A/D Restrictions (Errors) in Ultra-Wideband Impulse Radios

Ultra-Wideband Impulse Radio (UWB-IR) technologies, although are relatively easy in transmission but they present difficulties in reception, in fact the reception of such waveform is a quite complicated matter. The main reason is that in fully digital receiver the received waveform must be sampled at a rate of several GHz. This paper focuses on the impact of the Analog to Digital (A/D) conversion stage that is used to sample the received waveform. More specifically we focus on the impact of the two main parameters that affect the performance of the Software Defined Radio (SDR) system. These parameters are the bit resolution and the time jittering. The influence of these parameters is deeply examined.

On the Implementation of a Probabilistic Equalizer for Low-Cost Impulse Radio UWB in High Data Rate

This paper treats the digital design of a probabilistic energy equalizer for impulse radio (IR) UWB receiver in high data rate (100Mbps). The aim of this study is to bypass certain complex mathematical function as a chi-squared distribution and reduce the computational complexity of the equalizer for a low cost hardware implementation. As in Sub-MAP algorithm, the max* operation is investigated for complexity reduction and tested by computer simulation with fixed point data types under 802.15.3a channel models. The obtained re-sults prove that the complexity reduction involves a very slight algorithm deterioration and still meet the low-cost constraint of the implementation.

Receiver design of UWB radio systems for an impulsive noise environment

The performance of UWB (ultrawide bandwidth) radio systems under an impulsive noise environment is first investigated. In the analysis, the Middleton's class A model is used as a model of the impulsive noise. At first, the statistical characteristics of the inphase and quadrature components of the impulsive noise are investigated, and it is proved that unlike Gaussian noise, these components are dependent especially on the impulsive noise with small impulsive indices. The probability that the high amplitude noise is emitted in the inphase component which becomes firstly larger and then smaller for the larger quadrature component of impulsive noise is presented. Next, the performance of conventional UWB radio systems designed for the Gaussian noise under the impulsive noise is evaluated and numerical results show that the performance of the conventional UWB radio systems is much degraded by the effect of the impulsive noise. Using the dependence between the inphase and quadrature components of the impulsive noise, a novel UWB receiver designed for impulsive noise is proposed and the performance improvement achieved by the receiver is evaluated. Numerical results show that the performance of UWB radio systems is much improved by employing the proposed receiver.

Performance analysis of UWB radio systems under cassa impulsive noise environment

The performance of UWB (Ultrawide Bandwidth) radio systems under class A impulsive noise environment is studied in this paper. First, while employing the Middleton’s class A model as a model of impulsive noise, the statistical characteristics of in-phase and quadrature components of impulsive noise is investigated. It is proven that, unlike Gaussian noise, they are dependent especially due to the fact that impulsive indices are small. Next, using this above dependence, a novel UWB radio receiver designed for impulsive noise is proposed and the exact expression for the average BER (Bit Error Rate) of this receiver as a function of SNR (Signal to Noise Power Ratio) and threshold value is derived. Then, the optimum threshold value is discussed and the performance of UWB radio systems with the proposed receiver designed for impulsive noise and with the conventional receiver designed for Gaussian noise under impulsive noise environment is estimated. Numerical results are compared and show that the influence of impulsiveness index and threshold value on the performance of UWB radio systems is quite large and that the performance achieved by the proposed UWB radio receiver is much superior to that of the conventional UWB radio receiver under class A impulsive noise environment.

Link Budget Design with Performance Evaluation of Tunable Impulse-Based Ultra Wideband to Support the Integration of Wireless Sensing and Identifications Infrastructures

Recently, many studies propose the use of ultra-wideband technology for passive and active radio frequency identification systems as well as for wireless sensor networks due to its numerous advantages. By harvesting these advantages of IR-UWB technology at the physical-layer design, this paper proposes that a cross layer architecture platform can be considered as a good integrator for different wireless short-ranges indoor protocols into a universal smart wireless-tagged architecture with new promising applications in cognitive radio for future applications. Adaptive transmission algorithms have been studied to show the trade-off between different specific QoS requirements, transmission rates and distances at the physical layer level and this type of dynamic optimization and reconfiguration leads to the cross-layer design proposal in the paper. Studies from both theoretical simulation and statistical indoor environments experiments are considered as a proof of concept for the proposed architecture.

Narrowband interference suppression in TR-UWB system based on cognitive radio theory

A cognitive radio transmitted reference ultra-wideband（CR-TR-UWB） system is proposed to improve the performance of TR-UWB systems with narrowband interference（NBI） from primary users（PU）.The transmitter of the CR-TR-UWB system detects the band of PU,and then sends prolate spheroidal wave functions（PSWF） pulses with the same limited band as PU＇s to reduce interference with PU.The receiver uses a notch filter before autocorrelation to eliminate NBI from PU.The simulation results show that the bit error rate（BER） performance of the CR-TR-UWB system is close to that of TR-UWB systems without NBI when the system is interfered by single or double NBIs with a signal to interference ratio（SIR） of 0 dB,and if the signal to noise ratio（SNR） is 10 dB and the SIR varies from-20 to 10 dB,BER performance varies no more than an order of magnitude.The system has excellent resistance to NBI,strong robustness BER performance at different SNRs,and smaller interference with the same frequency band PU.

基于时频域特征融合的IR-UWB穿墙雷达人体行为识别方法

冲激脉冲(impulse radio,IR)超宽带(ultra-wideband,UWB)穿墙雷达因其良好的穿透性和距离分辨率在穿墙人体行为识别领域具有重要作用,但是常规识别方法仅采用单域特征对行为模式进行描述,识别准确率不高。针对这一问题,提出基于时频域特征融合的IR-UWB穿墙雷达人体行为识别算法。首先,通过杂波抑制及距离补偿方法获取高信噪比的人体行为距离像。其次,基于距离像提取目标时域特征,与频域特征进行融合,构建数据集。最后,基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)算法对人体行为进行识别。实验结果表明,所提算法对于IR-UWB穿墙雷达人体行为识别能够达到95%的准确率。

Photonic generation of power-efficient FCC-compliant ultra-wideband waveforms using semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA):theoretical analysis and experiment verification

We theoretically design a power-efficient ultra-wideband pulse generator by combining three monocycle pulses with different weights. We also experimentally demonstrate a feasible scheme to generate such power-efficient ultra-wideband waveforms using cross-phase modulation in a single semiconductor optical amplifier. The designed ultra-wideband pulse fully satisfies the requirements for the spectral mask specified by the Federal Communications Commission with high power efficiency. In the experiment, a power-efficient ultra-wideband waveform with a pulse duration of 310 ps is achieved, and the power efficiency is greatly improved compared with that of a single nlonocycle pulse or a mixture of two monoeycles.

Design and Simulation of Sub-Nanosecond Pulse Generator for Ultra-Wideband Communication

A new sub-nanosecond pulse generator scheme is proposed in the opinion of frequency field in this paper. The filtering techniques used in the UWB (ultra-wideband) generator make the circuit simple and suitable for integration. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that monocycle form generated in the scheme have a good balance between positive and negative shape and small traipse by circuit parameter control and has improved the quality of UWB pulse form.

Ultra-Wideband RoF System and Its Key Technologies

The microwave photonic technology-based Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Radio over Fiber (RoF) system is an important solution to the future low-cost and high-performance ultra-wideband wireless access network.Much research work has been done in this field with abundant results.This article introduces the RoF system that is based on the all-optical vector modulation technology to further enhance signal’s spectrum efficiency;the full-duplex RoF system that is based on the millimeter wave Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) modulation to greatly simplify base station structure and fiber layout;and the RoF system that is based on multi-service mixed transmission to carry the service with both wired signal and several wireless signals.The article also presents an RoF-based high-definition video transmission platform.

Range Extension and Channel Capacity Increase in Impulse-Radio Ultra-Wideband Communications

We theoretically analyze the channel capacity of a 5th-order Gaussian pulse-based ultra-wideband （UWB） system and experimentally demonstrate 2 Gbit/s UWB-over-fiber transmission systems incorporating wireless transmission. Both electrical and photonic UWB pulse generation methods are employed and its performance is compared. By utilizing optimum UWB pulse design and employing a digital signal processing （DSP） receiver, a bit-error-rate above the forward error correction （FEC） limit for 8 meters of wireless＇emis- sion is obtained in our photonic generation UWB system. A noticeable increase in the channel capacity is achieved compared to previously reported results.

Optimal design of basic pulse waveforms for THSS UWB radio systems

Ultrawide bandwidth (UWB) radio, a very promising technique carrying information in very short basic pulses, has properties that make it a viable candidate for short-range wireless communications. In this paper, several short-pulse waveforms based on Gaussian genetic monocycle as well as Gaussian pulse waveform, as candidates of basic UWB pulse waveforms, are firstly proposed and investigated. Their spectrum characteristics, bit transmission rate (BTR), and bit error rate (BER) performance in AWGN channel using time hopping spread spectrum (THSS) and pulse position modulation (PPM) are simulated and evaluated. The numerical results are compared and show that the basic pulse waveforms determine the spectrum characteristics of UWB signals and have much effect on the performance of UWB radio system. The performance of UWB radio system achieved by the proposed basic pulse waveforms is much better than that of UWB radio system realized by other used basic pulse waveforms under the uniform conditions. Also, the polarity of these short basic pulses does not affect the performance of UWB radio system.

Simulation and Analysis of Typical Mobile Radio Channels

In this paper, the bit error rate (BER) performance for typical mobile radio channels is simulated and analyzed based on a tapped delay line model. The investigation is focused on the propagation environments determined by the average delay profile and the Doppler spectra. The profile characteristics and their influences on channel behavior are also examined.

基于比较算法和OWR-TDOA的IR-UWB定位系统研究

针对采用脉冲无线电-超宽带实现高精度定位进行了研究。首先提出了基于现场可编程门阵列板的全数字发射机,由其I/O口产生并输出脉冲信号;然后脉冲信号通过接收天线接收,并由每个接收支路上的低噪声放大器放大,通过比较算法将脉冲信号转换为1位数字样本;为了降低噪声功率,将数字化后的样本按脉冲帧的相应相位进行平均,并将平均后的脉冲样本与模板信号进行关联,将相关器输出与阈值进行比较,接收机通过检测超过阈值的相关器输出来估计脉冲信号的定时;最后,处理单元根据单向测距-到达时间差方法估计出发射机的位置。实验测试结果不仅验证了提出的定位系统的有效性,而且表明了提出的定位系统相比于传统的基于模数变换器的接收处理系统在发射机定位均方根(RMS)误差和模态值的RMS误差方面分别提高了41.48%和23.11%。

On detecting primary user emulation attack using channel impulse response in the cognitive radio network

Cognitive radio is an effective technology to alleviate the spectrum resource scarcity problem by opportunistically allocating the spare spectrum to unauthorized users. However, a serious denial-of-service(DoS) attack,named the ‘primary user emulation attack(PUEA)', exists in the network to deteriorate the system performance. In this paper, we propose a PUEA detection method that exploits the radio channel information to detect the PUEA in the cognitive radio network. In the proposed method, the uniqueness of the channel impulse response(CIR) between the secondary user(SU) and the signal source is used to determine whether the received signal is transmitted by the primary user(PU) or the primary user emulator(PUE). The closed-form expressions for the false-alarm probability and the detection probability of the proposed PUEA detection method are derived. In addition, a modified subspace-based blind channel estimation method is presented to estimate the CIR, in order for the proposed PUEA detection method to work in the scenario where the SU has no prior knowledge about the structure and content of the PU signal. Numerical results show that the proposed PUEA detection method performs well although the difference in channel characteristics between the PU and PUE is small.

特高压设备绝缘试验所面临的技术挑战

因特高压设备的特殊性,其雷电冲击试验、联合电压试验、湿耐受试验以及直流无线电干扰试验在实施过程中面临着巨大的技术挑战。笔者结合标准、实际试验情况以及试验数据,分析了以上4种试验的难点以及所存在的问题,同时针对实际试验中应采取的应对措施或未来标准的修订提出了建议。对雷电冲击试验,应采取过冲阻尼装置解决波前时间和过冲的矛盾,同时对于部分特殊的特高压设备,相关标准应规定其特殊要求;对工频和冲击的联合电压试验,工频侧的电压补偿不可避免,同时应采取特殊分压器测量确定电压跌落值;对湿试验,淋雨量的容差必然会超出标准要求,且雨滴的雾化现象不可避免。未来标准修订时应充分考虑此情况,对直流无线电干扰试验,因直流电晕特性和交流有本质区别。建议采用测量直流电晕起始和熄灭电压或者用交流法替代测量。

IR-UWB系统中基于root-MUSIC算法的TOA和DOA联合估计

针对二维多重信号分类算法可以估计出系统的到达时间(TOA,time-of-arrival)和波达方向(DOA,directionof-arrival)参数,但需要复杂度非常高的二维谱峰搜索这一问题,提出了IR-UWB系统中基于求根MUSIC(root-MUSIC)的TOA和DOA联合估计算法,该算法对接收信号的频域形式建模,先估计出TOA,然后由TOA的差值计算出DOA,从而实现TOA和DOA的联合估计。该算法不需谱峰搜索,可直接给出估计参数的闭式解,还可实现参数配对。还推导了参数估计的误差方差。仿真结果表明,该算法的参数估计性能明显优于矩阵束算法、传播算子算法以及基于旋转不变技术估计信号参数算法,并且非常接近于2D-MUSIC算法,但该算法的复杂度却远远低于2D-MUSIC算法。

农资仓储脉冲超宽带室内定位系统设计与试验及误差分析

针对仓储环境下农资物品与自动导引运输车(automated guided vehicle,AGV)的定位精度低的问题,开发了适用于农资仓储环境下的脉冲超宽带技术(impulse radio-ultra wide band,IR-UWB)室内定位系统。采用双面双程测距(symmetric double sided-two way ranging,SDS-TWR)方法,建立了考虑时钟频偏等因素的到达时间(time of arrival,TOA)定位系统模型。研究表明定位系统计算所带来的误差主要来源于距离测算方法和节点位置计算方法 2方面,在这2方面提出了相应的解决办法,包括测距算法的选择,基站的布置等。最后,以DW1000射频芯片为硬件基础,设计了定位系统移动站和基站节点,并在农资仓库的环境中分别进行了静态测距试验、静态定位试验、以及动态定位试验。试验表明:静态测距精度优于50 mm,静态定位精度优于50 mm,动态定位试验精度优于85 mm。综合结果表明,该文搭建的系统可满足农资物品定位的实际应用要求,可为室内农资仓储环境下AGV的定位和导航提供参考。

超宽带通信系统的Simulink仿真实现

超宽带(UWB)脉冲无线电(IR)技术是一个新兴的通信技术,具有诸多的优点,正受到人们越来越广泛的关注。Simulink是一种用来建模、仿真和分析动态系统的集成仿真工具。该文介绍了超宽带脉冲无线电和Simulink的特点,在Simulink环境下搭建并实现了超宽带通信系统的仿真。提出了在跳时(TH)脉冲位置调制(PPM)通信系统中的同步相关算法,主要对仿真链路中的接收机进行设计和实现,其中包括信号检测、伪随机序列捕获、数据同步等。结果表明,该仿真系统在超宽带通信中是可行的。

UWB脉冲的优化设计

从最大化频谱利用率的角度提出了一种设计超宽带(UWB)脉冲的算法,此算法是通过对理想UWB脉冲进行加窗、卷积来设计UWB脉冲的.所设计的脉冲不仅时间上受限减少了多址干扰,而且在满足频谱模板的情况下提高了频谱利用率,改善了UWB通信系统的性能.另外,本算法具有通用性与灵活性,适合任意国家的频谱模板.