A nonparametric spectrum estimation method for dispersion and attenuation analysis of borehole acoustic measurements

Dispersion and attenuation analysis can be used to determine formation anisotropy induced by fractures,or stresses.In this paper,we propose a nonparametric spectrum estimation method to get phase dispersion characteristics and attenuation coefficient.By designing an appropriate vector filter,phase velocity,attenuation coefficient and amplitude can be inverted from the waveform recorded by the receiver array.Performance analysis of this algorithm is compared with Extended Prony Method(EPM)and Forward and Backward Matrix Pencil(FBMP)method.Based on the analysis results,the proposed method is capable of achieving high resolution and precision as the parametric spectrum estimation methods.At the meantime,it also keeps high stability as the other nonparametric spectrum estimation methods.At last,applications to synthetic waveforms modeled using finite difference method and real data show its efficiency.The real data processing results show that the P-wave attenuation log is more sensitive to oil formation compared to S-wave;and the S-wave attenuation log is more sensitive to shale formation compared to P-wave.

Stable attenuation-compensated reverse time migration and its application to land seismic data

Intrinsic attenuation of the earth causes energy loss and phase distortion in seismic wave propagation.To obtain high-resolution imaging results,these negative effects must be considered during reverse time migration(RTM).We can easily implement attenuation-compensated RTM using the constant Q viscoacoustic wave equation with decoupled amplitude attenuation and phase dispersion terms.However,the nonphysical amplitude-compensation process will inevitably amplify the high-frequency noise in the wavefield in an exponential form,causing the numerical simulation to become unstable.This is due to the fact that the amplitude of the compensation grows exponentially with frequency.In order to achieve stable attenuation-compensated RTM,we modify the analytic expression of the attenuation compensation extrapolation operator and make it only compensate for amplitude loss within the effective frequency band.Based on this modified analytic formula,we then derive an explicit time-space domain attenuation compensation extrapolation operator.Finally,the implementation procedure of stable attenuation-compensated RTM is presented.In addition to being simple to implement,the newly proposed attenuation-compensated extrapolation operator is superior to the conventional low-pass filter in suppressing random noise,which will further improve the imaging resolution.We use two synthetic and one land seismic datasets to verify the stability and effectiveness of the proposed attenuationcompensated RTM in improving imaging resolution in viscous media.

Numerical Research on The Nozzle Damping Effect by A Wave Attenuation Method

Nozzle damping is one of the most important factors in the suppression of combustion instability in solid rocket motors.For an engineering solid rocket motor that experiences combustion instability at the end of burning,a wave attenuation method is proposed to assess the nozzle damping characteristics numerically.In this method,a periodic pressure oscillation signal which frequency equals to the first acoustic mode is superimposed on a steady flow at the head end of the chamber.When the pressure oscillation is turned off,the decay rate of the pressure can be used to determine the nozzle attenuation constant.The damping characteristics of three other nozzle geometries are numerically studied with this method under the same operating condition.The results show that the convex nozzle provides more damping than the conical nozzle which in turn provides more damping than the concave nozzle.All the three nozzles have better damping effect than that of basic nozzle geometry.At last,the phase difference in the chamber is analyzed,and the numerical pressure distribution satisfies well with theoretical distribution.

Application of dual reciprocity boundary element method to predict acoustic attenuation characteristics of marine engine exhaust silencers

In marine engine exhaust silencing systems, the presence of exhaust gas flow influences the sound propagation inside the systems and the acoustic attenuation performance of silencers. In order to investigate the effects of three-dimensional gas flow and acoustic damping on the acoustic attenuation characteristics of marine engine exhaust silencers, a dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) was developed. The acoustic governing equation in three-dimensional potential flow was derived first, and then the DRBEM numerical procedure is given. Compared to the conventional boundary element method (CBEM), the DRBEM considers the second order terms of flow Mach number in the acoustic governing equation, so it is suitable for the cases with higher Mach number subsonic flow. For complex exhaust silencers, it is difficult to apply the single-domain boundary element method, so a substructure approach based on the dual reciprocity boundary element method is presented. The experiments for measuring transmission loss of silencers are conducted, and the experimental setup and measurements are explained. The transmission loss of a single expansion chamber silencer with extended inlet and outlet were predicted by DRBEM and compared with the measurements. The good agreements between predictions and measurements are observed, which demonstrated that the derived acoustic governing equation and the DRBEM numerical procedure in the present study are correct.

Effect of viscosity on stability and accuracy of the two-component lattice Boltzmann method with a multiple-relaxation-time collision operator investigated by the acoustic attenuation model

A two-component lattice Boltzmann method(LBM) with a multiple-relaxation-time(MRT) collision operator is presented to improve the numerical stability of the single relaxation time(SRT) model. The macroscopic and the momentum conservation equations can be retrieved through the Chapman–Enskog(C-E) expansion analysis. The equilibrium moment with the diffusion term is calculated, a diffusion phenomenon is simulated by utilizing the developed model, and the numerical stability is verified. Furthermore, the binary mixture channel model is designed to simulate the sound attenuation phenomenon, and the obtained simulation results are found to be consistent with the analytical solutions. The sound attenuation model is used to study the numerical stability and calculation accuracy of the LBM model. The simulation results show the stability and accuracy of the MRT model and the SRT model under different viscosity conditions. Finally,we study the influence of the error between the macroscopic equation of the MRT model and the standard incompressible Navier–Stokes equation on the calculation accuracy of the model to demonstrate the general applicability of the conclusions drawn by the sound attenuation model in the present study.

Wave Attenuation Performance and the Influencing Factors of A Lower Arc-Plate Breakwater

Comprehensive experimental and numerical studies have been undertaken to investigate wave energy dissipation performance and main influencing factors of a lower arc-plate breakwater. The numerical model, which considers nonlinear interactions between waves and the arc-plate breakwater, has been constructed by using the velocity wave- generating method, the volume of fluid (VOF) method and the finite volume method. The results show that the relative width, relative height and relative submergence of the breakwater are three main influencing factors and have significant influence on wave energy dissipation of the lower arc-plate open breakwater. The transmission coefficient is found to decrease with the increasing relative width, and the minimum transmission coefficient is 0.15 when the relative width is 0.45. The reflection coefficient is found to vary slightly with the relative width, and the maximum reflection coefficient is 0.53 when the relative width is 0.45. The transmission and reflection coefficients are shown to increase with the relative wave height for approximately 85% of the experimental tests when the relative width is 0.19 0.45. The transmission coefficients at relative submergences of 0.04, 0.02 and 0 are clearly shown to be greater than those at relative submergences of 0.02 and 0.04, while the reflection coefficient exhibits the opposite relationship. After the wave interacts with the lower arc-plate breakwater, the wave energy is mainly converted into transmission, reflection and dissipation energies. The wave attenuation performance is clearly weakened for waves with greater heights and longer periods.

Dispersion attenuation structure of the crust around the Weifang-Jiashan segment of the Tanlu fault zone in North China

On the condition that the velocity ratio of compressive wave to shear wave is stable during the propagating process of seismic wave, this paper develops an estimation method for medium quality factor based on single station＇s travel time difference between direct S and P waves and the first period signal of direct P wave. 8 774 high SNR wave data altogether recorded by 75 stations are analyzed. The results show that： （1） under the normal regional stress field, the quality factors QmsP in the stable tectonic area are higher than that in the active tectonic area around the Weifang-Jiashan section and its surrounding area in the Tanlu fault zone; （2） in the Juxian-Tancheng section the seismic wave attenuation is relatively quick, and the media is relatively broken, suggesting no tectonic stress accumulation; （3） the Xinyi-Sihong section is currently locking and in accumulating elastic strain energy stage, which has the deep environment and conditions of strong earthquake generation similar to those of the 1668 M8.5 Tancheng strong earthquake.

Frequency-dependent attenuation of P and S waves in Yunnan region

We analyzed digital seismogram data of 5668 earthquakes that occurred in Yunnan region between July of 1999 and December of 2003. Among the 22 seismic stations, six ones, namely Baoshan, Yongsheng, Lijiang, Heqing, Yimen, and Luquan, were selected and their attenuations of P and S waves were measured by using the extended coda-normalization method. The six stations were classified into three regions according to their location, that is, Baoshan area, Yongsheng-Lijiang-Heqing (YLH) area and Luquan-Yimen (LY) area. The values of QS-1 and QP-1 are expressed as QS-1=0.00867 f-0.86, QP-1=0.01155 f-0.93, QS-1=0.01824 f-0.92, QP-1=0.02288 f-0.92, and QS-1=0.01647 f-0.91, QP-1=0.02826 f-0.97 in Baoshan, YLH, LY areas respectively. The attenuation of YLH, LY are closer to each other, however, Baoshan area is apparently lower. Comparing attenuation in the three areas with other areas of the world using the same method, it is suggested that the attenuations of P and S waves in YLH and LY areas are close to Kanto of Japan, but much higher than southeast of South Korea. The QS-1 and QP-1 in Baoshan area are slightly higher than southeastern South Korea. Furthermore, the results indicate that our QS-1 in Yunnan area is close to others by analyzing the coda attenuation.

Application of the Attenuation Correction Technology in C-band Radar Precipitation Estimation

[ Objective] The research aimed to study application of the attenuation correction technology in C-band radar precipitation estimation. [ Method~ Based on CINRAD-CB radar data in Shaanxi, we conducted the attenuation correction experiment by using iteration method and Kufa method respectively. Moreover, we conducted application expedment of the Kufa attenuation correction method in the quantitative precipitation esti- mation. [ Result~ Attenuation correction technology could compensate for attenuation problem of the echo at the distant range. Calculation result of the iteration method finally tended to that of the Kufa method. Moreover, iteration method spent more time. Therefore, Kufa attenuation correction technology was more suitable for business operation. When strong echo was near radar, generated attenuation was more obvious, and application value of the attenuation correction was bigger. Attenuation correction technology was used for quantitative precipitation estimation, which was favor- able for improving accuracy of the precipitation estimation. But we should conduct detailed planning on calculation scheme of the precipitation esti- mation because that different calculation schemes had great influences on accuracy of the quantitative precipitation estimation. [ Cendusien] This research provided a basis for improving accuracy of the quantitative precipitation estimation in Shaanxi. Key words Attenuation correction

基于优化变分模态分解的混凝土浅层空洞病害识别

针对开放环境下混凝土空洞病害检测的病害特征识别中噪声干扰、成分识别问题进行了研究,提出了基于优化变分模态分解(improved variational mode decomposition,IVMD)与自由振动衰减速度的混凝土浅层病害声振信号识别方法。该研究建立了混凝土浅层空洞病害的理论模型,仿真了不同工况下的病害特征频率及其变化规律;提出了基于IVMD的信号分解方法,设计了基于Tent混沌与柯西变异优化的麻雀搜索算法联合搜索变分模态分解的关键参数k和α,在最佳分解的基础上提出了基于自相关函数图形、相关系数、衰减系数与频域分布情况的浅层空洞病害本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF)识别方法;选取幅值衰减评估了特征IMF的衰减速度,得出了基于振动衰减特征的空洞病害识别方法;通过预埋病害模型试验对比分析,验证了所提方法的有效性。研究结果表明,基于IVMD的分解方法能够有效降低噪声及其他成分的干扰,提高空洞病害识别精度和准确度。

探地雷达探测路床结构的正演模拟研究

土体的相对介电常数是表征土体介电特性和极化能力的重要参数。探地雷达发射的电磁波在道路各结构层的传播规律与层间介质的介电性质紧密相关。因此,从时域有限元法原理出发,利用正演模拟软件开展了针对路床层间电磁波回波特征的正演模拟研究。研究结果表明:面层的相对介电常数对探地雷达电磁波在路床层振幅衰减的影响较小;当路床层相对介电常数为20.0、24.0,面层相对介电常数由5.0增加至6.5时,路床层振幅衰减值分别增加了0.04、0.09 V/m;当路床层相对介电常数为20.0、22.0,基层相对介电常数由7.0增加至9.0时,路床层振幅衰减值分别减少了0.85、0.81 V/m;当基层相对介电常数为7.0、7.5、8.5,路床层相对介电常数由12.0增加至30.0时,路床层振幅衰减值分别增加了1.44、1.47、1.44 V/m。

基于差分控制方法的高精度时间调制模块

为了满足时间调制模块的高精度幅度调控需求,本文提出差分控制方法来改进模块调制时序的产生方式。差分控制方法利用FPGA对输出方波信号的时延调节精度较高的特点,在保持方波占空比不变的情况下,通过改变两路方波控制信号的相位差,分别作用于串联关系的射频开关,从射频电路的角度使两开关导通时间相与,实现对模块导通时间的精准控制,从而对模块输出信号进行高精度幅度控制。基于该差分控制方法设计了验证模块,并进行了实物加工与测试,由于在模块设计中充分利用了不同射频开关在差分控制中的逻辑关系,因而在提高幅度调控精度的同时保持控制线数不变。实测结果表明,验证模块在工作频带内有着良好的各项性能。通过差分控制方法,在10 MHz调制频率下,模块能够实现步进0.25 dB、动态范围0~28.5 dB的幅度衰减控制,误差在±(0.1 dB+1%AS)以内。

Accurate simulations of pure-viscoacoustic wave propagation in tilted transversely isotropic media

Forward modeling of seismic wave propagation is crucial for the realization of reverse time migration(RTM) and full waveform inversion(FWI) in attenuating transversely isotropic media. To describe the attenuation and anisotropy properties of subsurface media, the pure-viscoacoustic anisotropic wave equations are established for wavefield simulations, because they can provide clear and stable wavefields. However, due to the use of several approximations in deriving the wave equation and the introduction of a fractional Laplacian approximation in solving the derived equation, the wavefields simulated by the previous pure-viscoacoustic tilted transversely isotropic(TTI) wave equations has low accuracy. To accurately simulate wavefields in media with velocity anisotropy and attenuation anisotropy, we first derive a new pure-viscoacoustic TTI wave equation from the exact complex-valued dispersion formula in viscoelastic vertical transversely isotropic(VTI) media. Then, we present the hybrid finite-difference and low-rank decomposition(HFDLRD) method to accurately solve our proposed pure-viscoacoustic TTI wave equation. Theoretical analysis and numerical examples suggest that our pure-viscoacoustic TTI wave equation has higher accuracy than previous pure-viscoacoustic TTI wave equations in describing q P-wave kinematic and attenuation characteristics. Additionally, the numerical experiment in a simple two-layer model shows that the HFDLRD technique outperforms the hybrid finite-difference and pseudo-spectral(HFDPS) method in terms of accuracy of wavefield modeling.

油水环状流截面相含率超声衰减法测量

为研究超声衰减法测量油水环状流截面相含率问题,采用COMSOL仿真软件建立油水环状流模型,选择超声传感器结构尺寸6mm和超声发射频率1MHz进行研究,通过分析油水环状流超声衰减特性,确定油水环状流的超声衰减系数与截面含油率关系,并获得线性关系的测量范围。在此基础上进一步研究非理想环状流相关参数对超声衰减特性的影响,并提出将非理想环状流差别阈限用于定量评价非理想环状流因素对于理想环状流超声衰减法的影响,获得非理想环状流差别阈限±10%以内同心度和椭圆度的变化范围。最后开展了油水环状流静态验证实验。研究结果表明:油水环状流截面相含率在5%~30%范围内,与超声衰减系数呈线性关系,同时在此范围内,非理想环状流差别阈限在±10%以内的同心度和椭圆度变化范围分别为0.75~1和0~5%,实验结果和仿真模拟结果具有近似的上升趋势。

基于时域多分辨分析方法的长波信号时延预测

长波地波传播时延是决定陆基导航定位系统精度的关键,时域有限差分(Finite Difference-Time Domain,FDTD)方法可以提高其精度。但是FDTD方法在计算长距离的模型问题时迭代次数随之增多导致数值计算误差变大。主要通过基于圆柱坐标系下采用具有紧支撑特性的二阶矩Daubechies小波函数为尺度函数的时域多分辨分析(Multiresolution Time Domain,MRTD)方法来提高数值计算精度。随后对MRTD方法进行色散分析,最后将该方法应用于低频地波的传播预测中,提取观测点的衰减因子相位,与使用FDTD数值算法得到的结果进行对比,结果表明:MRTD方法可以在保持精度的前提下用时比FDTD更短。

基于去奇异边界元法的双箱型防波堤消波特性研究

基于Bragg反射共振采用双箱型水面防波堤加强波浪反射,提高消波性能.应用势流理论的去奇异边界元法,数值计算规则波浪与水面的箱型结构物的相互作用,计算了透射系数和反射系数,讨论了箱型结构物在两种间距下改变模型尺度对消波性能的影响.通过与解析解和试验结果的比较验证了构建的二维数值波浪水槽的有效性.设计了相同吃水3种不同宽度和相同湿表面积3种不同宽度的双箱模型,在两种间距下,数值计算了这6种模型与系列规则波的相互作用,分析了透射系数和反射系数随相对间距的变化规律.结果表明:在吃水和湿表面积相同两种情况下,均呈现出箱宽越大,一阶Bragg共振的反射系数越大,透射系数越小,且共振点发生了偏移.当间距小、波长大时,双箱消波特性与单体接近.

基于多物理场耦合的变压器噪声及降噪措施研究

随着电压等级、变压器的容量以及数量的不断提升,变压器的噪声污染日益严重,采取有效措施降低变压器噪声已迫在眉睫。基于有限元仿真平台搭建了110 kV系列变压器模型,采用电-磁-力-声多物理场耦合的方法对不同容量变压器的声压级分布以及应力分布情况进行仿真分析,揭示了不同容量变压器噪声与磁通密度、磁致伸缩效应等参数的关系,依据所得结果提出了基于改进变压器铁心材料和改变铁心夹紧力等方法的降噪措施。

基于SPH方法的沉箱开孔位置对消浪效果的影响

为了更深入地理解沉箱结构对波浪传播和反射的影响,对波浪与开孔沉箱相互作用进行数值模拟研究,为探究消浪效果最佳的沉箱上部开孔位置,通过基于SPH方法建立的数值波浪水槽,分析了3种不同开孔位置对反射系数Kr、波面高度变化、涡量场及流场的影响,总结了不同开孔位置对消浪效果的影响。研究发现当上部开孔的顶端在水下0.08 m时沉箱反射系数Kr最小,沉箱外的波面高度变化最小,开孔沉箱开孔处的涡量消耗的总量最大,流场变化最大是其他2种开孔位置的1~2倍,同时沉箱内波面最为平静,消浪效果最好。所得结论对开孔沉箱实际工程中消浪效果研究具有一定的参考意义。

Acoustic scattering mechanism and noise attenuation of circumferentially non-uniform liner with spectral-wave guide method

In this paper,a model is established with application of the spectral-wave guide method,which has higher accuracy and can serve as a rapid calculation tool for sound transmission calculations.Based on this calculation model,some numerical results of circumferentially non-uniform lined annular/circular ducts are carried out,and some physical mechanisms can be discovered.The numerical results show that periodical impedance distributions along the circumferential direction will lead to discontinuous scattered modes with regular spacing;and mirror-symmetric structure liner will converge the energy of opposite modes.Relying on this mechanism,the potential of acoustic scattering can be further developed by suppressing lower or enhancing higher order modes with expressly designed segmented liner configurations.In particular,the intrinsic mechanism of mode redistribution brought about by the non-uniform liner can be subtly utilized to attenuate broadband noise.The present work indeed shows that circumferentially non-uniform liner is conducive to the reduction of the practical broadband sound source.Furthermore,the effects of nonuniform flow are considered in the model,then distinction of noise attenuation and scattered modes energy in different flows is shown.A possible mechanism is proposed that refraction effects in complex flows lead to the distinction.These works show that the current model has profound potential and availability for the research and designs of circumferentially non-uniform liner.

煤层风氧化带的槽波响应特征及探测方法应用研究

为了研究煤层风氧化带的槽波响应特征,建立包含煤层风氧化带的工作面三维层状模型,对波场模拟结果进行分析,采用槽波速度和振幅衰减系数CT成像方法实现了对煤层风氧化带的探测,并在王洼二矿215041工作面开展现场实验。结果表明:煤层风氧化带的槽波响应特征为槽波速度与主频升高、振幅能量衰减,以速度和振幅衰减系数的槽波CT成像方法可以实现对煤层风氧化带的探测;现场实验中槽波振幅能量衰减系数CT成像方法准确率为93.3%,探测精度高于槽波速度CT成像方法。