Gas-initiation under UV and liquid-grafting polymerization on the surface of polysulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane by dynamic method

Using the inner-surface of polysulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes as grafted layer, the method of gas-initiation and liquid-polymerization has been studied, which aimed to adjust the diameter of the pores in the membranes. The degree of polymerization varied with the changes of the parameters, such as irradiation time, monomer concentration, temperature and time of polymerization and so on. The results indicated that using benzophenone(BP) which is in a gaseous condition as photo-initiator, acrylamide as graft monomer, the polyacrylamide chain was grafted on the surface of membranes. After the surface membrane being modified, the water flux and retention altered,and thus it can be seen that the diameter of the pores in the membrane was altered. These experiments contribute to finding a new way to produce the hollow fiber membrane with the small pore size and are extraordinarily worth developing and studying.

Characterization of polysulfone hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane and its cleaning efficiency by streaming potential and flux method

Polysulfone(PS)hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane was characterized combined with flux and streaming potential in single electrolyte solutions.The effects of trans-membrane pressure,electrolyte concentration,ion valence and pH value of electrolyte solution on the streaming potential(SP)of the membrane were investigated.The zeta potential and surface charge density of the membrane were calculated on the basis of Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation and Gouy-Chapmann theory.The results indicate that the valence and concentration of cation have a greater influence on the SP and surface charge density of PS membrane than those of anion,and the pH value of electrolyte solution has great effects on the SP and zeta potential of the membrane surface. Both the absolute value of the streaming potential and water flux of the adsorbed membrane decrease,compared with those of the clean membrane.The streaming potential and flux of the cleaned membrane can be completely recovered by cleaning with the mass fraction of 0.8%EDTA at pH=10.

Operation Characteristics of Treating Surface Water with Polyvinylchloride Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration Membrane

A pilot plant study on a polyvinylchloride hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane process was conducted for treating surface water. The membrane system was operated in the dead-end filtration mode under different constant permeate fluxes. The results show that the optimized operation (transmembrane pressure≤0.1 MPa, filtration time≤30 min) with a hydraulic cleaning (30 s) and a chemical cleaning (30 min, the chemical cleaning was performed after 16 cycles of filtration ) ensures a quite steady flux (1 100 L/(m^2·h·MPa)) and good permeate quality (turbidity<0.1 NTU). A full-scale plant can be suggested to operate with a mixed strategy of constant permeate flux mode (transmembrane pressure≤0.1 MPa) and constant transmembrane pressure mode. When the temperature of raw water becomes below 5 ℃, a constant transmembrane pressure mode should be used; otherwise a constant permeate flux mode (transmembrane pressure≤0.1 MPa) can be operated. In this way, irreversible fouling of ultrafiltration membrane can be minimized to keep a stable flux and make the life of membrane longer.

Synthesis and Preparation of Polysulfone Hollow Fiber Chelating Membrane Modified with Thiourea

Several kinds of chloromethyl polysulfones （CMPF） with different chlorinity and reactive groups were synthesized by Friedel.crafts reaction, which could be utilized as reactively matrix membrane materials. The CMPF hollow matrix membranes were prepared with phase inversion by utilization of CMPF/additive/DMAC casting solution and CMPF as membrane materials. It was found that the effects of additive content, bore liquid and dry spinning distance on the structure of CMPF hollow fiber matrix membrane were different. A high qualified palysulfone hollow fiber chelating membrane modified with thiourea as chelating groups was prepared using CMPF as membrane matrix materials, through the reaction between thiourea and CMPF hollow fiber matrix membrane to afford the methyl iso-thiourium polysulfone. The experimental results showed that thermal drawing could increase the mechanical properties of matrix membrane, and the thermal treatment could increase the homogeneity and stability of the structure of polysulfoue hollow fiber chelating membrane modified with thiourea.

Sodium alginate-polyvinyl alcohol/polysulfone (SA-PVA/PSF) hollow fiber composite pervaporation membrane for dehydration of ethanol-water solution

Using polysulfone （PSF） hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes as the substrate, sodium alginate （SA） and polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） blend solutions as the coating solution, and maleic anhydride （MAC） as the cross-linked agent, SAPVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared for the dehydration of ethanol-water. The effects of different sodium alginate concentration in the coating solutions and different operating temperatures on pervaporation performance were investigated. The experimental results showed that pervaporation performance of the SA-PVA/PSF composite membranes for ethanol-water solution exhibited a high separation factor although they had a relatively low permeation flux. As SA concentration in SA-PVA coating solution was 66.7% and the operating temperature was 40 ℃, SA-PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membrane （PS4） had a separation factor of 886 and flux of 12.6 g/（m^2·h）. Besides, SA-PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membranes （PS3 and PS4） were used for the investigation of the effect of ethanol concentration in the feed solution on pervaporation performance.

Monitoring of polymeric membrane fouling in hollow fiber module using ultrasonic nondestructive testing

This study describes the development of novel protocols extending the real-time ultrasonic reflectometry(UTDR) for the detection of membrane fouling in hollow fiber module during ultrafiltration(UF) of oily water treatment. A specially designed acoustic sensor with a frequency of 2.5 MHz was used. The hollow fiber membranes used were polysulphone(PSf) UF membranes with MWCO 40 kDa. The wastewaters with three different oily concentrations of 100, 500 and 1 000 mg/L were investigated. Diesel oil was utilized as the primary foulant. The results show that the permeate flux declines with operation time and its value becomes lower with the increase of the oily concentration in wastewater. It is found that ultrasonic measurement can detect the fouling and cleaning processes. A new signal analysis protocol-ultrasonic reflected energy was developed. Ultrasonic reflected energy obtained indicates the deposition of oily layer as a function of operation time and its removal after cleaning. The overall flux decline is reasonably correlated with the changes in ultrasonic reflected energy. This research provides the evidence that the ultrasonic reflectometry technique is capable of monitoring membrane fouling and cleaning in hollow fiber modules.

多款含氟材料制备高性能中空纤维超滤膜

含氟高聚物材料因其良好的物理化学特性成为制备超滤膜的常用材料之一,实验过程采用4款聚偏氟乙烯材料通过非溶剂相转化法制备了高性能中空纤维超滤膜。通过对比分析发现不同聚偏氟乙烯材料获得的膜性能差异较大,进口品牌1和国产品牌2制备的膜性能更优。另外也发现铸膜液中聚偏氟乙烯含量的增加有利于提高断裂强度,但纯水通量有所下降。凝胶浴中非溶剂含量越高,膜丝断裂强度和纯水通量越高;而过高的凝胶浴温度则会降低通量水平。

熔纺-选择性溶胀制备嵌段共聚物多通道中空纤维膜

嵌段共聚物的熔纺-选择性溶胀是一种制备中空纤维膜的清洁生产工艺。本文提出构建多通道构型来提升嵌段共聚物中空纤维膜的性能,通过熔纺-拉伸-选择性溶胀,制备了具有3通道和7通道的聚砜/聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物中空纤维膜,研究了通道数、溶胀条件和拉伸行为对中空纤维膜微观结构、渗透性、截留率和耐压性的影响。由于壁厚的相互支撑作用,多通道中空纤维膜的渗透性和耐压性能都比单通道中空纤维膜有所提高,且可通过拉伸和溶胀条件实现膜性能在较大范围内的高效调控。在适当的通道数和拉伸比下,拉伸后的三通道中空纤维膜的通量比单通道中空纤维膜高20倍。此工作对使用清洁方法制备高性能的中空纤维膜具有重要意义。

高性能FeCl_(2)·4H_(2)O/聚硫酸酯(PSE)中空纤维共混超滤膜性能和结构的探究

以四水氯化亚铁(FeCl_(2)·4H_(2)O)为改性剂,采用非溶剂致相分离法(NIPS)制备FeCl_(2)·4H_(2)O/聚硫酸酯(PSE)中空纤维共混超滤膜,本文研究了FeCl_(2)·4H_(2)O的质量分数对FeCl_(2)·4H_(2)O/PSE中空纤维共混超滤膜微观结构、截留性能和力学性能等影响。实验采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察超滤膜的形貌结构,使用接触角测量仪和电子拉力试验机测试超滤膜的亲水性和力学性能,利用实验室自制的测试装置测试纯水通量和截留率。实验结果表明:当FeCl_(2)·4H_(2)O为5%时,FeCl_(2)·4H_(2)O/PSE中空纤维共混超滤膜的性能最优,其纯水通量为210 L/(m^(2)·h)。

Electrokinetic and permeation characterization of hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane

PAN membrane and hydrolyzed PAN membranes with the same pore size were used to investigate the relationship between the electrokinetic property and permeation performance by streaming potential measurement and ion exchange technology. SEM and FT-IR/ATR spectra were employed to analyze the reaction and the presence of the amide groups. The thickness of the polyacrylic acid (PAA) layer on the membrane surface measured by ion-exchange titration technology increased with the reaction time, and that on membrane hydrolyzed for 50 min could reach 10.8 nm. Streaming potential measurement was used to study the influence of the carboxylic and nitrile group on the membrane surface on their separation property. Zeta potential measured in pure water had close relationship with the permeation property. This measurement also proved that there was a maximum zeta potential between zero and the concentration tested. For the ionization or dissociation of the carboxylic group on the membrane surface, treated membranes had a more flexible zeta potential range than that of the untreated membrane in the pH range of 3-9. They were all negative in pure water and 1 g·L-1 KCl solution, while the membranes hydrolyzed for 30 min and 50min had IEPs at pH 5.5 and 6.1 in 1 g·L-1 MgCl2 solution. Special inflection points of all the membranes were observed in AlCl3 solution for the positive colloid structure of Al(OH)3.

A review on hollow fiber membrane module towards high separation efficiency:Process modeling in fouling perspective

Hollow fiber microfiltration(MF)and ultrafiltration(UF)membrane processes have been extensively used in water purification and biotechnology.However,complicated filtration hydrodynamics wield a negative influence on fouling mitigation and stability of hollow fiber MF/UF membrane processes.Thus,establishing a mathematical model to understand the membrane processes is essential to guide the optimization of module configurations and to alleviate membrane fouling.Here,we present a comprehensive overview of the hollow fiber MF/UF membrane filtration models developed from different theories.The existing models primarily focus on membrane fouling but rarely on the interactions between the membrane fouling and local filtration hydrodynamics.Therefore,more simplified conceptual models and integrated reduced models need to be built to represent the real filtration behaviors of hollow fiber membranes.Future analyses considering practical requirements including complicated local hydrodynamics and nonuniform membrane properties are suggested to meet the accurate prediction of membrane filtration performance in practical application.This review will inspire the development of high-efficiency hollow fiber membrane modules.

PAN／PS共混中空纤维超滤膜研究

本文将聚丙烯腈（ＰＡＮ）和聚砜（ＰＳ）材料共混，采用二甲基甲酰胺（ＤＭＦ）作溶剂，以干－湿纺丝工艺制备中空纤维超滤膜，研究了二种膜材料和溶剂的热力学性质，确定合适的共混体系，并考察相同共混比下共混物浓度对中空纤维超滤膜性能影响。以磷酸三乙酯（ＴＥＰ）和冰醋酸作为添加剂，分别观测其不同含量时膜性能变化规律，认为磷酸三乙酯作为添加剂有一定的优越性。提高铸膜液温度，有助于增强ＰＡＮ－ＰＳ－ＤＭＦ所组成部分互溶体系的混溶性，为中空纤维超滤膜制备提供必要条件。

中空纤维膜分离燕麦蛋白工艺及膜清洗方案

以燕麦蛋白回收率、总糖清除率、膜的污染度、浓缩效率及膜通量恢复率为指标,优化了中空纤维膜分离燕麦蛋白的工艺参数及膜的清洗方案。在温度35℃、压力0.02MPa、pH值=8、流量25L/h条件下利用MOF503分离经滤纸预处理的燕麦蛋白提取液,燕麦蛋白回收率、总糖清除率、膜的污染度及浓缩效率分别为80.3%、79.5%、41%、43.5L/(m2·h),同时,若采用分批超滤方式并辅以定期在线负压反冲清洗更有利于MOF503超滤处理燕麦蛋白提取液;通过物理和化学清洗方法对MOF503清洗效果的研究,表明物理清洗中的负压反冲清洗效果要明显优于等压水力清洗,化学清洗中HCl(pH值=2)和NaOH+H2O2+HCl比其他的效果要好,若物理和化学清洗协同作用,可使MOF503膜通量恢复率达94.74%。该研究表明利用中空纤维膜分离燕麦蛋白是可行的,并且将为膜分离蛋白的研究提供一定的技术依据。

抗污染超滤膜的研制

本文研制了氯甲基化／季铵化聚砜与聚偏氟乙烯共混超滤膜用于阴极电泳漆超滤系统。首先优化了氯甲基化／季铵化聚砜超滤膜的制备工艺，在此基础上，用聚偏氟乙烯部分代替氯甲基化聚砜制备共混超滤膜。结果表明：氯甲基化／季铵化聚砜与聚偏氟乙烯共混超滤膜不仅具有优良的分离性能。

胶束强化超滤处理含镉和铅离子废水的研究

利用 3种单皮层聚醚酰亚胺 (PEI)中空纤维超滤膜 ,对水溶液中重金属离子镉和铅脱除进行了胶束强化超滤研究 .在胶束强化超滤 (MEUF)过程中 ,测定了流速、操作压力、表面活性剂 (十二烷基硫酸钠和十二烷基苯磺酸钠 )与浓度对重金属离子分离性能的影响 ,结果表明镉和铅的截留率可达 99.0 %以上 ,渗透通量可达 1.83× 10 - 10 m3 /(m2 ·s·Pa) .同时 ,对聚电解质(羧甲基纤维素钠和聚丙烯酸钠 )在MEUF中的应用也进行了研究 ,镉和铅的截留率可达 99.5 %以上 ,渗透通量可达 1.89× 10 - 10 m3 /(m2 ·s·Pa) .根据以上研究 ,说明MEUF可应用于处理工业污水中 .

膜法处理退浆废水

本工作采用耐温 SPES/ PES- C共混中空纤维超滤膜和纳滤膜处理退浆废水 ,采用超滤处理含浆料 PVA的淋洗水 ,浓缩液的 PVA回用 ;超滤透过液采用纳滤膜进一步处理 ,使超滤透过液经纳滤处理后 COD大幅度地下降 ,并探讨作为退浆淋洗水回用的可行性。

PSF-SPES共混中空纤维超滤膜制备的研究

以聚砜(PSF)、磺化聚醚砜(SPES)和醋酸纤维素(CA)为膜材料,水为内凝胶剂,采用干湿法制备了PSF-SPES共混中空纤维超滤膜,探讨了PSF-SPES铸膜液中SPES离子交换容量(IEC)、SPES浓度、添加剂、外凝胶剂的选择和热处理对膜性能的影响。所得共混超滤膜性能如下:w=0.0 0 1的Na2SO4截留率19.9%,通量62 L/(h.m2.MPa);w=0.001的PEG4000截留率78.2%,通量85 L/(h.m2.MPa)。此外,以PSF-SPES中空纤维为支撑膜,采用醋酸纤维素作为涂层液,研究了CA/PSF-SPES复合超滤膜性能,讨论了CA/PSF-SPES共混中空纤维超滤膜结构。

混凝-超滤联用技术制备自来水的试验研究

采用混凝+超滤联用技术以苏州太湖水为原水进行制备自来水的实验。结果表明,投加混凝剂能够有效降低中空纤维膜表面的污染,采用气压水反洗技术系统跨膜压差能够有效恢复,常规化学清洗能有效清除膜表面的污染物,长时间运行后膜丝完整性良好,无"断丝"现象。混凝+超滤联用能有效去除原水中的各种污染物,浊度去除率99.5%以上,TOC去除率45%～50%,UV254去除率43%～45%,总铁去除率90%以上,水的利用率在87%左右。产水水质达到或优于《生活饮用水卫生标准》GB5749-2005。

微滤膜技术在茶饮料澄清中的应用

用不同孔径的中空纤维聚偏氟乙烯 (PVDF)微波膜及截留分子质量为 5万u和 8万u的超滤膜澄清处理绿茶、红茶、乌龙茶等茶汁。结果表明 ,PVDF微滤膜不仅能有效去除茶汁中的胶体、颗粒、细菌等杂质 ,使瓶装茶饮料在保质期内清澈透明 ,而且与超滤相比 ,能保留茶汁的有效成分。近 2年来的实际应用表明 ,PVDF微滤膜组件使用寿命均已达到 2a以上 ,微滤技术用于茶饮料澄清效果理想。

BS系列中空纤维超滤膜在生物技术中的应用

研制了系列中空纤维聚砜超滤膜,并成功地在酶制剂浓缩、生物制品和基因工程药物纯化、酶膜反应器等方面进行了应用试验,其性能已与国外相应滤膜相当。