Comprehensive modeling approach of axial ultrasonic vibration grinding force

The theoretical model of axial ultrasonic vibration grinding force is built on the basis of a mathematical model of cutting deforming force deduced from the assumptions of thickness of the undeformed debris under Rayleigh distribution and a mathematical model of friction based on the theoretical analysis of relative sliding velocity of abrasive and workpiece. Then, the coefficients of the ultrasonic vibration grinding force model are calculated through analysis of nonlinear regression of the theoretical model by using MATLAB, and the law of influence of grinding depth, workpiece speed, frequency and amplitude of the mill on the grinding force is summarized after applying the model to analyze the ultrasonic grinding force. The result of the above-mentioned law shows that the grinding force decreases as frequency and amplitude increase, while increases as grinding depth and workpiece speed increase; the maximum relative error of prediction and experimental values of the normal grinding force is 11.47% and its average relative error is 5.41%; the maximum relative error of the tangential grinding force is 10.14% and its average relative error is 4.29%. The result of employing regression equation to predict ultrasonic grinding force approximates to the experimental data, therefore the accuracy and reliability of the model is verified.

Research on Vibration Cutting Performance of Particle Reinforced Metallic Matrix Composites SiC_p/Al

The cutting performance of particle reinforced meta ll ic matrix composites (PRMMCs) SiC p/Al in ultrasonic vibration cutting and comm on cutting with carbide tools and PCD tools was experimentally researched in the paper. The changing rules of chip shape, deformation coefficient, shear angle a nd surface residual stress were presented by ultrasonic vibration cutting. Resul ts show: when adopting common cutting, spiral chip with smaller curl radius will be obtained. The chip with zigzag contour is short and thick. There are lots of sheet cracking both on the face of the chip and on the machined surface. That i s to say, the cutting process of metallic matrix composites(MMCs) is not all lik e the cutting process of plastic material. It is akin to the breaking process of brittle material. By comparison, when adopting ultrasonic cutting, because tool contacts with workpiece intermittently in high frequency, deformation of chip i s small, loose spiral chip with larger curl radius is long and thin. The phenome non is just similar to vibration cutting of plastic material. But the chip still belongs to plastic or semi-plastic segmental chip due to the structure charact eristics of the material itself. Furthermore, the tangential residual compressio n stress of vibration cutting is larger than that of common cutting, axial resid ual stress has a relation to the feed rate and residual stress does not changes obviously with cutting depth and they are in the same order of magnitude on the whole. According to the test result analyzing, the following conclusions are put forward: 1) The extruding deformation is serious in common cutting PRMMCs, defo rmation of it’s chip is larger, and the chip with lesser curl radius is short. Whereas, the deformation of chip in vibration cutting PRMMCs is lesser, the curl radius is bigger, and the loose chips are obtained at every turn. 2) The cuttin g deformation coefficient of chip in vibration cutting is lesser than that in co mmon cutting, however the shear angle is bigger. 3) The tangential residual compression stress of vibration cutting is larger than that of common cutting, a nd residual stress does not change obviously with cutting depth, they are in the same order of magnitude on the whole.

Microstructure Transformation and Refinement Mechanism of Undercooled Cu-Ni-Co Alloy Based on Simulation of Critical Cutting Speed in Ultrasonic Machining

Both Cu60Ni38Co2 and Cu60Ni40 alloy were naturally cooled after rapid solidification from the liquid phase.The transformation law of the microstructure characteristics of the rapidly solidified alloy with the change of undercooling(ΔT)was systematically studied.It is found that the two alloys experience the same transformation process.The refinement structures under different undercoolings were characterized by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).The results show that the characteristics of the refinement structure of the two alloys with low undercooling are the same,but the characteristics of the refinement structure with high undercooling are opposite.The transmission electron microscopy(TEM)results of Cu60Ni38Co2 alloy show that the dislocation network density of low undercooled microstructure is lower than that of high undercooled microstructure.By combining EBSD and TEM,it could be confirmed that the dendrite remelting fracture is the reason for the refinement of the low undercooled structure,while the high undercooled structure is refined due to recrystallization.On this basis,in the processing of copper base alloys,there will be serious work hardening phenomenon and machining hard problem of consciousness problems caused by excessive cutting force.A twodimensional orthogonal turning finite element model was established using ABAQUS software to analyze the changes in cutting speed and tool trajectory in copper based alloy ultrasonic elliptical vibration turning.The results show that in copper based alloy ultrasonic elliptical vibration turning,cutting process parameters have a significant impact on cutting force.Choosing reasonable process parameters can effectively reduce cutting force and improve machining quality.

Influence of transversal vibration on cutting performance and surface integrity during ultrasonic peening drilling of Al-Li alloys

Advanced hole-making process is of great importance to enhance the fatigue performance of Al-Li alloy part in aviation industry.Ultrasonic peening drilling(UPD),in which an ultrasonic transversal vibration is applied to the cutting tools,is a recently proposed hole-making method that integrates precision-machining and surface strengthening by single-shot operation.In the study,kinematics,material removal mechanism and strengthening mechanism for UPD of Al-Li alloy by helical fluted reamers are analyzed.The effect of transversal vibration on the cutting performance and surface integrity is studied through comparative experiments between UPD and conventional drilling(CD)of Al-Li alloy holes.The experimental results show that UPD exhibits superior cutting performance with a maximum reduction of 52.6%in thrust force and 52.3%in torque,respectively,compared to CD.Moreover,narrower dimensional tolerance is obtained in UPD due to the reduced transversal force and improved machining stability.Additionally,deeper plastic deformation,higher surface microhardness and residual compressive stress of machined holes are obtained by UPD.The electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD)analysis confirms that deeper machined affect area and grain refinement are realized in UPD.Therefore,the results indicate that UPD is a feasible method for achieving high-precision and strengthened holes for Al-Li alloy.

Chatter stability and precision during high-speed ultrasonic vibration cutting of a thin-walled titanium cylinder

Titanium alloys are widely used in the aviation and aerospace industries due to their unique mechanical and physical properties.Specifically,thin-walled titanium(Ti)cylinders have received increasing attention for their applications as rocket engine casings,aircraft landing gear,and aero-engine hollow shaft due to their observed improvement in the thrust-to-weight ratio.However,the conventional cutting(CC)process is not appropriate for thin-walled Ti cylinders due to its low thermal conductivity,high strength,and low stiffness.Instead,high-speed ultrasonic vibration cutting(HUVC)assisted processing has recently proved highly effective for Ti-alloy machining.In this study,HUVC technology is employed to perform external turning of a thinwalled Ti cylinder,which represents a new application of HUVC.First,the kinematics,tool path,and dynamic cutting thickness of HUVC are evaluated.Second,the phenomenon of mode-coupling chatter is analyzed to determine the effects and mechanism of HUVC by establishing a critical cutting thickness model.HUVC can increase the critical cutting thickness and effectively reduce the average cutting force,thus reducing the energy intake of the system.Finally,comparison experiments are conducted between HUVC and CC processes.The results indicate that the diameter error rate is 10%or less for HUVC and 51%for the CC method due to a 40%reduction in the cutting force.In addition,higher machining precision and better surface roughness are achieved during thin-walled Ti cylinder manufacturing using HUVC.

Analytical model of cutting force in axial ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB_(2)/7050Al PRMMCs

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling has been widely applied in machining the difficultto-cut materials owing to the remarkable improvements in reducing the cutting force.However,analytical models to reveal the mechanism and predict the cutting force of ultrasonic vibrationassisted milling metal matrix composites are still needed to be developed.In this paper,an analytical model of cutting force was established for ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB_(2)/7050 Al metal matrix composites.During modeling,change of motion of the cutting tool,contact of toolchip-workpiece and acceleration of the chip caused by ultrasonic vibration was considered based on equivalent oblique cutting model.Meanwhile,material properties,tool geometry,cutting parameters and vibration parameters were taken into consideration.Furthermore,the developed analytical force model was validated with and without ultrasonic vibration milling experiments on in-situ TiB_(2)/7050 Al metal matrix composites.The predicted cutting forces show to be consistent well with the measured cutting forces.Besides,the relative error of instantaneous maximum forces between the predicted and measured data is from 0.4%to 15.1%.The analytical model is significant for cutting force prediction not only in ultrasonic-vibration assisted milling but also in conventional milling in-situ TiB_(2)/7050 Al metal matrix composites,which was proved with general applicability.

Design of ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting system for tungsten heavy alloy

Nanoscale surface roughness of tungsten heavy alloy components is required in the nuclear industry and precision instruments.In this study,a high-performance ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting(UEVC)system is developed to solve the precision machining problem of tungsten heavy alloy.A new design method of stepped bending vibration horn based on Timoshenko’s theory is first proposed,and its design process is greatly simplified.The arrangement and working principle of piezoelectric transducers on the ultrasonic vibrator using the fifth resonant mode of bending are analyzed to realize the dual-bending vibration modes.A cutting tool is installed at the end of the ultrasonic vibration unit to output the ultrasonic elliptical vibration locus,which is verified by finite element method.The vibration unit can display different three-degree-of-freedom(3-DOF)UEVC characteristics by adjusting the corresponding position of the unit and workpiece.A dual-channel ultrasonic power supply is developed to excite the ultrasonic vibration unit,which makes the UEVC system present the resonant frequency of 41 kHz and the maximum amplitude of 14.2μm.Different microtopography and surface roughness are obtained by the cutting experiments of tungsten heavy alloy hemispherical workpiece with the UEVC system,which validates the proposed design’s technical capability and provides optimization basis for further improving the machining quality of the curved surface components of tungsten heavy alloy.

THE THREE STATES OF UNSEPARATING ZONE IN ULTRASONIC VIBRATION CUTTING

An amendment to the speed property theory by Japanese professor Kumabe is proposed. A large number of experimental investigations show that ultrasonic vibration cutting in unseparating zone presents not a mono state but many states. This result has broken through the restriction of the critical cutting speed on ultrasonic vibration cutting.

SUPPRESSING ACTION ON CHATTER WITH ULTRASONIC VIBRATION CUTTING

It is known that the chatter in machining is harmful, seriously influences the production efficiency and directly imperils the quality of mechanical products. Reducing the chatter is a difficult problem not only in cutting theory but also in production practice. A lot of scholars at home and abroad have done much work on studying the chatter regularity and the

Key machining characteristics in ultrasonic vibration cutting of single crystal silicon for micro grooves

Structured complex silicon components have been widely used in solar cells,biomedical engineering and other industrial applications.As silicon is a typical brittle material,ultrasonic vibration cutting(UVC)is a promising method to achieve better cutting performance than conventional techniques.High-frequency ID UVC possesses higher nominal cutting speed and material removal rate than many 2D/3D UVC systems,and thus,it has great development potential in industrial applications of structured silicon components.However,few researchers have applied ID UVC to the cutting of structured silicon surfaces,since its main drawback is tool marks imprinted by the vibration on machined surface.In this study,to uncover the key machining characteristics under the condition of ID UVC,a series of tests involving diamond cutting grooves were first performed on the silicon surface.The machined surface and chips were subsequently measured and analyzed to evaluate the critical undeformed chip thickness,surface characteristics,and chip formation.Regarding the main drawback of ID UVC,a novel theoretical model was developed for predicting the length of tool marks and evaluating the impact of tool marks on the surface finish.The results demonstrated that the critical undeformed chip thickness of silicon reached 1030 nm under a certain vibration amplitude and that an array of micro grooves was generated at the plastic region with a surface roughness(7?a)as low as 1.11 nm.Moreover,the micro topography of the continuous chips exhibited discontinuous clusters of lines with diameters of dozens of nanometers,only composed of polysilicon.The novel theoretical model was able to predict the length of tool marks with low error.Thus,the impact of tool marks on the surface finish can be reduced and even eliminated with help of the model.

Development of Integrated Precision Vibration-Assisted Micro-Engraving System

A novel precision vibration-assisted micro-engraving system was developed by the integration of fast tool servo and ultrasonic elliptical vibration system, in which the flexure hinge was designed to avoid backlash and PID control algorithm was established to guarantee specific precision. Apart from experimental validation of the performance of the system, various micro-V-grooves cutting experiments on aluminum alloy, ferrous material and hard cutting material were performed, in which Kistler force sensor was used to measure cutting force. Through experiments, it was clear that the vibration-assisted micro-engraving system can ensure good quality of micro-V-grooves and reduce cutting force by about 60% compared with traditional removal process without ultrasonic vibration.

切削速度与进给量对UVC硬态切削加工的影响

阐述了超声振动切削(Ultrasonic Vibration Cutting,UVC)的加工机制,并通过理论计算研究了切削速度对加工过程的影响,同时对Inconel718硬态合金进行UVC加工和传统车削法加工(Conventional Turning Method,CT),研究了切削速度与进给量对刀具切削性能的影响。实验结果表明:在进行低速硬态切削时,UVC在切削表面质量和刀具寿命方面均优于CT;同时切削速度和进给量对切削力和刀具磨损都有显著影响,与理论研究结果相符。

Effect of ultrasonic vibration on finished quality in ultrasonic vibration assisted micromilling of Inconel718

Inconel718 was machined with the traditional micromilling(TMM)and ultrasonic vibration assisted micromilling(UVAMM)with the different technology parameters,whose surface quality and burrs formation were studied.The results show that TMM often forms pits,bumps and gullies in the size effect range.UVAMM effectively improves the surface quality compared with TMM.The surface defects are significantly reduced with the increase of feed per tooth(fz).When fz exceeds 4 lm,the effect of ultrasonic vibration on the surface quality is no longer obvious.The minimum burr size on the down milling side and the up milling side are 50.23 lm and 36.57 lm,respectively.The feasibility of vibration cutting in improving surface quality and suppressing burr size was verified.UVAMM effectively suppresses the formation of built-up edge,which can significantly improve the micromilling process.The cutting force is obtained through simulation and experiment.They are agreement in the change trend.The finite element simulation can be used to predict the cutting force.Compared with TMM,feeding force(Fx),radial force(Fy)and axial force(Fz)of UVAMM decrease by 7.6%,11.5%and 1.3%,respectively.

Tool wear mechanisms in axial ultrasonic vibration assisted milling in-situ TiB2/7050Al metal matrix composites

The in-situ TiB2 particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites are materials that are difficult to machine,owing to hard ceramic particles in the matrix.In the milling process,the polycrystalline diamond(PCD)tools are used for machining these materials instead of carbide cutting tools,which significantly increase the machining cost.In this study,ultrasonic vibration method was applied for milling in-situ TiB2/7050A1 metal matrix composites using a TiAIN coated carbide end milling tool.To completely understand the tool wear mechanism in ultrasonic-vibration assisted milling(UAM),the relative motion of the cutting tool and interaction of workpiecetool-chip contact interface was analyzed in detail.Additionally,a comparative experimental study with and without ultrasonic vibration was carried out to investigate the infuences of ultrasonic vibration and cutting parameters on the cutting force,tool life and tool wear mechanism.The results show that the motion of the cutting tool relative to the chip changes periodically in the helical direction and the separation of tool and chip occurs in the transverse direction in one vibration period,in ultrasonic vibration assisted cutting.I arge instantaneous acceleration can be obtained in axial ultrasonic vibration milling.The cutting force in axial direction is significantly reduced by 42%-57%,40%--57%and 44%-54%,at different cutting speeds,feed rates and cutting depths,respectively,compared with that in conventional milling.Additionally,the tool life is prolonged approximately 2--5 times when the ultrasonic vibration method is applied.The tool wear pattern microcracks are only found in UAM.These might be of great importance for future research in order to understand the cutting mechanisms in UAM of in-situ TiB2/7050A1 metal matrix composites.

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining:principle,design and application

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted （UVA） machining is a process which makes use of a micro-scale high frequency vibration applied to a cutting tool to improve the material removal effectiveness. Its principle is to make the tool-workpiece interaction a microscopically non-monotonic process to facilitate chip separation and to reduce machining forces. It can also reduce the deformation zone in a workpiece under machining, thereby improving the surface integrity of a component machined. There are several types of UVA machining processes, differentiated by the directions of the vibrations introduced relative to the cutting direction. Applications of UVA machining to a wide range of workpiece materials have shown that the process can considerably improve machining performance. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive discussion and review about some key aspects of UVA machining such as cutting kinematics and dynamics, effect of workpiece materials and wear of cutting tools, involving a wide range of workpiece materials including metal alloys, ceramics, amorphous and composite materials. Some aspects for further investigation are also outlined at the end.

超声振动辅助切削SiCp/Al复合材料的加工机理及试验

切削加工过程中材料损伤形式对加工表面质量会产生较大影响,现有仿真分析难以模拟真实颗粒失效行为,通过建立二维微观多相有限元模型能够深入了解材料损伤与表面质量的关系。基于常规切削(Conventional cutting,CC)与超声振动辅助切削(Ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting,UVAC)两种加工方式,通过有限元仿真软件Abaqus对20%SiCp/Al复合材料的切削过程进行仿真模拟,阐释加工过程中刀具与工件的相互作用机理,并在同一参数下验证有限元仿真的准确性。通过设计单因素试验,对比两种加工方式及不同加工参数对切削力和表面粗糙度的影响规律,得出最佳加工参数组合,并对最佳加工参数下表面形貌进行分析。模拟和试验结果表明,SiC颗粒断裂、颗粒耕犁、颗粒拔出以及Al基体撕裂是影响SiCp/Al复合材料加工质量的主要原因,刀具与颗粒不同的相对作用位置会产生不同的损伤形式。与常规切削相比,施加超声振动后可以有效抑制颗粒失效和基体损伤,使加工中的平均切削力(主切削力)降低33%,工件已加工表面粗糙度值最大减小量为531 nm,显著提高了表面质量。所建立的二维微观多相有限元模型,能够有效模拟铝基复合材料的加工缺陷和裂纹损伤问题,对提高难加工材料的高质量表面制备有重要借鉴意义。

难加工材料纵扭超声振动辅助铣削加工研究进展

纵扭复合超声振动辅助铣削(LTUVAM)是在刀具轴向与扭转方向上施加高频微幅振动的一种辅助铣削技术,具有降低切削力与切削热、提高工件表面质量、提高表面残余压应力、减少刀具磨损等诸多优点。本文围绕难加工材料的铣削加工进行了系统综述。在设备制造方面,阐述了纵扭复合超声振动系统的结构设计方法与工作原理;在工艺开发方面,从LTUVAM的切削刃运动轨迹及切削特性入手,分析各类材料的切削加工性能,并总结了LTUVAM的优势及应用。最后,本文对LTUVAM的未来发展趋势进行展望。

CMQL和UEV下Incone1690镍基合金切削力和温度分析

低温微量润滑(CMQL)可以使切削阶段达到更优的切削摩擦性能,提升刀具耐磨性能并获得更优减磨效果;超声椭圆振动(UEV)能够提高难加工合金的切削性能。在超声椭圆振动基础上设置低温微量润滑条件,并通过实验分析其切削效果。研究结果表明:采用UEV和CCMQL模式时,切削力与进给力降低比例依次为62.3%与75.0%,在低温微量润滑过程能够实现更低温度控制效果,有效防止工件的热软化问题。普通切削时温度都接近445℃。UEV可以获得更低温度,同时运用UEV和CMQL处理方式,温度下降了16.1%,采用UEV和CCMQL方式时,温度下降19.5%。通过降低喷嘴角度的方式,获得更低切削雾滴温度,刀尖应力出现降低实现刀具保护,促进刀具寿命延长。该研究有助于改善合金切削工艺,对提高切削质量提供了一个思路。

超声振动压缩AZ91镁合金的组织演变与变形机理研究

目的探究室温超声振动压缩(UVC)作用下镁合金的成形和应用潜力,研究AZ91固溶镁合金经UVC加工后的微观组织和力学性能演变规律,并探究其变形机理。方法在室温、频率20kHz和气压100kPa条件下对固溶态AZ91镁合金进行不同时间(0~1 s)的UVC加工,利用光学显微镜、XRD、SEM、TEM和显微硬度等手段研究UVC后合金的微观组织、力学性能和变形机理。结果在室温UVC加工过程中,AZ91合金的圆周伸长率和真应变逐渐增加。加载时间为1s时,合金的圆周伸长率和真应变分别达到80%和1.2,显著高于传统压缩。UVC过程中所需的最大应力仅为37.18MPa,温度最高达243℃。随着UVC时间的延长,合金中出现大量变形带,且变形带内析出亚微米级的Mg_(17)Al_(12)第二相。合金中的位错密度显著提升,逐步发生动态回复和动态再结晶细化晶粒。UVC后,合金的显微硬度由固溶合金的70.6HV显著提升至102.1HV。UVC作用下能够实现固溶镁合金高应变速率、大应变量变形的主要原因是合金中变形带和孪晶的快速增殖。此外,变形带内第二相的迅速析出、动态回复和再结晶也对合金的变形起到促进作用。结论固溶AZ91镁合金在超声振动压缩作用下展现了良好的变形能力和成形潜力,通过改进超声工艺有望在室温下实现镁合金的高应变速率大应变量超塑性成形。

钛合金高速超声振动车削表面完整性及耐磨损性能试验研究

在可替代性弱且常被用于制造航空发动机关键部件的前提下,钛合金等难加工材料的高效高质切削面临挑战。针对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V加工表面完整性不佳和使役性能有待提升难题,开展了钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的高速车削试验,分析了高速超声振动切削技术对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V表面完整性和已加工表面耐磨损性能的改善效果,进而为钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的高质量加工提供理论支撑。结果表明,相比于普通切削,高速超声振动切削有效降低了钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的表面粗糙度,提高了表面强度和表面残余压应力,以及增强了耐磨损性能。