Fire rescue challenges and solutions have evolved from straightfor-ward plane rescue to encompass 3D space due to the rise of high-rise city buildings.Hence,this study facilitates a system with quick and simplified on...Fire rescue challenges and solutions have evolved from straightfor-ward plane rescue to encompass 3D space due to the rise of high-rise city buildings.Hence,this study facilitates a system with quick and simplified on-site launching and generates real-time location data,enabling fire rescuers to arrive at the intended spot faster and correctly for effective and precise rescue.Auto-positioning with step-by-step instructions is proposed when launching the locating system,while no extra measuring instrument like Total Station(TS)is needed.Real-time location tracking is provided via a 3D space real-time locating system(RTLS)constructed using Ultra-wide Bandwidth technology(UWB),which requires electromagnetic waves to pass through concrete walls.A hybrid weighted least squares with a time difference of arrival(WLS/TDOA)positioning method is proposed to address real path-tracking issues in 3D space and to meet RTLS requirements for quick computing in real-world applications.The 3D WLS/TDOA algorithm is theoretically constructed with the Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRLB).The computing complexity is reduced to the lower bound for embedded hardware to directly compute the time differential of the arriving signals using the time-to-digital converter(TDC).The results of the experiments show that the errors are controlled when the positioning algorithm is applied in various complicated situations to fulfill the requirements of engineering applications.The statistical analysis of the data reveals that the proposed UWB RTLS auto-positioning system can track target tags with an accuracy of 0.20 m.展开更多
High-precision localization technology is attracting widespread attention in harsh indoor environments.In this paper,we present a fingerprint localization and tracking system to estimate the locations of the tag based...High-precision localization technology is attracting widespread attention in harsh indoor environments.In this paper,we present a fingerprint localization and tracking system to estimate the locations of the tag based on a deep belief network(DBN).In this system,we propose using coefficients as fingerprints to combine the ultra-wideband(UWB)and inertial measurement unit(IMU)estimation linearly,termed as a HUID system.In particular,the fingerprints are trained by a DBN and estimated by a radial basis function(RBF).However,UWB-based estimation via a trilateral method is severely affected by the non-line-of-sight(NLoS)problem,which limits the localization precision.To tackle this problem,we adopt the random forest classifier to identify line-of-sight(LoS)and NLoS conditions.Then,we adopt the random forest regressor to mitigate ranging errors based on the identification results for improving UWB localization precision.The experimental results show that the mean square error(MSE)of the localization error for the proposed HUID system reduces by 12.96%,50.16%,and 64.92%compared with that of the existing extended Kalman filter(EKF),single UWB,and single IMU estimation methods,respectively.展开更多
Metamaterials(MTM)can enhance the properties of microwaves and also exceed some limitations of devices used in technical practice.Note that the antenna is the element for realizing a microwave imaging(MWI)system since...Metamaterials(MTM)can enhance the properties of microwaves and also exceed some limitations of devices used in technical practice.Note that the antenna is the element for realizing a microwave imaging(MWI)system since it is where signal transmission and absorption occur.Ultra-Wideband(UWB)antenna superstrates with MTM elements to ensure the signal transmitted from the antenna reaches the tumor and is absorbed by the same antenna.The lack of conventional head imaging techniques,for instance,Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)and Computerized Tomography(CT)-scan,has been demonstrated in the paper focusing on the point of failure of these techniques for prompt diagnosis and portable systems.Furthermore,the importance ofMWIhas been addressed elaborately to portray its effectiveness and aptness for a primary tumor diagnosis.Other than that,MTM element designs have been discussed thoroughly based on their performances towards the contributions to the better image resolution of MWI with detailed reasonings.This paper proposes the novel design of a Zeroindex Split RingResonator(SRR)MTMelement superstrate with a UWB antenna implemented in MWI systems for detecting tumor.The novel design of the MTM enables the realization of a high gain of a superstrate UWB antenna with the highest gain of 5.70 dB.Besides that,the MTM imitates the conduct of the zeroreflection phase on the resonance frequency,which does not exist.An antenna with an MTM unit is of a 7×4 and 10×5 Zero-index SRR MTM element that acts as a superstrate plane to the antenna.Apart from that,Rogers(RT5880)substrate material is employed to fabricate the designed MTM unit cell,with the following characteristics:0.51mm thickness,the loss tangent of 0.02,as well as the relative permittivity of 2.2,with Computer Simulation Technology(CST)performing the simulation and design.Both MTM unit cells of 7×4 and 10×5 attained 0°with respect to the reflection phase at the 2.70 GHz frequency band.The first design,MTM Antenna Design 1,consists of a 7×4 MTM unit cell that observed a rise of 5.70 dB with a return loss(S11)−20.007 dB at 2.70 GHz frequency.The second design,MTM Antenna Design 2,consists of 10×5 MTM unit cells that recorded a gain of 5.66 dB,having the return loss(S11)−19.734 dB at 2.70 GHz frequency.Comparing these two MTM elements superstrates with the antenna,one can notice that the 7×4 MTM element shape has a low number of the unit cell with high gain and is a better choice than the 10×5 MTM element in realizing MTM element superstrates antenna for MWI.展开更多
针对室内环境影响定位精度的非视距传播(non-line-of-sight,NLOS)问题,在对基于到达时间差(time differ-ence of arrival,TDOA)的超宽带(ultra wideband,UWB)室内定位模型和算法进行分析研究的基础上,提出了质心-Taylor混合定位算法。...针对室内环境影响定位精度的非视距传播(non-line-of-sight,NLOS)问题,在对基于到达时间差(time differ-ence of arrival,TDOA)的超宽带(ultra wideband,UWB)室内定位模型和算法进行分析研究的基础上,提出了质心-Taylor混合定位算法。该算法利用对测距误差不敏感的质心算法对目标进行初始粗定位,然后将其作为Taylor级数展开法的迭代初值进行二次精细定位,并动态地将前期定位完毕的节点转化为后续定位过程的参考节点,最大限度地利用不断增加的已知信息,在提高Taylor初值质量的前提下减少预设参考节点数目,降低系统硬件成本。采用MATLAB软件进行了模拟仿真。仿真结果表明,该算法定位性能优越,尤其在NLOS测距误差较大的环境下能有效地提高系统的定位精度。展开更多
Ultra-Wideband(UWB)技术被认为是最适合进行室内无线定位的技术。为了实现对基于UWB的物联网中节点的位置进行定位及对算法进行仿真,采用Matlab仿真了PPM-TH-UWB(Pulse Position Modulation Time Hopping UWB)信号在IEEE802.15.4a信道...Ultra-Wideband(UWB)技术被认为是最适合进行室内无线定位的技术。为了实现对基于UWB的物联网中节点的位置进行定位及对算法进行仿真,采用Matlab仿真了PPM-TH-UWB(Pulse Position Modulation Time Hopping UWB)信号在IEEE802.15.4a信道下的发射、延时、衰减、信道冲击响应、加噪声、相关接收、节点定位。该方法解决了在没有UWB信号发送、接收装置时对无线定位算法的仿真、测试和评估。展开更多
Ultra-Wideband(UWB)技术被认为是最适合进行室内无线定位的技术,IEEE802.15.4a给出的TW-TOA(Two Way Time of Arrival)测距协议中采用的是基于时间戳报文的接收-发送周转时延消除的方法,但是同类设备在相同的环境下其周转时延是相同的...Ultra-Wideband(UWB)技术被认为是最适合进行室内无线定位的技术,IEEE802.15.4a给出的TW-TOA(Two Way Time of Arrival)测距协议中采用的是基于时间戳报文的接收-发送周转时延消除的方法,但是同类设备在相同的环境下其周转时延是相同的,所以为了减少测距双方的数据通信量,提出了一种基于固定周转时延的测距方法;为了提高Hello帧的可靠性提出了在初次定位以及在定位过程中当周转时延发生严重漂移的情况下发送基于停-等协议的Hello报文;同时给出了与IEEE802.15.4兼容的MAC子层协议的格式,并给出了Hello报文格式以及包含品质因子的测距应答帧格式。展开更多
考察基于UWB技术的Ad Hoc网络组网的关键问题。根据UWB信号特征分析了信道容量,说明在大带宽、有限功率的通信模型下UWB Ad Hoc网络的节点吞吐量。从网内冲突和网间干扰方面讨论无线接入面临的问题和解决途径,包括解决网内冲突的主从轮...考察基于UWB技术的Ad Hoc网络组网的关键问题。根据UWB信号特征分析了信道容量,说明在大带宽、有限功率的通信模型下UWB Ad Hoc网络的节点吞吐量。从网内冲突和网间干扰方面讨论无线接入面临的问题和解决途径,包括解决网内冲突的主从轮询机制、CSMA竞争机制和应对于网间干扰的扩频技术。举例分析了UWB Ad Hoc网络MAC协议的特性,说明将Ad hoc MAC与动态信道编码结合,并采用跳时的方式解决网间干扰的是一种有效的方法。在分析UWB和GPS定位信息不同点的基础上进一步研究了基于TOA的定位算法和定位辅助路由LAR协议的原理,提出两者结合的UWB Ad Hoc网络定位辅助路由。展开更多
文摘Fire rescue challenges and solutions have evolved from straightfor-ward plane rescue to encompass 3D space due to the rise of high-rise city buildings.Hence,this study facilitates a system with quick and simplified on-site launching and generates real-time location data,enabling fire rescuers to arrive at the intended spot faster and correctly for effective and precise rescue.Auto-positioning with step-by-step instructions is proposed when launching the locating system,while no extra measuring instrument like Total Station(TS)is needed.Real-time location tracking is provided via a 3D space real-time locating system(RTLS)constructed using Ultra-wide Bandwidth technology(UWB),which requires electromagnetic waves to pass through concrete walls.A hybrid weighted least squares with a time difference of arrival(WLS/TDOA)positioning method is proposed to address real path-tracking issues in 3D space and to meet RTLS requirements for quick computing in real-world applications.The 3D WLS/TDOA algorithm is theoretically constructed with the Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRLB).The computing complexity is reduced to the lower bound for embedded hardware to directly compute the time differential of the arriving signals using the time-to-digital converter(TDC).The results of the experiments show that the errors are controlled when the positioning algorithm is applied in various complicated situations to fulfill the requirements of engineering applications.The statistical analysis of the data reveals that the proposed UWB RTLS auto-positioning system can track target tags with an accuracy of 0.20 m.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61771474in part by the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province under Grant No.KYCX212243+2 种基金in part by the Young Talents of Xuzhou Science and Technology Plan Project under Grant No.KC19051in part by the Open Research Fund of National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory,Southeast University under Grant No.2021D02in part by the Open Fund of Information Photonics and Optical Communications (IPOC) (BUPT)。
文摘High-precision localization technology is attracting widespread attention in harsh indoor environments.In this paper,we present a fingerprint localization and tracking system to estimate the locations of the tag based on a deep belief network(DBN).In this system,we propose using coefficients as fingerprints to combine the ultra-wideband(UWB)and inertial measurement unit(IMU)estimation linearly,termed as a HUID system.In particular,the fingerprints are trained by a DBN and estimated by a radial basis function(RBF).However,UWB-based estimation via a trilateral method is severely affected by the non-line-of-sight(NLoS)problem,which limits the localization precision.To tackle this problem,we adopt the random forest classifier to identify line-of-sight(LoS)and NLoS conditions.Then,we adopt the random forest regressor to mitigate ranging errors based on the identification results for improving UWB localization precision.The experimental results show that the mean square error(MSE)of the localization error for the proposed HUID system reduces by 12.96%,50.16%,and 64.92%compared with that of the existing extended Kalman filter(EKF),single UWB,and single IMU estimation methods,respectively.
基金the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2018/ICT06/UNIMAP/02/1)of the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia.
文摘Metamaterials(MTM)can enhance the properties of microwaves and also exceed some limitations of devices used in technical practice.Note that the antenna is the element for realizing a microwave imaging(MWI)system since it is where signal transmission and absorption occur.Ultra-Wideband(UWB)antenna superstrates with MTM elements to ensure the signal transmitted from the antenna reaches the tumor and is absorbed by the same antenna.The lack of conventional head imaging techniques,for instance,Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)and Computerized Tomography(CT)-scan,has been demonstrated in the paper focusing on the point of failure of these techniques for prompt diagnosis and portable systems.Furthermore,the importance ofMWIhas been addressed elaborately to portray its effectiveness and aptness for a primary tumor diagnosis.Other than that,MTM element designs have been discussed thoroughly based on their performances towards the contributions to the better image resolution of MWI with detailed reasonings.This paper proposes the novel design of a Zeroindex Split RingResonator(SRR)MTMelement superstrate with a UWB antenna implemented in MWI systems for detecting tumor.The novel design of the MTM enables the realization of a high gain of a superstrate UWB antenna with the highest gain of 5.70 dB.Besides that,the MTM imitates the conduct of the zeroreflection phase on the resonance frequency,which does not exist.An antenna with an MTM unit is of a 7×4 and 10×5 Zero-index SRR MTM element that acts as a superstrate plane to the antenna.Apart from that,Rogers(RT5880)substrate material is employed to fabricate the designed MTM unit cell,with the following characteristics:0.51mm thickness,the loss tangent of 0.02,as well as the relative permittivity of 2.2,with Computer Simulation Technology(CST)performing the simulation and design.Both MTM unit cells of 7×4 and 10×5 attained 0°with respect to the reflection phase at the 2.70 GHz frequency band.The first design,MTM Antenna Design 1,consists of a 7×4 MTM unit cell that observed a rise of 5.70 dB with a return loss(S11)−20.007 dB at 2.70 GHz frequency.The second design,MTM Antenna Design 2,consists of 10×5 MTM unit cells that recorded a gain of 5.66 dB,having the return loss(S11)−19.734 dB at 2.70 GHz frequency.Comparing these two MTM elements superstrates with the antenna,one can notice that the 7×4 MTM element shape has a low number of the unit cell with high gain and is a better choice than the 10×5 MTM element in realizing MTM element superstrates antenna for MWI.
文摘针对室内环境影响定位精度的非视距传播(non-line-of-sight,NLOS)问题,在对基于到达时间差(time differ-ence of arrival,TDOA)的超宽带(ultra wideband,UWB)室内定位模型和算法进行分析研究的基础上,提出了质心-Taylor混合定位算法。该算法利用对测距误差不敏感的质心算法对目标进行初始粗定位,然后将其作为Taylor级数展开法的迭代初值进行二次精细定位,并动态地将前期定位完毕的节点转化为后续定位过程的参考节点,最大限度地利用不断增加的已知信息,在提高Taylor初值质量的前提下减少预设参考节点数目,降低系统硬件成本。采用MATLAB软件进行了模拟仿真。仿真结果表明,该算法定位性能优越,尤其在NLOS测距误差较大的环境下能有效地提高系统的定位精度。
文摘Ultra-Wideband(UWB)技术被认为是最适合进行室内无线定位的技术。为了实现对基于UWB的物联网中节点的位置进行定位及对算法进行仿真,采用Matlab仿真了PPM-TH-UWB(Pulse Position Modulation Time Hopping UWB)信号在IEEE802.15.4a信道下的发射、延时、衰减、信道冲击响应、加噪声、相关接收、节点定位。该方法解决了在没有UWB信号发送、接收装置时对无线定位算法的仿真、测试和评估。
文摘Ultra-Wideband(UWB)技术被认为是最适合进行室内无线定位的技术,IEEE802.15.4a给出的TW-TOA(Two Way Time of Arrival)测距协议中采用的是基于时间戳报文的接收-发送周转时延消除的方法,但是同类设备在相同的环境下其周转时延是相同的,所以为了减少测距双方的数据通信量,提出了一种基于固定周转时延的测距方法;为了提高Hello帧的可靠性提出了在初次定位以及在定位过程中当周转时延发生严重漂移的情况下发送基于停-等协议的Hello报文;同时给出了与IEEE802.15.4兼容的MAC子层协议的格式,并给出了Hello报文格式以及包含品质因子的测距应答帧格式。
文摘提出一种呼叫应答式的传感器定位系统。利用超宽带(UWB)脉冲串来代替单个极窄脉冲,易于通过能量检测方式接收.采用呼叫应答式的定位算法和最小均方误差估计获取波达时间,提高了定位精度并且对多径干扰和非视距传播具有鲁棒性.同时利用平均时延扩展来修正波达时间,进一步提高系统定位精度.仿真结果表明,在IEEE802.15.4a给出的室内多径信道中,系统信噪比为-20 dB^30 dB时,定位误差小于60 cm.
文摘考察基于UWB技术的Ad Hoc网络组网的关键问题。根据UWB信号特征分析了信道容量,说明在大带宽、有限功率的通信模型下UWB Ad Hoc网络的节点吞吐量。从网内冲突和网间干扰方面讨论无线接入面临的问题和解决途径,包括解决网内冲突的主从轮询机制、CSMA竞争机制和应对于网间干扰的扩频技术。举例分析了UWB Ad Hoc网络MAC协议的特性,说明将Ad hoc MAC与动态信道编码结合,并采用跳时的方式解决网间干扰的是一种有效的方法。在分析UWB和GPS定位信息不同点的基础上进一步研究了基于TOA的定位算法和定位辅助路由LAR协议的原理,提出两者结合的UWB Ad Hoc网络定位辅助路由。
