Current optimization-based control of dual three-phase PMSM for low-frequency temperature swing reduction

In this paper,a control scheme based on current optimization is proposed for dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor(DTP-PMSM)drive to reduce the low-frequency temperature swing.The reduction of temperature swing can be equivalent to reducing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss in this paper.First,a two-level optimization aiming at minimizing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss at each electrical angle is proposed.Then,the optimization is transformed to a singlelevel optimization by introducing the auxiliary variable for easy solving.Considering that singleobjective optimization trades a great total copper loss for a small reduction of maximum phase copper loss,the optimization considering both instantaneous total copper loss and maximum phase copper loss is proposed,which has the same performance of temperature swing reduction but with lower total loss.In this way,the proposed control scheme can reduce maximum junction temperature by 11%.Both simulation and experimental results are presented to prove the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme for low-frequency temperature swing reduction.

COMPARISON AND EVALUATION OF CURRENT REFERENCE GENERATION STRATEGIES FOR ACTIVE POWER FILTERS IN THREE-PHASE FOUR-WIRE SYSTEMS

For three phase four-wire active power filters （APFs）, several typical power theories and corresponding current reference generation strategies are induced, p-q, d-q, unify power factor （UPF） and instantaneous active current （IAC） methods are analyzed and compared with each other. The interpretation of active and reactive currents in non-sinusoidal and unbalanced three-phase four-wire systems is given based on the generalized instantaneous reactive power theory. The performance and the characteristic are evaluated, and the application conditions of current reference generation strategies are concluded. Simulation results under different source voltages and loads verify the evaluation result.

Electrical characteristics of new three-phase traction power supply system for rail transit

A novel three-phase traction power supply system is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects caused by electric phase separation in catenary and accomplish a unifying manner of traction power supply for rail transit.With the application of two-stage three-phase continuous power supply structure,the electrical characteristics exhibit new features differing from the existing traction system.In this work,the principle for voltage levels determining two-stage network is dissected in accordance with the requirements of traction network and electric locomotive.The equivalent model of three-phase traction system is built for deducing the formula of current distribution and voltage losses.Based on the chain network model of the traction network,a simulation model is established to analyze the electrical characteristics such as traction current distribution,voltage losses,system equivalent impedance,voltage distribution,voltage unbalance and regenerative energy utilization.In a few words,quite a lot traction current of about 99%is undertaken by long-section cable network.The proportion of system voltage losses is small attributed to the two-stage three-phase power supply structure,and the voltage unbal-ance caused by impedance asymmetry of traction network is less than 1‰.In addition,the utilization rate of regenerative energy for locomotive achieves a significant promotion of over 97%.

Zero-sequence Current Suppressing Strategy for Dual Three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines Connected with Single Neutral Point

Dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous machines(DTP-PMSM)connected with a single neutral point provide a loop for zero-sequence current(ZSC).This paper proposes a novel space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM)strategy to suppress the ZSC.Five vectors are selected as basic voltage vectors in one switching period.The fundamental and harmonic planes and the zero-sequence plane are taken into consideration to synthesis the reference voltage vector.To suppress the ZSC,a non-zero zero-sequence voltage(ZSV)is generated to compensate the third harmonic back-EMF.Rather than triangular carrier modulation,the sawtooth carrier modulation strategy is used to generate asymmetric PWM signals.The modulation range is investigated to explore the variation of modulation range caused by considering the zero-sequence plane.With the proposed method,the ZSC can be considerably reduced.The simulated and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed modulation strategy.

Three-Phase Heterojunction NiMo-Based Nano-Needle for Water Splitting at Industrial Alkaline Condition

Constructing heterojunction is an effective strategy to develop high-performance non-preciousmetal-based catalysts for electrochemical water splitting(WS).Herein,we design and prepare an N-doped-carbon-encapsulated Ni/MoO_(2) nano-needle with three-phase heterojunction(Ni/MoO_(2)@CN)for accelerating the WS under industrial alkaline condition.Density functional theory calculations reveal that the electrons are redistributed at the three-phase heterojunction interface,which optimizes the adsorption energy of H-and O-containing intermediates to obtain the best ΔG_(H*) for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and decrease the ΔG value of ratedetermining step for oxygen evolution reaction(OER),thus enhancing the HER/OER catalytic activity.Electrochemical results confirm that Ni/MoO_(2)@CN exhibits good activity for HER(ƞ_(-10)=33 mV,ƞ_(-1000)=267 mV)and OER(ƞ_(10)=250 mV,ƞ_(1000)=420 mV).It shows a low potential of 1.86 V at 1000 mA cm^(−2) for WS in 6.0 M KOH solution at 60℃ and can steadily operate for 330 h.This good HER/OER performance can be attributed to the three-phase heterojunction with high intrinsic activity and the self-supporting nano-needle with more active sites,faster mass diffusion,and bubbles release.This work provides a unique idea for designing high efficiency catalytic materials for WS.

Electromagnetic Performance Prediction for the Symmetrical Dual Three-phase Surface-mounted PMSM under Open-phase Faults Based on Accurate Subdomain Model

The paper presents an accurate analytical subdomain model for predicting the electromagnetic performance in the symmetrical dual three-phase surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM)under open-phase faulty conditions.The model derivations are extended from previous accurate subdomain models accounting for slotting effects.Compared with most conventional subdomain models for traditional three-phase machines with nonoverlapping winding arrangement,the subdomain model proposed in this paper applied for the 24-slot/4-pole dual three-phase machine with symmetrical overlapping winding arrangement.In order to investigate the postfault electromagnetic performance,the reconfigured phase currents and then current density distribution in stator slots under different open-circuit conditions are discussed.According to the developed model and postfault current density distribution,the steady-state electromagnetic performance,such as the electromagnetic torque and unbalanced magnetic force,under open-circuit faulty conditions are obtained.For validation purposes,finite element analysis(FEA)is employed to validate the analytical results.The result indicate that the postfault electromagnet performance can be accurately predicted by the proposed subdomain model,which is in good agreement with FEA results.

The Control Technology Research of the Z-source Three-phase Four-bridge Arm Inverter

Z-source inverter can boost the voltage of the DC-side, allow the two switches of the same bridge arm conducting at the same time and it has some other advantages. The zero-sequence current flows through the fourth leg of the three-phase four-leg inverter so the three-phase four-leg inverter can work with unbalanced load. This paper presents a Z-source three-phase four-leg inverter which combines a Z-source network with three-phase four-leg inverter. The circuit uses simple SPWM modulation technique and the fourth bridge arm uses fully compensated control method. The inverter can maintain a symmetrical output voltage when the proposed scheme under the unbalanced load.

Research on a New Control Strategy of Three Phase Inverter for Unbalanced Loads

One of the very important functions of three-phase inverter is to maintain the symmetric three-phase output voltage when the three-phase loads are unbalanced. Although the traditional symmetrical component decomposing and superimpose theory can keep the voltage balance through compensating the positive-, negative- and zero-sequence components of the output voltage of inverter, however, this method is time-consuming and not suitable for control. Aiming at high power medium frequency inverter source, a P+Resonant (Proportion and Resonant) controller which ensured a balanced three phase output voltage under unbalanced load is proposed in this paper. The regulator was proved to be applicable to both three-phase three-wire system and three-phase four-wire system and developed two methods of realization. The simulation results verified that this method can suppressed effectively the output voltage distorted caused by the unbalanced load and attained a high quality voltage waveforms.

The improved PAC method for a three-phase PWM grid-connected inverter

In this paper, a vector regulating principle of the phase and amplitude control PAC method for three-phase grid-connected inverters is presented.To solve the problem of heavy inrush current and slow dynamic response when system starts up, the starting voltage prediction control and the current feed-forward control are proposed and used, which improve the dynamic performance of the system in the PAC.The experimental results carried out on a three-phase grid-connected inverter proved the validity of the proposed method.

FCS-MPC for four-switch three-phase AC-DC converters with DC-link capacitor voltage balancing

Due to the decrease in the number of switches for the four-switch three-phase alternating current-direct current(FSTP AC-DC)converter,it can easily lead to DC-link capacitor voltage imbalance and the system stability reduction.In order to solve these problems,a finite control set model predictive control(FCS-MPC)for FSTP AC-DC converters with DC-link capacitor voltage balancing is proposed.In this strategy,in order to facilitate calculation,theαβcoordinate system model is established and all voltage vectors are evaluated by establishing a cost function.During the whole process,phase locked loop(PLL)and complex modulation strategy are not required.In the new established cost function,the additional objective term of suppressing capacitor voltage fluctuation is to eliminate effectively the capacitor voltages oscillations and deviations and improve the system reliability.The simulation results show that the proposed strategy can keep the capacitor voltage balancing and has good dynamic and static performance.

Vector Control of Three-Phase Solar Farm Converters Based on Fictive-Axis Emulation

In this paper,a new method for adjusting the current of three-phase voltage source DC-AC converter in orthogonal(DQ)reference frame is presented.In the DQ reference system,AC variable appears in the constant form of DC,making the controller design the same as the DC-DC converter[1].It provides controllable gain benefits at the steady-state operating point,and finally realizes zero steady-state error[2].In addition,the creative analytical model is dedicated to building up a series of virtual quantities orthogonal to the actual single-phase system.In general,orthogonal imaginary numbers get the reference signal by delaying the real quantity by a quarter period.However,the introduction of such time delay makes the dynamic response of the system worse.In this paper,orthogonal quantities are generated from a virtual axis system parallel to the real axis,which can effectively improve the dynamic performance of traditional methods without increasing the complexity of controller structure.Through PSCAD simulation,the ideal experimental results are obtained.

不平衡电网下电流源型PWM整流器改进型无差拍控制

三相电流源型PWM整流器运行在电网电压不平衡情况下,引起直流侧及网侧电流存在大量低次谐波,势必对后级变换器供电稳定性、安全性等存在不利影响。针对该问题,首先建立整流器数学模型,推导出不平衡电网下直流侧电压和网侧电流表达式,揭示出系统直流侧和网侧电流产生低次谐波的机理。其次,根据瞬时功率理论设计内环电流参考指令,并利用无差拍控制实现网侧电流对参考电流的跟踪。然而传统无差拍控制存在延时问题,将影响网侧电流的跟随性能,造成电能质量下降。为解决该问题,提出了网侧电流内环改进型无差拍控制,利用两步预测法补偿系统延时。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink平台搭建仿真模型,验证所提控制策略的正确性与有效性。结果表明,所提方法能有效抑制直流侧和网侧电流低次谐波,实现网侧电流正弦化和直流侧电压稳定输出。

一种改进的基于电网幅值跌落的SWISS整流器协调优化控制方法

SWISS整流器因其优越的性能被广泛应用于充电桩、分布式直流电源等场合。其首要的控制目标是维持稳定的直流侧输出电压、正弦且对称的交流侧三相电流以及网侧单位功率因数。然而,当电网出现幅值跌落时,基于传统的控制方法很难同时实现上述3个控制目标。因此,该文分别提出适用于电网幅值跌落的输出电压恒定控制(constant output voltage control,COVC)方法和电流正弦对称控制(sinusoidal and symmetrical current control,SSCC)方法。前者可实现直流侧输出电压恒定无波动,但无法实现网侧电流的正弦且对称。后者可实现网侧电流正弦且对称,但无法实现直流侧电压输出恒定无波动。在此基础上,该文结合这2种控制方法的优势进一步提出一种改进的协调优化控制(improved coordination and optimization control,ICOC)方法,可实现网侧处于单位功率因数的同时,在直流侧输出电压恒定无波动和网侧电流正弦且对称之间进行协调优化,实验结果证明ICOC方法相较于COVC和SSCC具有显著的优势,与该文的理论分析一致。

不均衡小样本下多特征优化选择的生命体触电故障识别方法

针对现有的剩余电流保护装置无法有效识别触电事故的问题,该文提出了一种不均衡小样本下多特征优化选择的生命体触电故障识别方法。首先通过变分自编码器(VAE)对实验收集到的生命体触电小样本数据进行增殖以实现正负样本均衡;然后在时域上提取能够反映波形动态变化特性的23个特征量,并利用高斯核Fisher判别分析(GKFDA)与最大信息系数(MIC)法从中选择最优表达特征组;最后,提出基于遗忘因子的在线顺序极限学习机(FOS-ELM)算法实现生命体触电行为的鉴别。实验结果表明,所提方法利用不均衡小样本触电数据集就可以训练出一个优秀的分类模型,诊断准确率可达98.75%,诊断时间仅为1.33 ms。其优良的性能结合在线增量式学习分类器设计,使得模型具备新知识学习能力,具有极好的工程应用前景。

电网电压三相不平衡时FMSS正负序电流补偿型VSG控制

柔性多状态开关(FMSS)是一种取代传统联络开关应用于现代配电网的新型电力电子设备,能够优化现代配电网分布式电源的消纳和调控。和传统控制算法相比,采用VSG控制的FMSS不受弱电网环境下锁相环性能恶化的影响,在低电网强度下能够向电网提供频率支撑,从而增强系统的稳定性。FMSS作为接入配电网的装置,当电网电压发生三相不平衡现象时,传统VSG控制下的FMSS输出电流、功率会发生明显的波动,并网点的效率会大大降低。针对此问题,以模块化多电平变流器(MMC)结构为基础,在VSG控制策略的基础上引入正负序电流补偿,分别实现不平衡电网下FMSS输出电流、有功功率及无功功率的稳定。最后,通过Matlab/Simulink搭建四端FMSS模型,利用仿真验证所提控制策略的有效性。

基于剩余电流和不平衡电流突变向量比的TN-C-S系统漏电故障检测方法

TN-C-S系统在我国应用广泛,但由于固有剩余电流大,无法区分负荷投切和故障引起的剩余电流变化,漏电总保和中保无法投运,存在安全隐患。针对该问题,提出一种基于剩余电流和不平衡电流突变量之比的漏电故障保护方法。首先,分析剩余电流回路,剩余电流和不平衡电流突变量之比在单相接地故障发生时刻突变,在负荷投切时不变。其次,基于中性线阻抗和接地阻抗不会发生突变的特征,计算故障电流突变量幅值,以故障电流突变量幅值越限作为故障判别依据,实现漏电故障检测。仿真及试验证明,所提方法可有效区分负荷投切和漏电故障,实现大幅值固有剩余电流下的漏电故障检测,在单支路和多支路系统中的检测灵敏度分别为70、150 mA,满足TN-C-S系统多级漏电保护的灵敏度要求。

基于中性线电流离散分析治理三相负荷不平衡

当三相负荷不平衡时,必然会引起中性线电流的产生。针对三种不同三相负荷不平衡条件下中性线电流的变化情况,建立与之对应的三相负荷不平衡度算法模型。采用中性线电流的离散分析建立三相负荷不平衡度算法,作为三相负荷不平衡治理的有效判据,结合试验分析,得到了三相负荷不平衡度与中性线电流的变化规律,并应用于低压供配电系统三相负荷不平衡的治理分析。结果表明:所提三相负荷不平衡度算法对低压供配电系统三相负荷不平衡的治理具有较强的实用性。提出的以三相负荷不平衡度为自适应变量,以中性线电流为过程监测量,采用有功调配与无功补偿相结合策略,能够有效反映三相负荷不平衡的治理情况。

电网不对称故障下MMC自适应相功率均衡控制策略

交流电网不对称故障工况下模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)存在相功率不均衡的问题,常规的基于直流环流注入的调控方法会引起桥臂电流不对称,导致各相电流应力不相等;而基于零序电压注入的方法可能导致系统过调制,危害系统安全稳定运行。针对传统相功率均衡控制策略的局限性,提出一种交流电网不对称故障下MMC自适应相功率均衡控制策略。首先,分析基于零序电压和直流环流注入的MMC相间功率调控原理,指出不同方法单独进行相间功率均衡的局限性。其次,研究零序电压注入方法的过调制边界,引入相功率分配系数,给出不同故障下相功率系数优化方法,提出基于零序电压和直流环流注入协调的MMC自适应相功率均衡控制策略。最后,通过仿真验证了机理分析与所提控制策略的正确性和有效性。

不平衡电网下模块化多电平换流器的直流环流均衡策略

不平衡电网下模块化多电平换流器(MMC)存在三相直流环流不均衡问题,易导致相间电流应力和热应力差异,降低其在不平衡工况下安全运行能力。该文从桥臂功率角度分析不平衡电网下三相MMC直流环流不均衡现象和基于零序电压注入的直流环流均衡机理。提出一种零序电压注入的直流环流均衡方法,通过网侧电流与直流环流偏差量计算得到零序电压相位,经过比例谐振控制器生成零序电压注入量,进而实现直流环流的快速、有效均衡。在所提出的控制策略的基础上,研究该方法对MMC桥臂电流峰值、有效值及子模块电容电压纹波的影响规律。仿真与实验结果验证了该文理论分析与控制策略的有效性。

检修接地不平衡传输条件对轨道电路的影响研究

为分析在接触网检修接地时,由单根轨条和回流线短接产生的不平衡条件对25 Hz相敏轨道电路的影响,在六端网络的基础上建立轨道电路不平衡传输模型,通过仿真计算和对比,得到在不平衡传输条件下,信号接收端轨面电压的衰减和扼流变压器上不平衡牵引电流,随道床泄漏导纳、单轨条接地位置、吸上与横向连接设置变化的关系,并利用实验数据和现象验证计算结果。结合实际案例中检修接地的不平衡传输条件导致轨道电路“红光带”问题,给出其产生原因,并验证上述理论。给出减少不平衡传输条件对轨道电路造成影响的方法,尽可能避免该类型“红光带”问题的出现。