Microstructure Transformation and Refinement Mechanism of Undercooled Cu-Ni-Co Alloy Based on Simulation of Critical Cutting Speed in Ultrasonic Machining

Both Cu60Ni38Co2 and Cu60Ni40 alloy were naturally cooled after rapid solidification from the liquid phase.The transformation law of the microstructure characteristics of the rapidly solidified alloy with the change of undercooling(ΔT)was systematically studied.It is found that the two alloys experience the same transformation process.The refinement structures under different undercoolings were characterized by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).The results show that the characteristics of the refinement structure of the two alloys with low undercooling are the same,but the characteristics of the refinement structure with high undercooling are opposite.The transmission electron microscopy(TEM)results of Cu60Ni38Co2 alloy show that the dislocation network density of low undercooled microstructure is lower than that of high undercooled microstructure.By combining EBSD and TEM,it could be confirmed that the dendrite remelting fracture is the reason for the refinement of the low undercooled structure,while the high undercooled structure is refined due to recrystallization.On this basis,in the processing of copper base alloys,there will be serious work hardening phenomenon and machining hard problem of consciousness problems caused by excessive cutting force.A twodimensional orthogonal turning finite element model was established using ABAQUS software to analyze the changes in cutting speed and tool trajectory in copper based alloy ultrasonic elliptical vibration turning.The results show that in copper based alloy ultrasonic elliptical vibration turning,cutting process parameters have a significant impact on cutting force.Choosing reasonable process parameters can effectively reduce cutting force and improve machining quality.

Research on Vibration Cutting Performance of Particle Reinforced Metallic Matrix Composites SiC_p/Al

The cutting performance of particle reinforced meta ll ic matrix composites (PRMMCs) SiC p/Al in ultrasonic vibration cutting and comm on cutting with carbide tools and PCD tools was experimentally researched in the paper. The changing rules of chip shape, deformation coefficient, shear angle a nd surface residual stress were presented by ultrasonic vibration cutting. Resul ts show: when adopting common cutting, spiral chip with smaller curl radius will be obtained. The chip with zigzag contour is short and thick. There are lots of sheet cracking both on the face of the chip and on the machined surface. That i s to say, the cutting process of metallic matrix composites(MMCs) is not all lik e the cutting process of plastic material. It is akin to the breaking process of brittle material. By comparison, when adopting ultrasonic cutting, because tool contacts with workpiece intermittently in high frequency, deformation of chip i s small, loose spiral chip with larger curl radius is long and thin. The phenome non is just similar to vibration cutting of plastic material. But the chip still belongs to plastic or semi-plastic segmental chip due to the structure charact eristics of the material itself. Furthermore, the tangential residual compressio n stress of vibration cutting is larger than that of common cutting, axial resid ual stress has a relation to the feed rate and residual stress does not changes obviously with cutting depth and they are in the same order of magnitude on the whole. According to the test result analyzing, the following conclusions are put forward: 1) The extruding deformation is serious in common cutting PRMMCs, defo rmation of it’s chip is larger, and the chip with lesser curl radius is short. Whereas, the deformation of chip in vibration cutting PRMMCs is lesser, the curl radius is bigger, and the loose chips are obtained at every turn. 2) The cuttin g deformation coefficient of chip in vibration cutting is lesser than that in co mmon cutting, however the shear angle is bigger. 3) The tangential residual compression stress of vibration cutting is larger than that of common cutting, a nd residual stress does not change obviously with cutting depth, they are in the same order of magnitude on the whole.

Comprehensive modeling approach of axial ultrasonic vibration grinding force

The theoretical model of axial ultrasonic vibration grinding force is built on the basis of a mathematical model of cutting deforming force deduced from the assumptions of thickness of the undeformed debris under Rayleigh distribution and a mathematical model of friction based on the theoretical analysis of relative sliding velocity of abrasive and workpiece. Then, the coefficients of the ultrasonic vibration grinding force model are calculated through analysis of nonlinear regression of the theoretical model by using MATLAB, and the law of influence of grinding depth, workpiece speed, frequency and amplitude of the mill on the grinding force is summarized after applying the model to analyze the ultrasonic grinding force. The result of the above-mentioned law shows that the grinding force decreases as frequency and amplitude increase, while increases as grinding depth and workpiece speed increase; the maximum relative error of prediction and experimental values of the normal grinding force is 11.47% and its average relative error is 5.41%; the maximum relative error of the tangential grinding force is 10.14% and its average relative error is 4.29%. The result of employing regression equation to predict ultrasonic grinding force approximates to the experimental data, therefore the accuracy and reliability of the model is verified.

Chatter stability and precision during high-speed ultrasonic vibration cutting of a thin-walled titanium cylinder

Titanium alloys are widely used in the aviation and aerospace industries due to their unique mechanical and physical properties.Specifically,thin-walled titanium(Ti)cylinders have received increasing attention for their applications as rocket engine casings,aircraft landing gear,and aero-engine hollow shaft due to their observed improvement in the thrust-to-weight ratio.However,the conventional cutting(CC)process is not appropriate for thin-walled Ti cylinders due to its low thermal conductivity,high strength,and low stiffness.Instead,high-speed ultrasonic vibration cutting(HUVC)assisted processing has recently proved highly effective for Ti-alloy machining.In this study,HUVC technology is employed to perform external turning of a thinwalled Ti cylinder,which represents a new application of HUVC.First,the kinematics,tool path,and dynamic cutting thickness of HUVC are evaluated.Second,the phenomenon of mode-coupling chatter is analyzed to determine the effects and mechanism of HUVC by establishing a critical cutting thickness model.HUVC can increase the critical cutting thickness and effectively reduce the average cutting force,thus reducing the energy intake of the system.Finally,comparison experiments are conducted between HUVC and CC processes.The results indicate that the diameter error rate is 10%or less for HUVC and 51%for the CC method due to a 40%reduction in the cutting force.In addition,higher machining precision and better surface roughness are achieved during thin-walled Ti cylinder manufacturing using HUVC.

THE THREE STATES OF UNSEPARATING ZONE IN ULTRASONIC VIBRATION CUTTING

An amendment to the speed property theory by Japanese professor Kumabe is proposed. A large number of experimental investigations show that ultrasonic vibration cutting in unseparating zone presents not a mono state but many states. This result has broken through the restriction of the critical cutting speed on ultrasonic vibration cutting.

SUPPRESSING ACTION ON CHATTER WITH ULTRASONIC VIBRATION CUTTING

It is known that the chatter in machining is harmful, seriously influences the production efficiency and directly imperils the quality of mechanical products. Reducing the chatter is a difficult problem not only in cutting theory but also in production practice. A lot of scholars at home and abroad have done much work on studying the chatter regularity and the

Key machining characteristics in ultrasonic vibration cutting of single crystal silicon for micro grooves

Structured complex silicon components have been widely used in solar cells,biomedical engineering and other industrial applications.As silicon is a typical brittle material,ultrasonic vibration cutting(UVC)is a promising method to achieve better cutting performance than conventional techniques.High-frequency ID UVC possesses higher nominal cutting speed and material removal rate than many 2D/3D UVC systems,and thus,it has great development potential in industrial applications of structured silicon components.However,few researchers have applied ID UVC to the cutting of structured silicon surfaces,since its main drawback is tool marks imprinted by the vibration on machined surface.In this study,to uncover the key machining characteristics under the condition of ID UVC,a series of tests involving diamond cutting grooves were first performed on the silicon surface.The machined surface and chips were subsequently measured and analyzed to evaluate the critical undeformed chip thickness,surface characteristics,and chip formation.Regarding the main drawback of ID UVC,a novel theoretical model was developed for predicting the length of tool marks and evaluating the impact of tool marks on the surface finish.The results demonstrated that the critical undeformed chip thickness of silicon reached 1030 nm under a certain vibration amplitude and that an array of micro grooves was generated at the plastic region with a surface roughness(7?a)as low as 1.11 nm.Moreover,the micro topography of the continuous chips exhibited discontinuous clusters of lines with diameters of dozens of nanometers,only composed of polysilicon.The novel theoretical model was able to predict the length of tool marks with low error.Thus,the impact of tool marks on the surface finish can be reduced and even eliminated with help of the model.

Analytical model of cutting force in axial ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB_(2)/7050Al PRMMCs

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling has been widely applied in machining the difficultto-cut materials owing to the remarkable improvements in reducing the cutting force.However,analytical models to reveal the mechanism and predict the cutting force of ultrasonic vibrationassisted milling metal matrix composites are still needed to be developed.In this paper,an analytical model of cutting force was established for ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB_(2)/7050 Al metal matrix composites.During modeling,change of motion of the cutting tool,contact of toolchip-workpiece and acceleration of the chip caused by ultrasonic vibration was considered based on equivalent oblique cutting model.Meanwhile,material properties,tool geometry,cutting parameters and vibration parameters were taken into consideration.Furthermore,the developed analytical force model was validated with and without ultrasonic vibration milling experiments on in-situ TiB_(2)/7050 Al metal matrix composites.The predicted cutting forces show to be consistent well with the measured cutting forces.Besides,the relative error of instantaneous maximum forces between the predicted and measured data is from 0.4%to 15.1%.The analytical model is significant for cutting force prediction not only in ultrasonic-vibration assisted milling but also in conventional milling in-situ TiB_(2)/7050 Al metal matrix composites,which was proved with general applicability.

Design of ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting system for tungsten heavy alloy

Nanoscale surface roughness of tungsten heavy alloy components is required in the nuclear industry and precision instruments.In this study,a high-performance ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting(UEVC)system is developed to solve the precision machining problem of tungsten heavy alloy.A new design method of stepped bending vibration horn based on Timoshenko’s theory is first proposed,and its design process is greatly simplified.The arrangement and working principle of piezoelectric transducers on the ultrasonic vibrator using the fifth resonant mode of bending are analyzed to realize the dual-bending vibration modes.A cutting tool is installed at the end of the ultrasonic vibration unit to output the ultrasonic elliptical vibration locus,which is verified by finite element method.The vibration unit can display different three-degree-of-freedom(3-DOF)UEVC characteristics by adjusting the corresponding position of the unit and workpiece.A dual-channel ultrasonic power supply is developed to excite the ultrasonic vibration unit,which makes the UEVC system present the resonant frequency of 41 kHz and the maximum amplitude of 14.2μm.Different microtopography and surface roughness are obtained by the cutting experiments of tungsten heavy alloy hemispherical workpiece with the UEVC system,which validates the proposed design’s technical capability and provides optimization basis for further improving the machining quality of the curved surface components of tungsten heavy alloy.

Development of Integrated Precision Vibration-Assisted Micro-Engraving System

A novel precision vibration-assisted micro-engraving system was developed by the integration of fast tool servo and ultrasonic elliptical vibration system, in which the flexure hinge was designed to avoid backlash and PID control algorithm was established to guarantee specific precision. Apart from experimental validation of the performance of the system, various micro-V-grooves cutting experiments on aluminum alloy, ferrous material and hard cutting material were performed, in which Kistler force sensor was used to measure cutting force. Through experiments, it was clear that the vibration-assisted micro-engraving system can ensure good quality of micro-V-grooves and reduce cutting force by about 60% compared with traditional removal process without ultrasonic vibration.

超声振动辅助切削SiCp/Al复合材料的加工机理及试验

切削加工过程中材料损伤形式对加工表面质量会产生较大影响,现有仿真分析难以模拟真实颗粒失效行为,通过建立二维微观多相有限元模型能够深入了解材料损伤与表面质量的关系。基于常规切削(Conventional cutting,CC)与超声振动辅助切削(Ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting,UVAC)两种加工方式,通过有限元仿真软件Abaqus对20%SiCp/Al复合材料的切削过程进行仿真模拟,阐释加工过程中刀具与工件的相互作用机理,并在同一参数下验证有限元仿真的准确性。通过设计单因素试验,对比两种加工方式及不同加工参数对切削力和表面粗糙度的影响规律,得出最佳加工参数组合,并对最佳加工参数下表面形貌进行分析。模拟和试验结果表明,SiC颗粒断裂、颗粒耕犁、颗粒拔出以及Al基体撕裂是影响SiCp/Al复合材料加工质量的主要原因,刀具与颗粒不同的相对作用位置会产生不同的损伤形式。与常规切削相比,施加超声振动后可以有效抑制颗粒失效和基体损伤,使加工中的平均切削力(主切削力)降低33%,工件已加工表面粗糙度值最大减小量为531 nm,显著提高了表面质量。所建立的二维微观多相有限元模型,能够有效模拟铝基复合材料的加工缺陷和裂纹损伤问题,对提高难加工材料的高质量表面制备有重要借鉴意义。

钛合金高速超声振动车削表面完整性及耐磨损性能试验研究

在可替代性弱且常被用于制造航空发动机关键部件的前提下,钛合金等难加工材料的高效高质切削面临挑战。针对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V加工表面完整性不佳和使役性能有待提升难题,开展了钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的高速车削试验,分析了高速超声振动切削技术对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V表面完整性和已加工表面耐磨损性能的改善效果,进而为钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的高质量加工提供理论支撑。结果表明,相比于普通切削,高速超声振动切削有效降低了钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的表面粗糙度,提高了表面强度和表面残余压应力,以及增强了耐磨损性能。

簇生番茄果梗超声切割过程仿真与试验

为揭示超声技术应用于簇生番茄切割采收的机理及优势,比较了簇生番茄果梗材料在常规切割和超声切割中的切割力和去除特性。首先测定了簇生番茄果梗和自制超声切割刀的参数,然后基于Abaqus进行仿真,将果梗纤维化,在宏观和微观仿真中对比常规切割和超声切割过程中的应力及去除机理。最后,自制试验台,通过改变超声切割刀的激振频率、输入电压、切割速度和切割角度进行切割力测定试验并采用响应面法的Box-Behnken进行四因素三水平分析,随后观察果梗断面形貌。结果表明:在自制超声刀工作频率(35~37 kHz)和电压(340~380 V)内,切割速度、角度对切割效果影响最显著,激振频率和输入电压在特定值附近时切割效果最好;在36 kHz、360 V、0.125 cm/s、0°的条件下,仿真中超声切割耗时约为8 s,平均最大切割力为0.635 N,相对于常规切割(1.019 N)降低37.7%;试验中超声切割耗时约为5.3 s,所需切割力最大为0.543 N,相较于常规最大切割力(1.017 N)降低46.6%,同时表面粗糙度降低20.9%,试验与有限元仿真的切割力结果误差为8.9%,基本吻合。超声切割可以降低切割力,缩短切割耗时,同时还提高断面质量,减少果梗组织损伤、水分散失,对延长果实保鲜时间具有一定的意义。

超声纵扭-低频扭转复合振动攻丝实验

针对钛合金低频扭转振动攻丝效率偏低的问题,提出了超声纵扭-低频扭转复合振动攻丝方法。进行了超声纵扭振动攻丝实验、不同切削液的复合振功攻丝实验和变参数复合振动攻丝实验,研究复合振动攻丝的工艺效果及参数变化的影响规律。实验结果表明:超声纵扭振动增强了切削液的润滑效果,降低了攻丝扭矩,与普通连续攻丝相比,M3螺纹孔的超声纵扭振动攻丝可降低攻丝扭矩约18%;在所选参数范围内,与低频扭转振动攻丝相比,复合振动攻丝最大可降低攻丝扭矩约30%;复合振动攻丝降低攻丝扭矩的效果,随净切削量、主轴转速的增大和回退量的减小而降低。

超声椭圆振动切削难加工材料的研究进展

超声椭圆振动切削具有断续切削特性的切削优势,已成为国内外研究及应用的热点,尤其适用于脆性材料、复合材料等难加工材料的高性能制造加工领域。目前该技术的机理及对难加工材料的适配工艺方面仍不成熟,需要进一步地探索和实践。通过超声椭圆振动切削机理、特性以及对加工表面质量影响因素的分析,阐明了其在加工中低切削温度、低切削力、低损伤、高尺寸精度以及良好表面完整性的独特优势,综述了在塑性材料、脆性材料、复合材料等难加工材料领域的应用,为后续研究超声椭圆振动切削技术提供了参考。

芳纶纸蜂窝材料超声波振动切割刀的设计研究

采用传统的铣削方式对芳纶纸蜂窝材料加工时,芳纶纸蜂窝材料会产生蜂窝坍塌、撕裂和纤维拉毛等质量问题,而采用超声波振动切割方式加工蜂窝材料时,可以避免传统铣削加工中出现的问题。文中首先对芳纶纸蜂窝材料超声振动切割刀进行总体结构设计,使用ANSYS有限元软件进行模态分析和谐响应分析,并根据分析结果优化超声波振动切割刀振子结构,确定其谐振频率,并分析其振动特性;然后对超声波振动切割刀样机进行阻抗测试和振幅测试,验证芳纶纸蜂窝材料超声波振动切割刀设计的合理性及可行性;最后观察芳纶纸蜂窝材料切割表面形貌,发现随着振幅的增大,样件切割表面成形更加完好,验证了超声波振动切割加工蜂窝材料能够提高芳纶纸蜂窝材料的加工质量。

SiCp/Al复合材料在常规与超声振动辅助条件的切削过程和表面形成的有限元分析

SiCp/Al复合材料是一种典型的难加工的材料,由于其基体中颗粒增强导致常规切削中加工质量差、切削阻力高、加工损伤高,机械加工性差,常规切削已不能满足加工要求。通过切削仿真,对比分析常规与超声振动辅助切削条件下复合材料的切削过程、SiC颗粒的损伤特性、工件的表面形貌与亚表面损伤。结果表明,相比于常规切削,超声振动辅助切削可以提高复合材料的表面完整性,减少复合材料的亚表面损伤,并且能够提高工件的表面质量。

超声振动下钛合金高压冷却切削力分析实验

钛合金具备热导率小与比热容大的特点,对其进行切削加工时较易引起粘刀的现象,从而在切削阶段发生温度的明显升高引起合金软化的问题,无法保证高精度加工的要求。基于此,设置了合适的切削参数取值区间,开展超声振动下钛合金高压冷却切削力分析实验。研究结果表明:当切削速度提高后获得了更大切削力,处于较小切削速度下时,超声振动切削时达到了更强分离性能,获得比普通切削力降低40%效果。进入更深区域后,切削力明显升高,超声振动切削力减小幅度与切深保持稳定。超声振动切削获得更优降力性能,获得了比常规切削方式更大的作用力。

钛合金高压冷却超声振动辅助切削加工实验

为了优化钛合金加工性能,设置高压冷却装置提升钛合金切削质量.设置了合适的切削参数取值区间,将其与常规切削方法进行对比,判断温度、刀具表面磨损程度改变情况.研究结果表明,采用超声振动切削方式时,刀具会跟工件发生分离,形成了更高压力的切削液,优化切削区冷却液流量与速度来达到更高换热速率,引起切削温度的持续降低.采用常规切削模式时形成了规则分布的沟槽,采用超声振动切削模式时则产生具有周期变化特征的织构,观察到大量的凹坑、凸起点以及部分"脊"状的形态.该研究有助于提高高压冷却超声振动辅助切削效率,为后续的加工参数优化奠定理论基础.

切削速度与进给量对UVC硬态切削加工的影响

阐述了超声振动切削(Ultrasonic Vibration Cutting,UVC)的加工机制,并通过理论计算研究了切削速度对加工过程的影响,同时对Inconel718硬态合金进行UVC加工和传统车削法加工(Conventional Turning Method,CT),研究了切削速度与进给量对刀具切削性能的影响。实验结果表明:在进行低速硬态切削时,UVC在切削表面质量和刀具寿命方面均优于CT;同时切削速度和进给量对切削力和刀具磨损都有显著影响,与理论研究结果相符。