Engineering Multi‑field‑coupled Synergistic Ion Transport System Based on the Heterogeneous Nanofluidic Membrane for High‑Efficient Lithium Extraction

The global carbon neutrality strategy brings a wave of rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries technique development and induces an ever-growing consumption and demand for lithium(Li).Among all the Li exploitation,extracting Li from spent LIBs would be a strategic and perspective approach,especially with the low energy consumption and eco-friendly membrane separation method.However,current membrane separation systems mainly focus on monotonous membrane design and structure optimization,and rarely further consider the coordination of inherent structure and applied external field,resulting in limited ion transport.Here,we propose a heterogeneous nanofluidic membrane as a platform for coupling multi-external fields(i.e.,lightinduced heat,electrical,and concentration gradient fields)to construct the multi-field-coupled synergistic ion transport system(MSITS)for Li-ion extraction from spent LIBs.The Li flux of the MSITS reaches 367.4 mmol m^(−2)h^(−1),even higher than the sum flux of those applied individual fields,reflecting synergistic enhancement for ion transport of the multi-field-coupled effect.Benefiting from the adaptation of membrane structure and multi-external fields,the proposed system exhibits ultrahigh selectivity with a Li^(+)/Co^(2+)factor of 216,412,outperforming previous reports.MSITS based on nanofluidic membrane proves to be a promising ion transport strategy,as it could accelerate ion transmembrane transport and alleviate the ion concentration polarization effect.This work demonstrated a collaborative system equipped with an optimized membrane for high-efficient Li extraction,providing an expanded strategy to investigate the other membrane-based applications of their common similarities in core concepts.

Direct extraction of Mo(Ⅵ) from sulfate solution by synergistic extractants in the rotation column

Direct extraction of molybdenum from sulfate solution with synergistic extractants(mixture of D2EHPA and TBP)was studied in the rotation column.The influence of extractant concentration and initial pH of aqueous phase was studied in the bench scale experiments.The outcomes demonstrated that the synergistic solvent extraction enhances the constancy of the extracted complexes for transfer into the organic phase.In the continuous experiments,the effect of different operating parameters such as speed of agitation,inlet solvent flow rate and inlet aqueous flow rate on the holdup,mean drop size,drop size distribution,slip and characteristic velocities and extraction percentage were examined.Modified correlations were proposed for prediction of hydrodynamic parameters with consideration of reaction extraction condition in the rotation column.Furthermore,these correlations were compared with the experimental data.According to the results,the direct extraction of Mo(Ⅵ)from aqueous solution and sulfuric media with extraction efficiency of 90.4%was obtained at higher rotor speed(240 r·min–1 rpm)in this column.

THE SYNERGISTIC MECHANISM OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF GOLD IN HCl MEDIA WITH TOA AND TOPO

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Synergistic Extraction of Rare Earth Ions by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone and Trioctylphousphine Oxide in Paraffin Wax

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Recovery of nickel,cobalt,copper and zinc in sulphate and chloride solutions using synergistic solvent extraction

A number of synergistic solvent extraction(SSX) systems have been developed to recover nickel,cobalt,zinc and copper from sulphuric and chloride leach solutions by the solvent extraction team of CSIRO,Australia.These include(1) Versatic 10/CLX50 system for the separation of Ni from Ca in sulphate solutions,(2) Versatic 10/4PC system for the separation of Ni and Co from Mn/Mg/Ca in sulphate solutions,(3) Cyanex 471X/HRJ-4277 system for the separation of Zn from Cd in sulphate solutions,(4) Versatic 10/LIX63 system for the separation of Co from Mn/Mg/Ca in sulphate solutions,(5) Versatic 10/LIX63/TBP system for separation of Ni and Co from Mn/Mg/Ca in sulphate solutions,(6) Versatic 10/LIX63 system for the separation of cobalt from nickel in sulphate solutions by difference in kinetics,(7) Cyanex 272/LIX84 system for the separation of Cu/Fe/Zn from Ni/Co in sulphate solutions,(8) Versatic 10/LIX63/TBP system to recover Cu/Ni from strong chloride solutions,and(9) Versatic10/LIX63 system to separate Cu from Fe in strong chloride solutions.The synergistic effect on metal separation and efficiency is presented and possible industrial applications are demonstrated.The chemical stability of selected SSX systems is also reported.

Synergistic extraction of cerium from sulfuric acid medium using mixture of 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono 2-ethylhexyl ester and Di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphoric acid as extractant

Synergistic extraction of cerium(IV) from sulfuric acid medium using mixture of 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono 2-ethylhexyl ester(HEH/EHP, HL) and Di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphoric acid(HDEHP, HA) as extractant was investigated.The results indicated that the maximum synergistic enhancement coefficients were obtained at the mole fraction of HEH/EHP=0.6, and cerium(IV) was extracted into organic phase in the form of Ce(SO4)0.5HL2A2.A cation exchange mechanism was proposed for the synergistic extraction of Ce(IV).The equilibrium constants and thermodynamic functions such as △G, △H, and △S were determined in the extraction of Ce(IV) from sulfuric medium using mixture of HEH/EHP and

Synergistic extraction of rare earths by mixture of HDEHP and HEH/EHP in sulfuric acid medium

The extraction of RE(III) (RE=La, Nd, Sm, Gd) in sulfuric acid medium using the mixture of HDEHP(H2B2) and HEH/EHP(H2L2) was investigated. The synergistic enhancement coefficient(R) was calculated for La (1.96), Nd(3.52), Sm(5.96), and Gd(5.71), respectively, at pH=2.0, and it was seen that the R increased with the increase of aqueous quilibrium pH. The configuration of the extracted complexes was considered to be RE(SO4)xH2x(HB2)3 with HDEHP, RE(SO4)xH2x(HL2)3 with HEH/EHP, and RE(HB2)2(HL2) with their mixture as the extractant with the slope method. The equilibrium constants and stability constants were calculated. A cation exchange mechanism was pro- posed as well.

Synergistic Extraction of Gallium from Sulfate Solution

A novel extractant mixture, di-2-ethylhexyl phosphate (DEHPA) plus HX, was propose and tested for recovering gallium from sulfate solution.It was found that the extraction capacity of DEPHA for gallium from sulfate solution could be enhanced significantly due to the synergistic effect of acidix extractant HX. Gallium extraction is negligible below pH 0 and highly sensitive to pH of aqueous phase in the range from 0 to 1, and satisfactory extraction can be gained at pH>1. More than 96% Ga extraction was obtained using 15% DEHPA plus 2% HX. Although Fe(Ⅲ) was found to be extracted preferentially to Ga (Ⅲ）, effective extraction of Ga (Ⅲ） was possible by reducing ferric to the ferrous state prior to extraction. A loaded organic phase containing 0.48g·L^-1 Ga could be produced from solution of 0.12g·L^-1 Ga at A/O ratio of 4:1 via three mixer-settler operation stages. Gallium was stripped quantitatively from the loaded organic phase with 1.5mol·L^-1 of sulfuric acid.

Neutral Complex Extraction and Synergistic Extraction of Macrolide Antibiotics

Based on the theory of reactive extraction, new solvent systems were developed to replace butylacetate for extraction of macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, kitasamycin, spiramycin meleumycin etc.). A new neutral complex solvent extraction system, fatty alcohol-kerosene (marked by El), was used for extraction of erythromycin,one of the macrolide antibiotics. The extraction equilibrium equation is obtained, and the extraction distribution is as follows D=exp(-36.33×10^3/RT+18.77(B)1.2/(o)/(1+10^8.07-pH)The effects of several parameters on extraction equilibrium were investigated. Furthermore, a new synergistic extraction system (marked by E2) was developed, in which another solvent was used as synergistic agent to replace the diluent kerosene in the neutral complex extraction system. Based on these new extraction systems, an improved process for extraction of erythromycin was developed, showing remarkable advantages in technology and economics owing to its low solvent consumption of 3 kg per billion unit compared with 9-10 for butylacetate. The recovery process of solvent from raffinate may be eliminated.

Study on the Synergistic Extraction of Ytterbium with 1－Phenyl－3－Methyl－4－（α－Furoyl）－5－Pyrazolone and Neutral Extractant

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SYNERGISTIC EXTRACTION OF Cd(Ⅱ)WITH PRIMARY AMINE N-1923 AND NEUTRAL ORGANOPHOSPHORUS REAGENTS

The synergistic extraction of Cd（Ⅱ）with primary amine N-1923 and neutralorganophosphorus reagents（TBP,DBBP,B）from hydrochloric acid has been investigated atμ=0.5,t=25℃.The compositions of the synergistic extraction complexes and the mechanismof the synergistic extraction have been determined by the methods of slope and constant mole.The synergistic extraction complexes with composition（RNH3Cl）2·CdCl2·B have beendemonstrated.The synergistic extraction reactions and additional reaction of Cd（Ⅱ）havebeen proposed as follows:CdCl2+2RNH3Clo+Bo（RNH3Cl）2·CdCl2·Bo（RNH3Cl）3·CdCl(2（o）+Bo（RNH3Cl）2·CdCl2·Bo+RNH3CloIn addition,the equilibrium constants and the thermodynamic functions of the synergistic ex-traction reactions have been calculated.The IR and NMR spectra of the synergistic ext-ac-tion complexes of Cd（Ⅱ）have been studied as well.

Synergistic extraction of rare earth by mixtures of 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid from sulfuric acid medium

The extraction of Nd3+ and Sm3+, including the extraction and stripping capability as well as the separation effect of Nd3+ or Sm3+, from a sulfuric acid medium, by mixtures of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP, H2A2(0)) and 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (HEH/EHP, H2L2(0)) were studied. The distribution ratios and synergistic coefficients of Nd3+ and Sm3+ in different acidities were also determined. A synergistic extractive effect was found when HDEHP and HEH/EHP were used as mixed extractants for Sm3+ or Nd3+. The chemical compositions of the extracted complex were determined as Nd·(HA2)2·HL2 and Sm·(HA2)2·HL2. The extraction equilibrium constants, enthalpy change, and entropy change of the extraction reaction were also determined.

EXTRACTION KINETICS,SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS AND INTERFACIAL CHEMISTRY FOR D_2 EHPA MPA-Fe^(3+) MIXED EXTRACTION SYSTEM

The thermodynamics of micella formation,interfacial characteristics,synergistic effectsand interfacial kinetics for synergistic extraction system D2 EHPA-MPA-Fe3+ have beenstudied.It was found that D2EHPA in the mixed system strongly exhibits the effect onthe micella formation thermodynamics and interracial characteristics of MPA.Some ther-modynamic parameters for constants of micelles formation（Km）.free energies of micellesformation（ΔGm）and critical micella concentrations（CMC）were obtained.The inter-facial adsorption behaviour of D2EHPA is opposite to that of MPA.The emulsificationfor single MPA and the mixed system was discussed.The synergistic effects were foundin this mixed extraction system.It is proved that the process of the Fe3+ extractionfor non-mixed extraction system is controlled by chemical reaction and the controllingreaction occurs at the interface.

DOUBLE SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS AND EXTRACTION KINETICS OF A MICELLE MIXED EXTRACTANT SYSTEM I DOUBLE(KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC)SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS AND EXTRACTION MECHANISMS

The equilibria and kinetic characteristics of a micelle mixed extractant system-D2 EHPA-MPA（MPA-monoalkyl phosphoric acid with long carbon chain and micellization）in extractionof the Al3+ions were studied.It was found that the system has double synergistic effects on theextraction of the Al3+ions.The compositions of the synergistic complexes were determined andthe synergistic reaction equations were obtained.

Synergistic Extraction of Lanthanides by 1-Nitroso-2-Naphthol and Trioctylphosphine Oxide in Paraffin Wax

The paraffin wax was used as a diluent for 1-nitroso-2-naphthol（HA） and trioctylphosphine oxide（TOPO） in the extraction of lanthanides at 70℃. The composition of the extracted species was given as LnA3（TOPO）2 by means of the slope analysis. The variation of the synergistic extraction equilibrium constant（K sex） was investigated at 60～80℃, and the thermodynamic data were calculated. The dependence of separation factors on temperature was also studied.

Synergistic extraction of praseodymium with 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester and 8-Hydroxyquinoline

The synergistic extraction of Pr3+ from hydrochloric medium using mixture of 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono2-ethylhexyl ester(P507,HL) and 8-Hydroxyquinoline(HQ) in heptane was investigated. The effect of equilibrium of aqueous acidity on extraction of Pr3+ was discussed. The effect of extractant concentraction,different diluents,equilibrium time and acetate ion concentration on extraction reaction were also studied. With a method of double-logarithmic slope,composition of the extracted species on 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester and 8-Hydroxyquinoline was derived. The result shows that the synergistic extraction system not only overcomes emulsification of 8-Hydroxyquinoline,but also shows perfect capacity of synergistic extraction. The largest synergistic enhancement factor can be calculated to be 5.49 at pH 3.6 for Pr3+.

Synergistic extraction of U(VI) and Th(IV) from nitricacid media with HBMPPT and TBP in toluene

The synergistic extraction of U(VI) and TI(IV) from nitric acid solution by HBMPPT (4-benzoyl-2,4-dihydrChs-methyl- andTBP (tributylphosphate ) in toluene was studied. The extraction ability of HBMPPTfor U(VI) and TI(IV) was not so high, but when a little TBP was added in, theability to extract U(VI) and TI(IV) was improved. The extracted complexes maybe presented as UOZNO3.BMPPT.TBP and UOZ(BMPPT)2.TBP for U(VI), andTI(NOs)s.BMPPT.TBp and TI(NOs)z (BMPPT)z.TBP for TI(IV), respectively, inthe. synergistic extraction system. The synergistic effect of HBMPPT and TBP makesthe separation coefficient of U(VI) /TI(IV) or U(VI)/Eu(lll) reach a high value.

Synergistic extraction and separation of Am(III) and Ln(III) with HBMPPT-sulfoxide-HNO_3-toluene system

Some sulfoxides (petroleum sulfoxide - PSO, di-n-octyl sulfoxide - DOSO, etc.) were chosen as synergists to study the synergistic effect on the extraction reaction with HBMPPT (4-benzoy1-2,4-dihydro-5-menthy1-2-pheny1-3H-pyrazol1-3-thione) for Am(III), and the synergistic separation for Am(III) and Ln(III). The synergistic extraction ability of PSO is greater than that of DOSO for Am(III). The synergistic complexes may be presented as Am.NO3.(BMPPT)2.HBMPPT.S2 (S indicates PSO or DOSO).

Synergistic effects of plant extracts and antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical specimens

Objective:This study has been done to evaluate the interaction between water extracts of Psidium guajava, Rosmarinus officinalis,Salvia fruticosa,Majorana syriaca,Ocimum basilucum,Syzygium aromaticum,Laurus nobilis,and Rosa damascena alone and then synergy testing of these extracts with known antimicrobial agents including oxytetracycline HCl,gentamicin sulfate,penicillin G,cephalexin and enrofloxacin.This study was conducted against five S.aureus isolates;one is Methicillin -resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and 4 Methicillin - sensitive Staphylococcus aureus(MSSA).Methods:Evaluation of the interaction between plant extracts and different antimicrobial agents has been done using well - diffusion and microdilution methods. Results:The results of the conducted experiments using well - diffusion method demonstrate that these plants showed in vitro interactions between antimicrobial agents and plant extracts were additive,while using microdilution method showed synergistic effects with significant reduction in the MICs of the test antibiotics against these strains of S.aureus.This change in MIC was noticed in all plant extracts against test antibiotics including these plants showed weak antibacterial activity by well diffusion method.Synergism effect was occurred in both sensitive and resistant strains but the magnitude of minimum fold reduction of inhibitory concentration in resistant strains especially MRSA strain was higher than the sensitive strains.Coclusion:This study probably suggests the possibility of concurrent use of these antimicrobial drugs and plant extracts in combination in treating infections caused by S.aureus strains or at least the concomitant administration may not impair the antimicrobial activity of these antibiotics.

Synergistic extraction and separation of thorium from rare earths in chloride media using mixture of Cextrant 230 and Cyanex 923

In order to lower the usage of expensive Cyanex 923 and increase the extraction capacity of the system of Cextrant 230,the synergistic extraction of thorium from chloride media by a mixture of Cextrant 230 and Cyanex 923 was investigated.The maximum synergistic enhancement coefficient(R)of 1.53 is obtained at 1:1 molar ratio of Cextrant 230/Cyanex 923.The syne rgistic extracted species of Th^(4+)is determined as ThCl_(4)·2Cextrant 230·Cyanex 923.The synergistic extraction of Th^(4+)is an entropy-driven exothermic process.The loading capacity of 0.60 mol/L mixed extractant for thorium is about 17.10 g/L(calculated as ThO_(2)),and the loaded thorium in the organic phase can be effectively stripped by distilled water.For comparison,rare earth cations are barely extracted under the similar conditions,suggesting that the mixtures can be applied to separate thorium from rare earths.A cascade extraction process was developed based on the synergistic extraction system to separate thorium from the hydrochloric acid leaching of bastnaesite.The content of thorium in the leaching solution decreases obviously from 19.90 mg/L to1.4μg/L by 3 stages of extraction,which is superior to sole Cextrant 230 or Cyanex 923.The introduction of Cextrant 230 into the extraction system not only lowers the usage of Cyanex 923 but also enhances the selective extraction of thorium at low acidity,implying that the synergistic extraction system can selectively extract thorium more efficiently and economically than the sole systems.