Determination of Five (5) Possible Contaminants in Recycled Cardboard Packages and Food Simulants Using Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Coupled to GC-MS

A modified analytical procedure has been developed to test for 5 organic pollutants [benzophenone, 2 diisopropylnaphthalenes (DIPNs) {2,6- and 2,7-diisopropylnapthalene} and 2 hydrogenated terphenyls (HTPs) {m-terphenyl and o-terphenyl}] that can be found as residues in recycled cardboards intended for use as food packaging materials and to test for migration levels of these compounds in a food simulant (Tenax). A main objective was to develop a modified rapid and reliable method for the identification and quantification of these compounds at low concentrations. The method was based on ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UAE) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The developed method was applied to analyze 3 commercially available recycled carton board food-packaging materials and also to study the potential migration of the 5 organic pollutants from these materials into Tenax to check if these recycled cardboards can be considered as suitable for use in direct contact with foodstuffs. The limits of detection (LODs) of standard solutions of the 5 compounds were determined at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The LODs and the limits of quantification (LOQs) of examined pollutants ranged between 0.005 to 0.5 mg/kg, and 0.1 to 1 mg/kg, respectively. The extremely low amounts of most contaminants that migrate from packaging materials to Tenax indicate that the recycled cardboards tested can be safely used for direct food contact applications.

Extraction Process of Green Pigment from Leaves of Arctium lappa L. by Ultrasound Assisted Method and Its Stability Study

[Objectives] The research aimed to extract green pigment from leaves of Arctium lappa L. and inspect its stability. [Methods] Ultrasound assisted method was used. [Results] Water bath temperature had little impact on green pigment, and Al^(3+), Cu^(2+), Mg^(2+) and Zn^(2+) in metal ions greatly affected green pigment, while Fe^(3+) had very little impact on the stability of green pigment. pH did not basically affect green pigment of A. lappa L. [Conclusions] The extraction rate and stability of green pigment from leaves of A. lappa L. were higher, and it was one of materials suitable for extracting green pigment.

Response Surface Optimization of Ultrasound-assisted Aqueous Two-phase Extraction of Sweet Potato Leaf Polysaccharides

[Objectives]The ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of sweet potato leaf polysaccharides was studied.[Methods]With the yield of sweet potato leaf polysaccharides as the index,the aqueous two-phase extraction system was determined,and the optimal extraction conditions were optimized by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology.[Results]The optimal parameters were ethanol concentration 25.68%,liquid-to-material ratio 55.83,and ultrasonic treatment time 38.33 min.Under these conditions,the yield of sweet potato leaf polysaccharides could reach 20.646 mg/g.[Conclusions]The ethanol/ammonium sulfate aqueous system is a rapid and efficient method for extracting sweet potato leaf polysaccharides,which is of great significance for the application of sweet potato leaf extract as a natural food additive.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of camptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata seeds

Naturally occurring camptothecin（CPT） is an important source of chemotherapeutic agents.The extraction from Camptotheca acuminata is still the main approach to obtain CPT compared with total synthesis.In the present study,ultrasound-assisted extractions（UAE） of CPT from C.acuminata seeds with alkaline solutions were investigated and CPT yield were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography.The conditions of alkaline species and concentrations,extraction time,extraction temperature and ultrasonic power were optimized.Results show that both Na3PO4 and Na2CO3 solutions gain good extraction yields,whereas Na3PO4 solution has stronger basicity and need higher concentration than Na2CO3 solution does,thus aqueous Na2CO3 is more beneficial for the extraction.The optimal condition was ultrasonically extracted with 0.5% aqueous Na2CO3 at 50°C and ultrasonic power of 400 W for 60 min.Comparing with UAE with ethanol,the extraction with 0.5% Na2CO3 solution achieves higher yield.Moreover,aqueous Na2CO3 as a solvent has various advantages including non-toxicity,inflammable,non-corrosive and low cost,which ensure this UAE method is a superior method with high utilizing prospect.

Percutaneous Removal of Benign Breast Lesions with an Ultrasound-guided Vacuum-assisted System:Influence Factors in the Hematoma Formation

Objective To explore the influence factors in hematoma formation after removing benign breast lesions with an ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted system.Methods A total of 232 females with 312 benign breast masses received excisional biopsy with ultrasoundguided vacuum-assisted system.The pathology of patients,results of hematoma development and outcome,influence factors for hematoma occurrence(nodule size,nodule location,number of nodule,breast shape,menstrual period,efficacy time of bandage,and application of hemostatic agents during the procedure) were recorded.Results Pathologic examination revealed fibroadenomas in 138 lesions,fibroadenosis in 127 lesions,intraductal papillomas in 39 lesions,inflammatory change in 4 lesions,retention cyst of the breast in 3 lesions,and benign phyllodes tumor in 1 lesion.Thirty hematomas were observed in patients(9.6%).Finally,97.0%hematomas were absorbed completely within 6 months follow-up.The incidence rates of hematoma were increased by 24.7%,10.0%,63.2%,13.9%in the nodule diameter larger or equal to 25 mm group,removal of larger or equal to two nodules once time from one patient group,menstrual period group,and larger and loose breast group,respectively(all P<0.05).However,the incidences were decreased by 60.6%in the bandage performed for 12-24 hours or beyond 24 hours group(P<0.05).The multiple logistic regression models revealed that nodule size(x^2=15.227,P<0.001),number of nodule(x^2=7.767,P=0.005),menstrual period(x^2=24.530,P<0.001),and breast shape(x^2=9.559,P=0.002) were independent risk factors associated with hematoma occurrence,but efficacy time of bandage was a protective factor associated with hematoma occurrence.Conclusion The occurrence of hematoma after the minimally invasive operation was associated with nodule size,number of nodule,menstrual period,breast shape,and efficacy time of bandage.

Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Microextraction Coupled with HPLC for Simultaneous Determination of Glucocorticoids and Sex Hormones in Cosmetics

An effective and environmentally friendly method based on ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction(IL-USAEME) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed for the determination of nine hormones including three glucocorticoids, one androgen and five progestogens in cosmetics. Several factors that affect the extraction efficiency, such as the kinds and volume of ionic liquid, salt concentration, ultrasonic power and time, and centrifugation time were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum extraction condition, the recoveries of analytes ranged from 85.97% to 108.84% except prednisolone (62.30%). The intraday and interday precision was below 2.51% and 3.30%, respectively.

Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds on the Characteristics of Walnut Shells

Walnuts are one of nature’s more waste-heavy products. 67% of the nut is shell and husk, low value by-products that are rich in phenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds extracted from walnut shells are potentially good natural sources of antioxidants for the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, phenolic compounds were extracted using an ultrasonic bath, an ultrasonic probe and a standard shaking method. The extraction yield achieved with an ultrasonic probe was 51.2 mg GAE/g DW, two times higher than both the shaking method and the ultrasonic bath method which were 20.6 mg GAE/g DW and 25.8 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. Phenolic extraction was further improved by a size reduction of the walnut shells. The best extraction yield of 52.8 mg GAE/g DW was attained when the particle size was between 45 - 100 mesh. The ultrasonic probe treatment is the best method for extraction of phenolic compounds from walnut shells. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging indicated that the ultrasonic probe treatment could better rupture the hard structure of the cells, increasing the penetration of solvents and thus the extraction yield.

Pectinmethylesterase extraction from orange solid wastes: Optimization and comparison between conventional and ultrasound-assisted treatments

During orange juice production, a half of fresh oranges weight is considered as production waste (peels, pulp, seeds, orange leaves and damaged orange fruits). An alternative for the management of these wastes is their treatment by addition of lime and a latter pressing, obtaining a press cake and a press liquor rich in sugars (10&#176;Brix) and citric acid, protein, pectin and ethanol. For non-thermal concentration of press liquor to obtain citruss molasses (65&#176;-70&#176;Brix), the removal of pectin is necessary. Traditionally, depectinization of juices has been done by using pectinmethylesterase (PME) enzymes from external sources. In this work it performed the extraction of PME enzymes from orange peels to obtain the optimum extraction conditions. Two different methods of solventextraction were compared (conventional andultrasound-assisted methods). For the conventional extraction experiments, a central composite design with three variables ([NaCl], pH and time) and five replicates of the center point was used. For ultrasound-assisted extraction, experiments were done at pH = 5.5 and [NaCl] = 1.25M), varying extraction time (1-30 min). Response variables were PME activity, protein content and a ratio between them, named PME effectiveness (ηPME). At the same experimental conditions (pH =5.5, [NaCl] = 1.25 M, t = 15 min) it was found that conventional extractions led to slightly better results in terms of ηPME than ultrasound-assisted extraction method.

Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Droplet for Separation of Trace Gold Prior to Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Determination

In the present work, a ultrasound-assisted emulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet method has been developed as a sample preparation method prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination of trace amounts of gold in the standard, wastewater and river water samples. In the proposed method, 1-dodecanol and 5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidene) were used as extraction solvent and chelating agent, respectively. Several factors that may be affected on the ex-traction process, such as type and volume of the extraction solvent, ionic strength, pH of the aqueous solu-tion, extraction temperature and extraction time were studied and optimized. Under the best experimental conditions, the calibration curve exhibited linearity over the range of 8.0 ng●mL-1- 3.0 μg●mL-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9978 and detection limit based on three times the standard deviation of the blank signal was 1.5 ng●mL-1. Eight replicate determinations of 0.2 and 1.0 μg●mL-1 of gold gave a mean absorbance of 0.051 and 0.253 with relative standard deviations of ±2.3% and ±1.5%, respectively. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of gold ions in a silica ore, wastewater, river water and standard samples and satisfactory results were obtained.

New Wireless Handheld Ultrasound-Guided Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy (VABB) Devices: An Important Innovation in Breast Diagnosis

Vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (VABB) plays a fundamental role in the preoperative assessment of breast lesions pro- viding large histology samples that are useful to define diagnoses and biological parameters to guide treatment planning. This technique has been used in our institute since 2000 and two new wireless handheld ultrasound-guided VABB de- vices have been introduced since May 2012. In this report we analyze our experience with these revolutionary devices which are able to provide the option of single-insertion contiguous tissue samples respectively with a 13/14-gauge aperture. Our initial experience on 75 lesions shows that these devices are safe, fast, procedurally advantageous for operators and well accepted by patients. Finally VABB procedures can markedly reduce the need for surgical biopsy.

Efficacy and Safety of Ultrasound Guided Vacuum-Assisted Excision of Fibroadenomas: A Systematic Review

Background: Ultrasound-guided, vacuum-assisted excision [UGVAE] of fibroadenomas is an emerging minimally invasive procedure. UGVAE is being increasingly employed by breast radiologists and surgeons. It has been approved for this use since 2006 by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in the UK. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this procedure based on the up to date available evidence. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of the Cochrane library, Medline, Embase, PubMed, Google scholar, Trip-database, Internet, and the reference lists of relevant articles was performed. We searched for literature with sizeable cases of therapeutic vacuum-assisted excision of fibroadenomas. All prospective studies with more than 20 study participants were screened. The study quality was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation [GRADE] approach. All were in English. Results: Of the four case series that fulfilled the inclusion criteria there were 516 patients in which 520 procedures were performed. Overall complete excision rate was 89.4%. In two of the studies, this was 100% when the lesions were less than 1.5 cm but reduced to 61% when between 1.5 and 2 cm. Most common significant complication was bleeding with 2 cases of pneumothorax. None of the studies can be regarded as high quality going by GRADE approach. Conclusion: Within the limit of the current published case series, UGVAE appears to be an effective and safe procedure for excision of small fibroadenomas of less than 15 mm in size. A well designed case control study or randomized controlled trials with a sufficient sample size is needed to further assess its safety, effectiveness and more importantly, patients’ satisfaction especially in larger sized fibroadenomas.

Diagnosis and excision of breast multi-focal lesions by ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy:a comparative evaluation

Objective To compare and evaluate the efficacy of diagnosis and excision for appropriately selected breast multi-focal lesions and solitary lesion by ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy(UGVAB).Methods Among 392 appropriately selected patients,187 patients with multi-focal lesions and 205 patients with solitary lesion were treated by the 8-gauge UGVAB from May 2007 to June 2009.All lesions were removed as completely as possible.The patients with benign pathology underwent physical and ultrasound examinations at one week and 6 months after procedure.Results During the procedure,only three patients had vasovagal syncope and twenty others complained of other intraoperative discomfort.An accurate pathological diagnosis was obtained in all lesions.There was no apparent false-negative result among the 696 lesions with benign pathology at a follow-up of 6 months after procedure.The rates of malignant or premalignant pathology,postoperative complications and residual lesions in patients with multi-focal lesions were higher than those in patients with solitary lesion.If each lesion was considered as a subject of study,there was no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusion UGVAB is an effective method for diagnosis and excision of appropriately selected breast multi-focal lesions and can be used routinely.

油茶蒲黄酮的制备及组分鉴定

为促进油茶蒲的高值化开发利用,推动油茶产业高质量发展,以油茶蒲为原料,采用超声辅助醇提法制备油茶蒲粗黄酮,并采用AB-8大孔树脂吸附法纯化。另外,对纯化的油茶蒲黄酮的结构进行了紫外光谱和红外光谱表征,利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS对其组分进行了鉴定。结果表明:采用超声辅助醇提法制备的油茶蒲粗黄酮中黄酮含量为32.41%,采用AB-8大孔树脂纯化后的黄酮含量为70.14%,黄酮总回收率为60.12%;紫外光谱与红外光谱分析表明,纯化物具有明显的黄酮类紫外、红外特征光谱,证明该纯化物主要成分为黄酮类化合物;UPLC-Q-TOF-MS从该纯化物中共鉴定出44种多酚类和黄酮类化合物,其中14种黄酮类化合物、30种多酚类化合物,油茶蒲黄酮多以黄酮苷类化合物形式存在,且多为山奈酚的糖苷类化合物,油茶蒲黄酮中含有原花青素、儿茶素、表儿茶素及没食子酸等抗氧化活性成分。根据油茶蒲黄酮的组成成分,推测其具有开发成为抗糖尿病食品以及与抗癌药物联用治疗疾病的潜力。

水产品超声辅助浸渍冷冻技术研究进展

目的为延长水产品销售周期,最大程度保持其营养品质,促进水产品冷冻保藏及加工技术的发展和产业化。方法归纳总结超声辅助浸渍冷冻的作用机理,并探究其对冰晶形成和生长以及水产品保鲜加工的影响。结果超声辅助浸渍冷冻能有效提高冷冻效率,减小冰晶晶核规格,缩短冷冻时间,减缓水产品蛋白质变性与脂质氧化速率,改善水产品质构、保持其营养价值,是水产品冷冻处理的有效途径。结论超声辅助浸渍冷冻技术能在一定程度上解决水产品冷冻过程中存在的问题,为水产品冷冻技术产业化提供支持。超声辅助浸渍冷冻技术在作用机制、适用范围和特定环境下的作用衰减等方面存在着一定缺陷,还需深入阐述其作用机理,为冷冻智能装备开发提供保障。

双水相协同超声法提取枇杷叶中绿原酸的工艺研究

试验采用响应面法优化双水相协同超声法提取枇杷叶中绿原酸的工艺,探讨提取液中乙醇体积分数、超声温度、超声时间、磷酸氢二钾用量和超声功率对绿原酸提取率的影响。结果显示,双水相协同超声法提取枇杷叶中绿原酸最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数61%、超声温度61℃、超声时间25 min、磷酸氢二钾用量4.6 g,此条件下绿原酸提取率1.53%,与预测值相接近。研究表明,双水相协同超声法提取枇杷叶中绿原酸的提取工艺稳定可行,可为枇杷叶的资源化开发与利用提供参考。

超声辅助酶法提取玉米胚芽粕水解蛋白及其抗氧化活性

以玉米胚芽粕为原料,研究超声波辅助碱性蛋白酶提取玉米胚芽粕水解蛋白的工艺条件。通过单因素试验初步确定超声波辅助酶法提取玉米胚芽粕水解蛋白的条件,在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验设计,并测定其抗氧化活性。结果表明,最优提取条件为超声温度50℃、超声时间50 min、超声功率140 W,在此条件下,玉米胚芽粕的水解蛋白提取率为90.6%。对DPPH自由基和羟自由基的IC_(50)分别为17.56µg/mL和28.41µg/mL。

酸化甘油-超声辅助提取杨梅花青素工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

目的 通过响应面实验确定酸化甘油-超声辅助提取杨梅花青素最佳提取参数,并探究其体外抗氧化活性。方法 研究了酸化甘油浓度、提取时间、超声功率和提取温度4个单因素对杨梅花青素得率的影响,并优化花青素提取工艺参数。此外,考察了最佳提取工艺下杨梅花青素对3种氧化自由基的清除率和还原力等指标,评估了其抗氧化活性。结果 优化后的酸化甘油-超声辅助提取杨梅花青素的工艺条件为:酸化甘油浓度16%、提取时间42 min、超声功率204 W、提取温度46℃,此条件下杨梅花青素的得率为(6.915±0.027) mg CGE/g DW,接近预测值(6.961 mg CGE/g DW)。提取的杨梅花青素质量浓度为100μg/mL时,对超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率分别为59.35%、46.77%和61.65%。该浓度下,杨梅花青素的还原力为维生素C的39.84%。结论 本研究成功地应用响应面法优化了酸化甘油-超声辅助提取杨梅花青素的提取参数,并且提取物展现出良好的抗氧化活性。

正交试验法优化紫苏叶中总黄酮提取工艺及体外抗氧化活性研究

试验以紫苏叶为研究对象,在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验优化紫苏叶总黄酮的提取工艺,探讨总黄酮的抗氧化活性。以紫苏叶总黄酮得率为考察指标,对乙醇浓度、液料比、提取温度和提取时间进行优化。结果表明,4个因素对紫苏叶总黄酮得率影响的主次顺序为:提取温度>乙醇浓度>液料比>提取时间。紫苏叶总黄酮最优提取工艺参数为乙醇浓度50%、液料比20 mL/g、提取温度70℃和提取时间45 min。在此条件下,紫苏叶总黄酮得率为4.05%。紫苏叶总黄酮对DPPH自由基与羟自由基具有较强的清除作用,其IC50值分别为160 mg/L和196 mg/L。研究表明,紫苏叶总黄酮具有较强的抗氧化性能,是一种优质的天然抗氧化物质。

超声辅助低温碱提木聚糖及制备低聚木糖

以酒糟为原料,研究超声波辅助碱法对提取木聚糖影响,并考察提取工艺对木聚糖酶制备低聚木糖的影响。响应面实验优化超声波辅助碱提木聚糖,结果表明:在NaOH浓度8%、料液比1∶20、提取温度58℃、超声波功率955W和提取时间20 min条件下,木聚糖提取率为72.31%。通过液相色谱、凝胶色谱和红外光谱分析表明:提取木聚糖样品主要成分为木聚糖,超声处理降低相对分子量和聚合度。酶解制备低聚木糖(XOS),在酶用量为100U/g底物、pH 8.0、50℃时,酶解6 h得率达80%以上,XOS中木二糖-木四糖的含量总和(XOS2-4)占64.5%。XOS为2 mg/mL时,对DPPH自由基清除率为87.3%。本研究通过超声辅助碱溶液降低木聚糖提取能耗和木聚糖相对分子量,有效提高XOS酶解得率。该工艺将有助于提高酿酒副产物酒糟的附加值。