an optical router.

激光告警系统中小型静态傅里叶变换光谱仪的研究

相干激光告警接收机较光谱识别型激光告警接收机有着不可比拟的优点,在相干激光告警中实时可靠地获取敌方来袭激光的光谱细节具有重要意义。文章介绍的基于等效斜楔干涉具和线阵CCD的小型静态傅里叶变换光谱仪,是相干激光告警接收机的重要组成部分,其光学部分由一个等效斜楔干涉具和柱面镜组成,内部不含扫描部件,具有体积小、成本低、结构简单、性能稳定、光谱检测速度快等优点,可以满足脉宽大于等于10 ns脉冲激光信号光谱高速探测的要求。该光谱仪波长范围从400到1 100 nm,波长分辨率小于10 nm。文中详细介绍了该光谱仪的设计方法和关键光学元件的设计原理,进行了相关的性能分析,构建了实验系统,应用该实验系统对7个中心波长分别为635,650 nm等的半导体激光器进行了光谱测试,并将测试结果与使用日本Advantest公司的Q8344A型光谱仪测得的结果进行了比较,得到中心波长平均误差为0.269 nm,绝对平均误差为0.919 nm。波长分辨率最小为1.170 nm,最大为8.845 nm,且有较高的信噪比。