Effect of Conventional and Pulsed TIG Welding on Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of AA 6082-T6 Repair Welds

Repair welding of AA 6082-T6 joints was carried out using ER 4043 filler through the TIG welding process with or without pulsed current.Microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the joints before and after repairing were investigated by examining macrostructure,microstructure,and distributions of porosity in the weld metal(WM),and by hardness,tensile,and bending tests.We observed that the welding current,phase transformations in heat-affected zone(HAZ)and porosity introduced in the WM during welding influence on its mechanical properties in sequence.The experimental results showed that the bead width and penetration as well as size of pores in the joints were mainly influenced by the welding currents.The sound joints were obtained at a welding current of 140 A with or without pulsed current when welding speed and gas flow rate were set at 20 cm·min-1 and 15 L·min-1,respectively.Among them,the decrease in mechanical properties of repair weld(RW)was directly related to the phase transformations in the over-ageing zone due to the double welding thermal cycles and elevated distribution of porosity in the WM.In addition,it was observed that the comparatively smaller grain size and lower porosity in WM of the RW produced by pulsed TIG welding gave a positive effect on its mechanical properties.

Realizing precision pulse TIG welding with arc length control and visual image sensing based weld detection

Methods of arc length control and visual image based weld detection for precision pulse TIG welding were investigated. With a particular all hardware circuit, arc voltage during peak current stage is sampled and integrated to indicate arc length, deviation of arc length and adjusting parameters are calculated and output to drive a step motor directly. According to the features of welding image grabbed with CCD camera, a special algorithm was developed to detect the central line of weld fast and accurately. Then an application system were established, whose static arc length error is ±0.1 mm with 20 A average current and 1 mm given arc length, static detection precision of weld is 0.01 mm , processing time of each image is less than 120 ms . Precision pulse TIG welding of some given thin stainless steel components with complicated curved surface was successfully realized.

Numerical analysis for weld pool of pulsed TIG welding

A two-dimensional axisymmetric mathematical model of weld pool of pulsed TIG welding was established. Numerical simulation for weld pool of pulsed TIG welding was done using FLUENT software by selecting the appropriate boundary conditions and strongly coupled control equations. The distributions of temperature field and flow field of weld pool under the periodic change of welding current were obtained. According to the maximum temperature of upper and lower surface of workpiece and depth and width of weld pool, the distributions of temperature field and flow field under different pulsed frequencies and current duty cycles were obtained and periodic variation was analyzed under pulsed current. The analysis results show that with the increase of pulsed frequency, weld pool width increases slightly while depth decreases slightly, and with the increase of current duty cycle, the width and depth of weld pool both increase significantly, and the depth increases greatly.

Development of high frequency pulse power source using two powersfor TIG welding

A high frequency pulse power source for TIG welding is developed. The structure of two powers is adopted. The by pass circuit effectively eliminates the effect of the cable equivalent inductance. The maximum frequency of the output pulse current reaches to 16 kHz . The base current and the peak current can be regulated separately.

Simulation on Dynamic Characteristic of Negative Resistance Arc in Pulsed TIG Welding

A mathematical model is established on the basis of the physical characteristic of the negative resistance arc when a low current of 0—50 A is applied in pulsed TIG welding. The simulation model converted from the mathematical model is run in MATLAB environment, and the discussion is focused on the way the peak current ranging from 29 A to 50 A and the time constant of arc in the span of 0.003—0.006 s influence the simulating results and the dynamic characteristic. The simulating data are close to that of welding experiments and correspond to the theoretical conclusion.

Novel hybrid method: pulse CO_2 laser-TIG hybrid welding by coordinated control

In continuous wave CO2 laser-TlG hybrid welding process, the laser energy is not fully utilized because of the absorption and defocusing by plasma in the arc space. Therefore, the optimal welding result can only be achieved in a limited energy range. In order to improve the welding performance further, a novel hybrid welding method--pulse CO2 laser-TIG arc hybrid welding by coordinated control is proposed and investigated. The experimental results indicate that, compared with continuous wave CO2 laser-TIG hybrid welding, the absorption and defocusing of laser energy by plasma are decreased further, and at the same time, the availability ratio of laser and arc energy can be increased when a coordinated frequency is controlled. As a result, the weld appearance is also improved as well as the weld depth is deepened. Furthermore, the effect of frequency and phase of pulse laser and TIG arc on the arc images and welding characteristics is also studied. However, the novel hybrid method has great potentials in the application of industrials from views of techniques and economy.

Mechanism analysis of free formation of backing weld by the pulsed MAG-TIG double arc tandem welding

Because of the presence of lower-level automation and efficiency in the backing welding of medium–thick plates,pulse-metalactive-gas–metal-inert-gas(MAG–MIG)dual-arc welding was applied to backing welding of 24-mm-thick Q235-B plate and the process and mechanism of root welding with back formation were investigated.The heating position of the MAG-arc at the front of the molten pool could be adjusted by using the electromagnetic force between the MAG-arc and the MIG-arc,and part of the arc energy could work on the root face directly.By combining the arc-discharge behaviour and analysis of flow in the molten pool,the shear stress of a tungsten inert gas(TIG)arc to the molten pool could make the liquid metal flow backwards.Thus,the quality of the front and bottom liquid metal were reduced,which favored the balance and stability.Continuous and stable back formation with uniform penetration could be achieved by using the pulse MAG–TIG dual-arc welding technology.

Modeling transient fluid flow and heat transfer phenothena in stationary pulsed current TIG weld pool

A mathematical model is presented to describe transient behavior of heat transfer and fluid flow in stationary pulsed current tungsten inert gas (PC-TIG) weld pool, which considers three kinds of driving, forces for weld pool convection, i,e. buoyancyforce, electromagnetic force and surface tension force. furthermore. the effect of vaporization heat flux at the free surface of weld pool and the temperature coefficient of surface tenston which is a function of temperatuer and composition are considered in the model In order to accelerate the convergence of iteration the AST(additive source term)method which concerns with the thermal energv boundary conditions is extended successfully to deal with the momentum boundary conditions by which the transient momentum equation and energy equation are mutually coupled. At the same time. ADI (Alternating direction implicit) method and DBC (double blocks correction) technque are employed to solve the finite difference equations. The results of numerical simulation demonstrate the transient behavior of PC-TIG weld pool, as well as the periodic variation of fluid flow and heat transfer with the periodic variation of welding current in stationary PC-TIG weld pool. The theoretical predictions based on this model are, shown to be in good accordance with the experimental measurements.

Comparison of Magnetic Pulse Welding with Other Welding Methods

The paper explains the comparison of magnetic pulse welding method which belongs to non-conventional machining methods with other conventional and non-conventional welding methods which include brazing, explosive welding, ultrasonic welding, tungsten and metal inert gas and roll bonding. Magnetic pulse welding differs completely in technology when compared with conventional welding processes because the process is done with high velocity and without heat or consumable materials. It is better than other methods because it＇s cold process and can be done without any heat affect zone. In addition, there is no need for rework and post welding cleaning and there is no scrap problem. Magnetic pulse welding is a green process used to design and build light structure with high strength to reduce the weight and the energy. Magnetic pulse welding reduces the risk of corrosion by limiting the metallic interaction to just the two metals welded; therefore, it replaces the brazing method. Also, it is better than the explosive welding method because there is no risk of handling the explosive material and there is no noise. The part assembly by magnetic pulse welding is stronger than the parts assembly by tungsten and metal inert gas welding and it is easy to achieve a good aesthetic with high speed. Therefore, using magnetic pulse welding technology will not affect the environment.

高频脉冲微TIG焊接电弧基值效应研究

为了探索微TIG焊接的焊接电流下限,研制了一种高频脉冲微TIG焊接电源,利用脉冲基值电弧电特性的改善提高焊接稳定性。通过电弧电流、电压波形,分析了电弧的电压滞后性,探讨了脉冲频率对脉冲电弧基值效应的影响,并进一步对零基值脉冲TIG进行了研究。结果表明,高频脉冲下的微电弧基值电压较稳态电弧大幅下降,更有利于维持微电弧的燃烧;在基值电流为0 A的条件下高频脉冲电弧也可维持燃烧,平均焊接电流可低至0.5 A,极限0基值时间与脉冲电流大小呈正相关。对于微细漆包线和端柱的微型工件连接,零基值脉冲微TIG焊获得了较好的焊接效果。

高频脉冲复合直流微TIG焊接电源及其电弧形态特征

针对微TIG小电流电弧不稳定的问题,研发了一种高频脉冲复合直流的微TIG焊接电源。通过测试输出电流波形,结合高速摄影采集电弧形貌,研究小电流电弧形态特征及高频脉冲复合直流对极限小电流电弧、6 mm间隙微电弧的影响,探讨微TIG电弧形态形成的原因及高频脉冲作用效果。结果表明,该电源输出的高频脉冲电流可实现快速变换,且具有精度高、输出稳定的特点;随着电流减小,电弧形态发生变化,并非保持“钟罩状”,高频脉冲电流可提高微TIG电弧稳定性,使电弧在平均电流低至2 A时也能维持稳定燃烧;6 mm间隙时,8 A微TIG电弧在燃烧过程中会发生大幅度形态变化,复合高频脉冲可以降低其变化幅度,提高挺度。

电流脉冲频率对TIG电弧形态及压力的影响研究

在厚板的窄间隙焊接过程中,电弧受干扰发生偏吹,从而影响焊缝成形效果。采用高速摄像和水冷铜板压力测试系统采集电流脉冲频率在2~15000 Hz范围内的TIG电弧形态和压力数据。结果表明,不同频段范围内频率对电弧的影响效果存在显著差异:(1)频率2~50 Hz时,电弧压力最大值均为80 Pa,电弧宽度均为8.15 mm;(2)频率50~5000 Hz范围内,电弧压力最大值与频率的自然对数成正线性关系,电弧宽度与频率的自然对数成负线性关系;(3)频率5000~15000 Hz时,电弧压力最大值为155 Pa,电弧宽度为5.70 mm。在工程应用中可以通过调整50~5000 Hz范围内的频率来控制电弧力和电弧宽度。

低频脉冲磁场对TIG搭接焊电弧及焊缝成形的影响

薄板搭接接头较其它接头焊缝成形难以控制,焊接过程中加入磁场可以有效改善焊缝成形。本文研究了外加低频脉冲纵向磁场对TIG搭接焊电弧及焊缝成形的影响。利用高速摄像机拍摄磁场作用下的TIG焊电弧,利用显微镜测量焊缝的熔宽与熔深,测定电弧轴线相对于焊枪轴线的偏转角度。结果表明,在外加脉冲纵向磁场的作用下,电弧沿着焊枪轴线发生旋转运动,并且随着脉冲频率的增加,电弧的旋转运动加快;磁场频率为100 Hz时,熔宽和熔深达到最大值,熔宽为10.87 mm,熔深为5.36 mm;电弧的偏转角度最大,偏转角为41°。

TiO_(2)活性剂脉冲TIG焊电弧光谱诊断

针对奥氏体不锈钢的焊接性,选用活性剂TiO_(2)进行TIG焊工艺试验。利用自主设计光谱采集系统进行光谱数据的采集,对引入活性剂及不同脉冲电流下的电弧光谱进行诊断,对焊接电弧的成分进行分析。研究结果表明,在选定波长范围内,常规TIG焊焊接电弧以Fe元素谱线为主,同时存在少量Cr、Ni等元素谱线;活性剂A-TIG焊电弧光谱中,Ti、Cr、Ni金属谱线大量涌现,尤其是在弧长在430~500nm时,Ti金属谱线数量远远超过了Fe谱线数量,同时Fe元素谱线数量及辐射强度也有所增加,说明活性剂的引入对TIG焊电弧导电过程有一定作用。

Study on Ultra-sonic Frequency Pulse TIG of Titanium Alloy

Ti-6Al-4V alloy is used extensively in aerospace and aircraft because of its excellent comprehensive properties and outstanding machinability. Ti-6Al-4V alloy was welded by conventional tungsten iner-gas arc welding (TIG) and ultra-sonic frequency pulse TIG welding (U-TIG) respectively. The welding quality was tested by X-ray, and the mechanical properties of welded joint were tested , the microstructure and the fracture appearance of welded joint were observed by means of optical microscope and SEM .The results show that the joints were welded successfully by U-TIG welding, U-TIG welding could reduced pores defects of welded joint. With the increment of ultra-sonic pulse frequency, the microstructure became more and more fine and was inclined to equiaxed crystal. Moreover, the properties of joint by U-TIG welding were improved compared with that of conventional TIG. Tensile fractures of joints by TIG welding and U-TIG welding all presented character of quasi-cleavage crack, but the cellular dendrite depredation was not observed obviously in U-TIG joint.

热丝TIG焊方法最新研究进展

综述了各类热丝TIG焊方法的特点及其技术与工艺难点,并着重阐述了近些年来研究较多的脉冲加热热丝TIG焊、窄间隙热丝TIG焊、超高速热丝TIG焊的研究进展。

基于视觉图像传感的精密脉冲TIG焊焊缝跟踪

针对某复杂曲面薄壁不锈钢工件精密脉冲TIG焊中的焊缝跟踪问题 ,本文研究了一种基于视觉传感的高精度、高实时性焊缝跟踪技术。根据脉冲TIG焊的工艺特点 ,该技术通过选择特定波长的滤光片及合理的曝光时刻 ,采用工业CCD摄像机获取可直接分辨出焊缝、熔池和钨极的清晰、放大的焊接区图像。采用VC语言设计的图像处理算法 ,可以快速准确地识别出焊缝中心线 ,提取钨极偏离焊缝中心线的方向和距离 ,驱动步进电机调节焊炬位置 ,实现高精度、高实时性的焊缝跟踪。试验结果表明 ,该技术的单幅图像处理周期小于 12 0ms,能实现焊炬运动方向与焊缝偏差角小于 3 0°的焊缝跟踪 ,满足了复杂曲面的薄壁不锈钢工件的精密焊接要求。

TC4钛合金超音频直流脉冲TIG焊

首先对超音频直流脉冲TIG焊的特点进行了介绍,重点分析了的峰值电流、脉冲频率等关键工艺参数对超音频直流脉冲TIG焊电弧轴向等离子流力的影响规律。采用频率不同的几组超音频直流脉冲TIG焊工艺及常规直流TIG焊工艺分别焊接了2.5mm厚的TC4钛合金。用X-射线探伤检测焊缝中的气孔缺陷,根据检测结果,分析了超音频直流脉冲TIG焊过程中,能够加速气泡逸出熔池的几种作用机制;对于无缺陷的接头,检测了接头的拉伸力学性能,观察了拉伸断口SEM照片。结果表明:在脉冲频率60kHz,80kHz时,超音频直流脉冲TIG焊工艺能使TC4钛合金焊缝中的气孔缺陷出现的几率减少;随着脉冲电流频率提高,焊接接头的断后延伸率得到了显著提高。

脉冲TIG焊熔宽动态过程模糊推理——神经网络控制方法

对脉冲ＴＩＧ焊工艺中焊接电流—正面熔宽动态过程提出了一种模糊神经网络控制方法，并研究了利用人工神经网络直接对过程建模的控制仿真，从而回避了经典方法对过程建模与控制的困难。将上述方法用于实际脉冲ＴＩＧ焊过程控制，结果表明模糊神经网络控制方案有效。

高频脉冲TIG焊的电弧控制及高频效应

本文通过研究脉冲焊电弧的电流、电压波形,发现电弧功率随频率增加而提高。由此提出自由电弧在脉冲电流作用下,其形态的动态过程属惯性系统的假设,并用20000幅/S的高速摄影进行了验证。通过对惯性系统电孤的可控性分析,发现自由电孤可由高频脉冲电流控制在非稳定状态上,此时电弧脉冲电压明显提高,这就是电弧的高频效应。本文还研究了影响高频效应的几个主要因素,着重分析了维弧电流的作用,提出高频时由于电弧的惯性,瞬间电流停止并不会导致电弧熄灭,因此得出高频焊不需要维弧电流的结论。