Theoretical Modeling and Surface Roughness Prediction of Microtextured Surfaces in Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Milling

Textured surfaces with certain micro/nano structures have been proven to possess some advanced functions,such as reducing friction,improving wear and increasing wettability.Accurate prediction of micro/nano surface textures is of great significance for the design,fabrication and application of functional textured surfaces.In this paper,based on the kinematic analysis of cutter teeth,the discretization of ultrasonic machining process,transformation method of coordinate systems and the cubic spline data interpolation,an integrated theoretical model was established to characterize the distribution and geometric features of micro textures on the surfaces machined by different types of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling(UVAM).Based on the theoretical model,the effect of key process parameters(vibration directions,vibration dimensions,cutting parameters and vibration parameters)on tool trajectories and microtextured surface morphology in UVAM is investigated.Besides,the effect of phase difference on the elliptical shape in 2D/3D ultrasonic elliptical vibration-assisted milling(UEVAM)was analyzed.Compared to conventional numerical models,the method of the cubic spline data interpolation is applied to the simulation of microtextured surface morphology in UVAM,which is more suitable for characterizing the morphological features of microtextured surfaces than traditional methods due to the presence of numerous micro textures.The prediction of surface roughness indicates that the magnitude of ultrasonic amplitude in z-direction should be strictly limited in 1D rotary UVAM,2D and 3D UEVAM due to the unfavorable effect of axial ultrasonic vibration on the surface quality.This study can provide theoretical guidance for the design and fabrication of microtextured surfaces in UVAM.

Ultrasonic constitutive model and its application in ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling Ti3Al intermetallics

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted technology is widely utilized in the performance research and manufacturing process of metallic materials owing to its advantages of introducing highfrequency acoustic systems. However, the acoustic plasticity constitutive model and potential mechanism, involving Ti3Al intermetallic compounds, have not yet been clarified. Therefore, the Ultrasonic-K-M hybrid acoustic constitutive model of Ti3Al was established by considering the stress superposition, acoustic thermal softening, acoustic softening and acoustic residual hardening effects according to the dislocation density evolution theory and crystal plasticity theory. Meanwhile, the mechanical behavior of ultrasonic vibration-assisted tension(UVAT) and microstructure of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling(UVAM) for Ti3Al was investigated. Dislocation density to be overcome from initial deformation to failure of Ti3Al was calculated in UVAT and was verified in UVAM. The results indicated that the Ultrasonic-K-M model showed a good agreement with the experimental data. There was an obviously softening phenomenon after introducing the ultrasonic energy field in the Ti3Al whole deformation region, and the degree of softening was positively correlated with amplitude. Furthermore, the maximum reduction ratio in yield strength of Ti3Al was16 % and the maximum reduction value in ultimate tensile strength was 206.91 MPa. The elongation rose first and then fell as amplitude enlarged, but only as the vibration was applied in the whole deformation region, the elongation was always greater than 14.58 %. In addition, The UVAM process significantly reduced the dislocation density increment to be overcome for Ti3Al material removal by 1.37 times, and promoted dislocation motion and cancellation to make twisted dislocations evolve into parallel dislocations. As the amplitude increased to 4 μm, the depth of the disturbed area of the plastic deformation layer increased by a maximum of 2.5 times.

钨合金超声辅助划擦试验及仿真研究

目的揭示钨合金在超声辅助磨削加工下的材料去除行为。方法通过超声辅助划擦试验与有限元仿真相结合的方式,分析超声振动作用对材料表面形貌、截面轮廓、划擦力、温度、塑性应变及应变率的影响,探究超声振动作用下的材料去除和表面创成机理。结果钨合金在划擦过程中发生严重的塑性变形,在划痕两侧出现由耕犁作用而形成的隆起现象。超声辅助划擦形成的划痕表面鳞刺更少且未出现犁沟现象,且划痕深度相较于普通划擦增大14.1%,划痕宽度增大39%。随着划擦深度的增加,试验划擦力与仿真划擦力均线性增大,且仿真值与试验值误差为18.1%,验证了有限元仿真模型的有效性。超声振动作用下的划擦力呈周期性变化特征,使平均划擦力降低了43.2%。此外,仿真结果表明,超声辅助划擦相较于普通划擦,温度最高降低50%,表面塑性应变最高降低20%,超声冲击过程中材料的塑性应变率相较于普通划擦提高1个数量级,分离过程中塑性应变率最大降低2个数量级。结论超声振动作用可以有效降低划擦过程中的划擦力和划擦区域温度,增大冲击过程中材料的瞬时应变率,改善压头的切屑黏附现象,从而抑制划擦表面鳞刺的生成和犁沟的形成,改善表面质量。此外,超声振动作用还可以有效提高材料去除率。

SiC_(p)/Al复合材料超声振动划痕试验及仿真研究

针对SiC_(p)/Al复合材料加工质量较差的问题提出了超声振动辅助微尺度加工的策略。通过Python软件构建了SiC陶瓷颗粒随机分布的有限元模型,对普通刻划和超声刻划两种条件下陶瓷颗粒和铝合金基体的材料去除机理进行分析。在有限元仿真分析的基础上,设计了维氏压头超声振动刻划试验,对刻划力、划痕表面形貌和表面粗糙度进行了研究。研究结果表明:普通刻划过程中主要为SiC陶瓷颗粒的脱离和压入,超声刻划过程中主要为陶瓷颗粒破损;超声振动可以有效降低刻划力和划痕粗糙度,从而提高SiC_(p)/Al复合材料的加工质量;普通刻划和超声刻划试验的刻划力均值分别为12.818N和9.258N,仿真和试验之间刻划力的误差为8.7%;普通刻划和超声刻划试验的粗糙度均值分别为0.933μm和0.581μm,仿真和试验之间粗糙度的误差为5.5%。

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining:principle,design and application

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted （UVA） machining is a process which makes use of a micro-scale high frequency vibration applied to a cutting tool to improve the material removal effectiveness. Its principle is to make the tool-workpiece interaction a microscopically non-monotonic process to facilitate chip separation and to reduce machining forces. It can also reduce the deformation zone in a workpiece under machining, thereby improving the surface integrity of a component machined. There are several types of UVA machining processes, differentiated by the directions of the vibrations introduced relative to the cutting direction. Applications of UVA machining to a wide range of workpiece materials have shown that the process can considerably improve machining performance. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive discussion and review about some key aspects of UVA machining such as cutting kinematics and dynamics, effect of workpiece materials and wear of cutting tools, involving a wide range of workpiece materials including metal alloys, ceramics, amorphous and composite materials. Some aspects for further investigation are also outlined at the end.

Thermomechanical coupling effect on characteristics of oxide film during ultrasonic vibration-assisted ELID grinding ZTA ceramics

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted ELID(UVA-ELID)grinding is utilized as a novel and highly efficient processing method for hard and brittle materials such as ceramics.In this study,the UVA-ELID grinding ZTA ceramics is employed to investigate the influence of thermomechanical loading on the characteristics of oxide film.Based on the fracture mechanics of material,the model of internal stress for oxide film damage is proposed.The thermomechanical loading is composed of mechanical force and the thermal stress generating from grinding temperature.The theoretical model is established for the mechanical force,thermal stress and internal stress respectively.Then the finite element analysis method is used to simulate the theoretical model.The mechanical force and grinding temperature is measured during the actual grinding test.During the grinding process,the effect of grinding wheel speed and grinding depth on the thermomechanical force and the characteristics of oxide film is analyzed.Compared with the conventional ELID(CELID)grinding,the mechanical force decreased by 25.6%and 22.4%with the increase of grinding wheel speed and grinding depth respectively,and the grinding temperature declined by 10.7%and12.8%during the UVA-ELID grinding.The thermal stress in the latter decreased by 16.3%and20.8%respectively,and internal stress reduced by 12.3%and 15.6%.It was experimentally found that the topographies of oxide layer on the surface of the wheel and the machined surface in the latter was better than that in the former.The results indicate that the action of ultrasonic vibration establish a significant effect on the processing.Subsequently,it should be well considered for future reference when processing the ZTA ceramics.

Vibration characteristics and machining performance of a novel perforated ultrasonic vibration platform in the grinding of particulate-reinforced titanium matrix composites

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding(UVAG)is an advanced hybrid process for the precision machining of difficult-to-cut materials.The resonator is a critical part of the UVAG system.Its performance considerably influences the vibration amplitude and resonant frequency.In this work,a novel perforated ultrasonic vibration platform resonator was developed for UVAG.The holes were evenly arranged at the top and side surfaces of the vibration platform to improve the vibration characteristics.A modified apparent elasticity method(AEM)was proposed to reveal the influence of holes on the vibration mode.The performance of the vibration platform was evaluated by the vibration tests and UVAG experiments of particulate-reinforced titanium matrix composites.Results indicate that the reasonable distribution of holes helps improve the resonant frequency and vibration mode.The modified AEM,the finite element method,and the vibration tests show a high degree of consistency for developing the perforated ultrasonic vibration platform with a maximum frequency error of 3%.The employment of ultrasonic vibration reduces the grinding force by 36%at most,thereby decreasing the machined surface defects,such as voids,cracks,and burnout.

垂直于工件平面的二维超声振动辅助磨削单晶硅表面形成机制的试验研究

通过单晶硅磨削试验以及单颗金刚石磨粒划擦试验,分析垂直于工件平面的二维椭圆超声振动磨削单晶硅的表面形成机制。椭圆超声振子由压电陶瓷晶体与金属弹性体粘接制成,其伸缩模态和弯曲模态频率相同,当输入具有一定相位差的两个交流电压信号时产生二维椭圆振动。试验结果表明,由于二维椭圆振动的施加改变了单晶硅的材料去除机制,加工表面质量明显提高,表面粗糙度显著降低,磨削沟槽变浅而宽,切屑变厚而短,单晶硅材料延性域去除比例增加;通过改变超声振动振幅与磨削深度之间大小关系,可实现磨削刃对工件的连续性接触去除和断续性接触去除两种模式的转变。

纳米复相陶瓷超声磨削频率与表面质量关系的实验研究

基于超声刻划试验得出超声振动下单颗磨粒去除材料方式的变化,从本质上解释了超声磨削下表面质量提高的原因.超声振动作用会导致材料的磨削层表面等效硬度急剧降低,材料去除方式从脆性向塑性转变,且随频率升高现象更为明显.实验结果表明,超声磨削下纳米复相陶瓷材料的表面质量高于普通磨削,且超声振动频率的升高对提高表面质量有促进作用.

铝基碳化硅复合材料超声振动辅助划痕表面形貌研究

为了揭示SiCp/Al复合材料超声振动加工的去除机理,开展针对SiCp/Al复合材料的超声振动辅助划痕(UVAS)和普通划痕对比实验,从划痕形貌方面进行UVAS和普通划痕对比分析。结果表明,普通划痕凹槽处出现大颗粒的破碎,而UVAS凹槽表面则呈现较多的细小碎屑;超声划痕的材料去除率比普通划痕的大。超声振动的引入对改善加工表面形貌有明显作用,是SiCp/Al精密加工的有效方法。

猫抓病诊断中浅表淋巴结病变的超声图像分析

目的 了解猫抓病患者浅表淋巴结的超声图像表现。方法 分析经病理证实的26 例猫抓病患者的浅表淋巴结的超声图像。结果 26例中共有92枚淋巴结为超声波所检出。受累淋巴结主要位于颈部、耳后、腋下及腹股沟等部位,大小0.4 cm×0.3 cm^4.7 cm×2.1 cm。约81%患者的受累淋巴结短/长径之比≥0.5。有助于诊断CSD的超声图像表现包括受累淋巴结的回声较低(100%),淋巴结周围的组织正常(100%),高回声的淋巴结门结构存在(76.09%),较大的受累淋巴结或化脓淋巴结的后方回声增强。59.78%受累淋巴结内可显示彩色血流信号,其中43.48%可检出小动脉血流信号,平均RI为0.58。结论 CSD的超声改变缺乏特异性,但结合临床资料,浅表淋巴结超声检查仍有助于CSD的诊断。

超声振动条件下碳化硅抛光过程的分子动力学模拟

为了深入探讨在超声振动条件下立方碳化硅化学机械抛光过程中原子层面的材料去除机制,利用分子动力学方法建立碳化硅原子模型,以分析超声振动对刻划加工过程中碳化硅的晶体结构、温度、法向力和切向力的影响规律,并分析了超声振动频率对化学机械抛光质量及材料去除率的影响.结果表明:在刻划加工过程中碳化硅的局部出现了非晶态变化;超声振动的引入将大幅降低磨粒所受平均切向力和平均法向力,从而有利于刻划加工的进行及其表面质量的提高;在给定的模拟参数条件下,80GHz的超声振动频率最有利于提高材料去除率和加工表面质量,即当振动频率超过一定值后,超声振动对材料去除率和表面质量的影响不大.

Material removal mechanisms in ultrasonic vibration-assisted high-efficiency deep grindingγ-TiAl alloy

Gamma titanium-aluminum intermetallic compounds(γ-TiAl)have gained considerable attentions in the aerospace industry due to their exceptional thermal resilience and comprehensive attributes,making them a prime example of lightweight and advanced materials.To address the frequent occurrence of burns and severe tool deterioration during the process of high-efficiency deep grinding(HEDG)onγ-TiAl alloys,ultrasonic vibration-assisted high-efficiency deep grinding(UVHEDG)has been emerged.Results indicate that in UVHEDG,the grinding temperature is on average 15.4%lower than HEDG due to the employment of ultrasonic vibrations,enhancing coolant penetration into the grinding area and thus reducing heat generation.Besides,UVHEDG possesses superior performance in terms of grinding forces compared to HEDG.As the material removal volume(MRV)increases,the tangential grinding force(F_(t))and normal grinding force(F_(n))of UVHEDG increase but to a lesser extent than in HEDG,with an average reduction of16.25%and 14.7%,respectively.UVHEDG primarily experiences microfracture of grains,whereas HEDG undergoes large-scale wear later in the process due to increased grinding forces.The surface roughness(R_(a))characteristics of UVHEDG are superior,with the average value of R_(a)decreasing by 46.5%compared to HEDG as MRV increases.The surface morphology in UVHEDG exhibits enhanced smoothness and a shallower layer of plastic deformation.Grinding chips generated by UVHEDG show a more shear-like shape,with the applied influence of ultrasonic vibration on chip morphology,thereby impacting material removal behaviors.These aforementioned findings contribute to enhanced machining efficiency and product quality ofγ-TiAl alloys after employing ultrasonic vibrations into HEDG.

高体积分数SiC_(p)/Al复合材料超声辅助划切微观去除机理

目的揭示高体积分数SiC_(p)/Al复合材料在超声辅助加工条件下的材料去除机理。方法采用SiC_(p)/Al复合材料的超声辅助划切试验,探究划切参数变化对超声振幅、划切力及摩擦因数的影响规律,并通过扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜对划痕表面微观形貌进行观察,分析单点金刚石磨粒工具超声辅助划切材料去除的特点。结果随着划切深度从0.01 mm增加到0.05 mm,电流值逐渐降低,电流值变化量从12 mA增加到25 mA,超声振幅逐渐衰减,金刚石压头的轴向冲击作用减弱。划切深度和划切速度的增加使切向挤压切削作用增强,划切力和摩擦因数增大。在材料去除过程中,碳化硅颗粒存在破碎成小颗粒、剪切断裂破碎和拔出等多种去除形式,铝基体出现明显的塑性流动和涂覆现象,并形成切削沟槽外侧堆积。结论当切削深度和进给速度较小时,材料去除主要是在轴向的高频振动冲击作用下完成,材料表面加工质量较好;当切削深度和进给速度逐渐增大时,材料去除是在轴向冲击破碎和切向挤压切削共同作用下完成,材料表面加工质量逐渐降低。

高体积分数SiCp/Al复合材料旋转超声铣磨加工的试验研究

由于大量高硬度增强相Si C颗粒的存在,高体积分数铝基碳化硅(Si Cp/Al)复合材料的机械加工十分困难。旋转超声加工被认为是加工这种材料的有效方法。通过超声辅助划痕试验,分析高体积分数Si Cp/Al复合材料旋转超声铣磨加工的材料去除机理。在超声振动的作用下,材料中铝基体发生塑性变形,其表面得到夯实;Si C增强相被锤击成细小的颗粒而发生脱落,形成较大的空洞。由于材料加工的缺陷大多产生于Si C颗粒的去除过程中,Si C颗粒的去除方式对加工表面的质量起着决定性的作用,选择合适的工艺参数可以有效提高加工表面质量。旋转超声加工工艺特征试验表明,超声振动可有效降低切削力;主轴转速对轴向切削力的影响最大,其次是进给速度,切削深度对轴向切削力的影响较小;另外主轴转速对表面质量的影响效果也最大,并随主轴转速的增大表面粗糙度增大。因此在加工过程中,可以适当加大切削深度,在保证加工质量的基础上,选择较大的进给速度,在保证刀具寿命的前提下,选择合适的主轴转速,以获得较优的加工表面质量和加工效率。

基于单颗磨粒磨削的超声振动参数与磨削参数匹配性研究

超声辅助磨削是一种适于加工陶瓷等硬脆材料的先进复合加工技术。超声辅助磨削过程中,超声振动参数与磨削用量的匹配性决定了超声振动作用对磨削过程的影响程度,目前尚缺乏深入的研究。针对这一问题,采用单颗磨粒工具对Si C陶瓷工件抛光表面进行超声辅助磨削及普通磨削试验,通过单颗磨粒磨削力、力比、磨削划痕形貌的对比,分析超声振动作用对磨削过程的影响随磨削用量变化的规律。结果表明,相同条件下单颗磨粒超声辅助磨削的磨削力与力比均小于普通磨削时;磨削用量较小时,单颗磨粒超声辅助磨削划痕形貌呈明显的锤击作用及断续磨削特征。随磨削用量的增大,超声辅助磨削过程中的锤击作用显著弱化,断续磨削特征趋于消失,两种方法之间的磨削力差异减小,即超声振动参数与磨削用量的匹配性变差。

Vibration coupling effects and machining behavior of ultrasonic vibration plate device for creep-feed grinding of Inconel 718 nickel-based superalloy

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding(UVAG)is an effective and promising method for machining of hard-to-cut materials.This article proposed an ultrasonic vibration plate device enabling the longitudinal full-wave and transverse half-wave(L2T1)vibration mode for UVAG.The characteristics of two-dimensional coupled vibration in different directions were analyzed on the basis of apparent elastic method and finite element method.Furthermore,a correction factor was applied to correct the frequency error caused by the apparent elastic method.Finally,the comparative experiments between the conventional creep-feed grinding and UVAG of Inconel 718 nickel-based superalloy were carried out.The results indicate that the apparent elastic method with the correction factor is accurate for the design of plate device under the L2T1 vibration mode.Compared with the conventional creep-feed grinding,the UVAG causes the reduction of grinding force and the improvement of machined surface quality of Inconel 718 nickel-based superalloy.Furthermore,under the current experimental conditions,the optimal ultrasonic vibration amplitude is determined as 6μm,with which the minimum surface roughness is achieved.

单颗磨粒超声辅助磨削SiC陶瓷材料去除机理

为研究不同磨削速度下超声振动作用对SiC陶瓷磨削过程中材料去除机理的影响,采用钎焊单颗金刚石磨粒工具,基于连续变磨削深度试验方法,在SiC陶瓷抛光表面开展了超声辅助磨削与普通磨削对比试验。结果表明,随着单颗磨粒磨削深度的逐渐增大,SiC陶瓷超声辅助磨削与普通磨削时的材料去除机理均经历了“塑性去除→脆-塑转变→大尺寸脆性断裂”的变化;在磨削速度为1 m/s时,相比于普通磨削,单颗磨粒超声辅助磨削可显著增大SiC陶瓷的脆-塑转变临界切厚及相应的磨削划痕横截面积,并减小切向磨削力与磨削比能;而随着磨削速度的增大,超声辅助磨削与普通磨削在单颗磨粒磨削划痕尺寸、磨削力之间的差异逐渐减弱。

工程陶瓷预压应力下超声振动辅助划痕实验研究

目的结合超声振动加工方法,探究工程陶瓷预压应力加工过程的工件表面损伤特性。方法建立预压应力下工程陶瓷超声振动辅助加工过程的工程学模型,结合Al2O3陶瓷划痕过程的离散元仿真结果和实验结果进行分析,采用扫描电镜对加工表面进行观察,使用三向动态压电测力仪测量划痕力。结果预压应力下超声振动辅助划痕过程能够去除沟槽边缘处的材料堆积,并且划痕沟槽边缘破碎呈现周期性。当预压应力为200 MPa、理论划痕深度为10μm时,普通划痕深度为7.58μm,宽度107.5μm,超声振动辅助划痕深度为8.55μm,宽度为143.5μm。结合仿真结果,超声振动辅助划痕过程可减小划痕沟槽的径向裂纹数量,增大径向裂纹深度。同时,两种划痕过程动态切向力出现明显差异,超声振动辅助划痕过程动态切向力较小,变化相对平稳。结论超声振动辅助加工过程可以减小工程陶瓷预压应力加工过程的切削力,提高材料加工效率。

绒毛膜促性腺激素、孕酮、超声和诊刮联合检测对诊治早期异位妊娠的临床观察

目的寻找一种易掌握、可诊断早期或不典型的异位妊娠及先兆流产的方法。方法对400例尿妊娠试验阳性但超声检查未发现宫内妊娠囊者随机分为A、B两组,A组(200例)为观察组,跟踪化验血β-HCG、孕酮(P),对阴道流血过多且无继续妊娠需要者进行诊刮;B组(200例)对照组仅在等待5～7d后行腹部超声检查,如发现盆腔积液则行后穹窿穿刺以明确诊断。结果A组患者明确诊断时间平均为4d,手术率3%,平均费用1000元左右;B组诊断时间平均为10d,手术率为95%,平均费用4200元左右。结论联合检测可提高异位妊娠的早期诊断率,减少了手术率,既为有生育要求患者保留输卵管的完整性提供了保障,又为患者减轻了经济负担。