Unconfined compressive strength and failure behaviour of completely weathered granite from a fault zone

Understanding the strength characteristics and deformation behaviour of the tunnel surrounding rock in a fault zone is significant for tunnel stability evaluation.In this study,a series of unconfined compression tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical characteristics and failure behaviour of completely weathered granite(CWG)from a fault zone,considering with height-diameter(h/d)ratio,dry densities(ρd)and moisture contents(ω).Based on the experimental results,a regression mathematical model of unconfined compressive strength(UCS)for CWG was developed using the Multiple Nonlinear Regression method(MNLR).The research results indicated that the UCS of the specimen with a h/d ratio of 0.6 decreased with the increase ofω.When the h/d ratio increased to 1.0,the UCS increasedωwith up to 10.5%and then decreased.Increasingρd is conducive to the improvement of the UCS at anyω.The deformation and rupture process as well as final failure modes of the specimen are controlled by h/d ratio,ρd andω,and the h/d ratio is the dominant factor affecting the final failure mode,followed byωandρd.The specimens with different h/d ratio exhibited completely different fracture mode,i.e.,typical splitting failure(h/d=0.6)and shear failure(h/d=1.0).By comparing the experimental results,this regression model for predicting UCS is accurate and reliable,and the h/d ratio is the dominant factor affecting the UCS of CWG,followed byρd and thenω.These findings provide important references for maintenance of the tunnel crossing other fault fractured zones,especially at low confining pressure or unconfined condition.

Effect of chloride salt concentration on unconfined compression strength of cement-treated Lianyungang soft marine clay

This study aims to quantify the influence of the amount of cement and chloride salt on the unconfined compression strength （UCS） of Lianyungang marine clay. The clays with various sodium chloride salt concentrations were prepared artificially and stabilized by ordinary Portland cement with various contents. A series of UCS tests of cement stabilized clay specimen after 28 d curing were carried out. The results indicate that the increase of salt concentration results in the decrease in the UCS of cement-treated soil. The negative effect of salt concentration on the strength of cement stabilized clay directly relates to the cement content and salt concentration. The porosity-salt concentration/cement content ratio is a fundamental parameter for assessing the UCS of cement-treated salt-rich clay. An empirical prediction model of UCS is also proposed to take into account the effect of salt concentration. The findings of this study can be referenced for the stabilization improvement of chloride slat- rich soft clay.

Effect of Sample Disturbance on Unconfined Compression Strength of Natural Marine Clays

Quantitatively correcting the unconfined compressive strength for sample disturbance is an important research project in the practice of ocean engineering and geotechnical engineering. In this study, the specimens of undisturbed natural marine clay obtained from the same depth at the same site were deliberately disturbed to different levels. Then, the specimens with different extents of sample disturbance were trimmed for both oedometer tests and unconfined compression tests. The degree of sample disturbance SD is obtained from the oedometer test data. The relationship between the unconfined compressive strength q u and SD is studied for investigating the effect of sample disturbance on q u. It is found that the value of q u decreases linearly with the increase in SD. Then, a simple method of correcting q u for sample disturbance is proposed. Its validity is also verified through analysis of the existing published data.

Estimating Unconfined Compressive Strength of Sedimentary Rocks in United Arab Emirates from Point Load Strength Index

In this paper, three rock types including Sandstone, Mudstone, and Crystalline Gypsum were part of a laboratory study conducted to develop a dataset for predicting the unconfined compressive strength of UAE intact sedimentary rock specimens. Four hundred nineteen rock samples from various areas along the coastal region of the UAE were collected and tested for the development of this dataset and evaluation of models. From the statistical analysis of the data, regression equations were established among rock parameters and correlations were expressed and compared by the ones proposed in literature.

Improving the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Red Clay by Combining Biopolymers with Fibers

To explore an environmentally friendly improvement measure for red clay,the function and mechanism of xanthan gum biopolymer and polypropylene fibers on the strength properties of red clay were investigated by unconfined compressive strength and scanning electron microscopy tests.The test results demonstrated that the contents and curing ages of xanthan gum had significant influences on the unconfined compressive strength of red clay.Compared with untreated soil,1.5%xanthan gum content was the optimal ratio in which the strength increment was between 41.52 kPa and 64.73 kPa.On the other hand,the strength of xanthan gum-treated red clay increased,whereas the ductility decreased with the increase in curing ages,indicating that the xanthan gum-treated red clay started to gradually consolidate after 3 days of curing and stiffness significantly improved between 7 and 28 days of curing.The results also showed that the synergistic consolidation effects of the xanthan gum–polypropylene fibers could not only effectively enhance the strength of red clay but also reduce the brittle failure phenomenon.The strengths of soil treated with 2.0%xanthan gum-polypropylene fibers were 1.9–2.41 and 1.12–1.47 times than that of red clay and 1.5%xanthan gum-treated clay,respectively.The results of study provide the related methods and experiences for the field of ecological soil treatment.

The Influence of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Lignin Fiber-Reinforced Loess

In the seasonal permafrost region with loess distribution,the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the engineering performance of reinforced loess must be paid attention to.Many studies have shown that the use of fiber materials can improve the engineering performance of soil and its ability to resist freeze-thaw cycles.At the same time,as eco-environmental protection has become the focus,which has been paid more and more attention to,it has become a trend to find new environmentally friendly improved materials that can replace traditional chemical additives.The purpose of this paper uses new environmental-friendly improved materials to reinforce the engineering performance of loess,improve the ability of loess to resist freeze-thaw cycles,and reduce the negative impact on the ecological environment.To reinforce the engineering performance of loess and improve its ability to resist freeze-thaw cycles,lignin fiber is used as a reinforcing material.Through a series of laboratory tests,the unconfined compressive strength(UCS)of lignin fiber-reinforced loess under different freeze-thaw cycles was studied.The effects of lignin fiber content and freeze-thaw cycles on the strength and deformation modulus of loess were analyzed.Combined with the microstructure features,the change mechanism of lignin fiber-reinforced loess strength under freeze-thaw cycles was discussed.The results show that lignin fiber can improve the UCS of loess under freeze-thaw cycles,but the strengthening effect no longer increases with the increase of fiber content.When the fiber content is less than 1%,the UCS growth rate of loess is the fastest under freeze-thaw cycles.And the UCS of loess with 1%fiber content is the most stable under freeze-thaw cycles.The freeze-thaw cycles increase the deformation modulus of loess with 1%fiber content,and its ability to resist deformation is obviously better than loess with 1.5%,2%and 3%fiber content.The fiber content over 1%will weaken the strengthening effect of lignin fiber-reinforced loess,and the optimum fiber content of lignin fiber-reinforced loess under freeze-thaw cycles is 1%.

Analysis of influence factors of unconfined compressive strength for composite soil stabilizer-stabilized gravel soil

In order to investigate the effect o f some factors on the unconfined compressive strength(UCS)for composite soil stabilizer-stabilized gravel soil(CSSSGS),the orthogonal test is adopted to set up the experimental scheme.Three levels o f each factor armconsidered to obtain the change laws o f UCS,in which the binder dosages are8%,10%,and12%;the curing times ae7,14and21d;the gradation nae0.3,0.35and0.4;and the degrees of compaction are95%,97%,and99%.The range analysis clearly indicates that the influence degree o f the four factors on UCS is in such an order:dosage,age,gradation,and degree o f compaction.The variance analysis shows that only the composite soil stabilizer dosage can significantly affect UCS.In road construction,the examination o f composite soil stabilizer dosage and base-course maintenance should be given much more attention to obtain satisfactory base-course strength,compared w ith gradation floating and the change of degree o f compaction.

Artificial intelligence model for studying unconfined compressive performance of fiber-reinforced cemented paste backfill

To reduce the difficulty of obtaining the unconfined compressive strength(UCS) value of fiber-reinforced cemented paste backfill(CPB) and analyze the comprehensive impact of conventional and fiber variables on the compressive property, a new artificial intelligence model was proposed by combining a newly invented meta-heuristics algorithm(salp swarm algorithm, SSA) and extreme learning machine(ELM) technology. Aiming to test the reliability of that model, 720 UCS tests with different cement-to-tailing mass ratio, solid mass concentration, fiber content, fiber length, and curing time were carried out, and a strength evaluation database was collected. The obtained results show that the optimized SSA-ELM model can accurately predict the uniaxial compressive strength of the fiber-reinforced CPB, and the model performance of SSA-ELM model is better than ANN, SVR and ELM models. Variable sensitivity analysis indicates that fiber content and fiber length have a significant effect on the UCS of fiber-reinforced CPB.

偏高岭土基地聚合物对水泥固化红黏土的改善机制

为了研究偏高岭土对水泥固化红黏土的改善效果,开展了三种组合(纯水泥、水泥+偏高岭土以及水泥+偏高岭土+水玻璃)的红黏土固化试验。基于固化剂化学组分和固化土的干密度、pH值以及物相成分等,研究了新型复合碱激发体系作用下偏高岭土对水泥固化红黏土的作用机理。研究表明:当水泥、偏高岭土和水玻璃掺入比分别为12%、5%和3%时,红黏土固化效果最佳,相比于纯水泥固化土其强度提高了2.82倍。在n(SiO_(2))/n(Al_(2)O_(3))从2.53增加至4.05过程中,固化土强度发展较快,随后逐渐趋于稳定。由于水泥水化生成的Ca^(2+)能够平衡固化体系中的部分负电荷,在n(Na_(2)O)/n(Al_(2)O_(3))较小的情况下固化土强度得到了显著提升。最后通过固化土微观形貌及主要物相组成发现,新型复合碱激发体系的试样中含有无定形地聚物凝胶且主要物相特征峰峰值有所降低,说明产生了更多的地聚合凝胶产物。

改良垃圾焚烧底渣固化疏浚淤泥性能试验研究

基于以废治废理念,提出了用改良垃圾焚烧底渣固化疏浚淤泥的新思路,并开展了室内试验研究,测定了固化淤泥试样的含水率、无侧限抗压强度及抗剪强度指标。试验结果表明:垃圾焚烧底渣磨细粉和未研磨的原渣按1∶1比例混合时,具有最优的固化性能;在最优混合比条件下,固化淤泥的无侧限抗压强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角均随龄期和改良垃圾焚烧底渣掺入比的增加而增大,含水率则相反;当改良垃圾焚烧底渣掺入比为35%时,固化淤泥28 d无侧限抗压强度达到了58.4 kPa,含水率由67.4%降至38.0%,采用改良垃圾焚烧底渣固化疏浚淤泥是可行的。

Influence of Salt-Lime Stabilization on Soil Strength for Construction on Soft Clay

Construction on soft soil is one of the most challenging situations faced by geotechnical engineers. The heterogeneous and complex nature of soil, especially those containing organic clay, often makes it impossible for the construction specification to be addressed properly. Generally, clay exhibits low strength, high compressibility, and strength reduction when subjected to mechanical disturbance. This means that construction on clay soil is vulnerable to bearing capacity failure induced by low inherent shear strength. All these properties can be improved by the effective stabilization of soil. This study analyzed the effectiveness of incorporating salt-lime mixtures at various dosages in improving the strength increment of the soil. The results indicate that among different combinations of salt and lime, the best performance in terms of strength increase was achieved by adding 10% NaCl with 3% lime in the soil. The outcome of this study focuses on enhancing the ultimate strength of soil and its implementation in the field of foundation engineering.

水泥-石灰-磷石膏固化赤泥的路用基层性能

基于磷石膏硫激发作用水泥-石灰固化赤泥,开展了固化赤泥无侧限抗压强度、抗劈裂、抗回弹力学性能和干湿、冻融耐久性能等路用性能的室内试验,探究了该固化赤泥应用道路基层的可行性。试验结果表明:采用固化剂配比m水泥∶m石灰∶m磷石膏=8∶2∶2的固化赤泥路用基层性能最佳,7 d无侧限抗压强度为4.18 MPa,满足基层强度要求;28 d劈裂强度和回弹模量分别为0.256、1020 MPa;五级干湿和冻融循环后,质量变化率<2%,强度损失指标BDR均在80%以上。压汞试验从微观揭示了磷石膏反应产生的钙矾石,通过填充孔隙(0.1~1μm),增强固化赤泥强度;过量钙矾石使得固化赤泥体积膨胀,产生微裂缝孔隙(1~10μm),强度性能劣化。综合固化赤泥性能试验结果,使用m赤泥∶m水泥∶m石灰∶m磷石膏=100∶8∶2∶2配合比制备的固化赤泥替代传统路面基层材料是可行的,拓宽了赤泥综合利用的途径。

土性对工程泥浆固化强度影响规律及微观机理

本文开展了一系列不同液限高分子吸水树脂固化工程泥浆无侧限抗压强度试验,探讨了泥浆土液限对固化效率的影响规律,对比研究了掺入高岭土对泥浆固化强度的改进程度,最后基于XRD和SEM试验揭示了液限和高岭土对固化泥浆强度影响的微观机理。结果表明:随着泥浆土液限的增大,固化泥浆土强度逐渐降低,固化效率随着泥浆土液限增大显著衰减,当液限增加10%,固化泥浆土强度qu平均减少48.2%。然而高岭土的掺入则显著提升了固化泥浆土的强度,并且强度增长率随着龄期逐渐增大,对于龄期为90天时,增加40%高岭土能够提升固化泥浆土强度qu 1.17倍。微观结构试验表明泥浆土液限变化对水化产物产量的影响较小,固化泥浆土强度随泥浆土液限减小主要是由于固化泥浆土孔隙随着泥浆土液限增大而增多,使得微观结构松散从而导致强度降低。高岭土的掺入则显著提升了固化泥浆土的水化产物产量,增强了固化泥浆土胶结强度,从而提升了固化泥浆土强度。因此,在实际工程中,一方面可以通过调配泥浆土液限来提高固化效率;另一方面可以通过掺入高岭土或者一些高岭土基废弃物(如高岭土尾矿)来提高固化强度,实现“以废制废”绿色环保的理念。

干湿循环作用下融雪剂对玻璃纤维水泥土力学性能影响的试验研究

为研究在干湿循环作用下不同种类融雪剂对玻璃纤维水泥土力学性能的影响,制备浓度为0.2mol/L的醋酸钾、氯化镁和硫酸钠溶液作为融雪剂溶液,将养护后的无纤维水泥土和有纤维水泥土试块在不同种类的融雪剂溶液中浸泡3d,然后将试块取出放入烘干箱内分别进行8~10次干湿循环。进而分析融雪剂类型、干湿循环次数对试块表面破坏状态、强度和质量等的影响。试验结果表明:经过10次干湿循环后,醋酸钾融雪剂溶液对试块质量和强度的影响程度小于氯化镁溶液和硫酸钠溶液,说明醋酸钾融雪剂对水泥土侵蚀作用较小;试块表面裂纹随着干湿循环次数的增加逐渐增多加深,在经历相同干湿循环次数后,有纤维水泥土试块的裂纹发展程度、质量损失率和强度损失率均低于无纤维水泥土试块,说明通过添加玻璃纤维可有效提高水泥土抗干湿循环和融雪剂侵蚀的能力。

碱激发地聚物固化海相淤泥质软土抗压强度及固化机制研究

海相淤泥质软土富含各类可溶性盐和有机质,使用水泥进行固化时易出现劣化效应。为了解决传统硅酸盐水泥固化常出现加固失效的工程问题,以NaOH为碱激发剂,使用地聚物-水泥联合固化海相淤泥质软土,研究水泥与地聚物掺量比、碱激发剂含量和养护龄期对固化土无侧限抗压强度的影响,并采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射试验分析碱激发地聚物固化海相淤泥质软土的微观形态和水化产物,进一步揭示其固化机制。研究结果表明:单独加入NaOH对水泥土强度的提升并不明显,水泥土强度并不会随着碱激发剂含量的增加而显著提高。同时不同钙系地聚物的固化效果差异显著:矿渣地聚物固化土早期强度增长迅速,后期强度增长缓慢,其无侧限抗压强度随NaOH含量的增加先增加后降低,随矿渣的掺量增加而提高。粉煤灰地聚物固化土强度增长较慢,NaOH含量越高其无侧限抗压强度越大,且强度随粉煤灰的掺量增加而降低。将1/2的水泥以矿渣替代,固化土28 d强度最高可达6.19 MPa,相较于水泥土提升了107.5%。而使用同样比例的粉煤灰替代,其28 d强度最高仅为3.012 MPa。微观试验分析表明碱激发剂和地聚物的加入,可促进可溶盐水化结晶和有机质碱性环境降解,有效增加有效水化产物,增强颗粒间的凝聚力使得土体结构更加紧密,宏观上表现为固化土强度的提升。研究结果可为解决水泥加固海相淤泥软土所引起的实际技术问题提供理论指导。

基于固废制备人造石颗粒材料耐久性试验

以玄武岩石粉、电石渣、脱硫石膏固体废弃物为原料,利用水热固化技术,制备玄武岩石粉人造石颗粒材料,探讨基于固废制备玄武岩石粉人造石颗粒材料的耐久性。通过开展耐水、耐酸和冻融循环试验,结合SEM微观表征,以质量损失率和强度损失率为评价指标,对人造石颗粒材料在不同原料钙硅比(Ca/Si)条件下的耐久性进行分析。试验结果表明:人造石颗粒材料整体耐水性能良好,增大原料Ca/Si,有利于提高人造石颗粒材料的耐水性,当Ca/Si达到1.0时,其软化系数可达0.894;酸蚀可导致人造石颗粒材料质量损失与强度损失,增大原料Ca/Si可提高人造石颗粒材料的耐酸腐蚀性能;冻融循环会使人造石颗粒材料内部会产生裂隙,从而导致其强度下降,当Ca/Si为0.9和1.0时,人造石颗粒材料强度损失率最小,仅为18.7%,其抗冻融性能相对最佳。

减水剂对固化土强度影响的研究

为了探究聚羧酸、木质磺酸钙(木钙)两种减水剂对固化土强度的影响规律,在不同养护龄期下,对添加不同掺量减水剂的固化土开展了一系列无侧限抗压强度试验,从水化产物角度阐述了固化土强度随两种减水剂掺量的演变机理。试验结果表明:掺有两种减水剂的固化土强度均随着龄期的增加而增加,前期强度增长速度快,后期强度增长缓慢。固化土的强度随着聚羧酸掺量的增加呈现先增加后缓慢减小的趋势,当聚羧酸掺量为0.4%时,固化土强度达到最大值;固化土的强度随木钙掺量的增加逐渐减小,木钙减水剂提升强度的效果弱于聚羧酸减水剂。

泥炭土腐殖酸环境室内模拟试验研究

为能提供一种贴合天然环境的泥炭土腐殖酸环境,通过在冲洪积黏性土中掺入胡敏酸(Humic Acid, HA)试剂和富里酸(Fulvic Acid, FA)试剂人工制备泥炭土试样,并将试样浸泡在富里酸液中来模拟泥炭土腐殖酸环境。采用腐殖酸含量检测试验、扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM)、X射线衍射(X-Ray Diffraction, XRD)、X射线荧光光谱(X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy, XRF)和无侧限抗压强度(qu)试验来评估模拟效果及可行性。结果表明,在pH值为6.0的浸泡液中浸泡90 d后,试样中富里酸实测质量分数超过了初始掺量,而胡敏酸的实测质量分数相较于初始掺量表现出波动性。试样中孔隙随着腐殖酸掺量的增加而逐渐发育连通,试样所含的原生矿物主要为石英和云母,主要元素为O、Si、Al和Fe。通过与天然泥炭土环境对比分析,揭示了模拟的腐殖酸环境在微观特征上与天然腐殖酸环境具有相似性。宏观力学试验结果表明,模拟试样的qu随腐殖酸掺量的增加而降低,对比分析显示模拟试样的力学性能与天然泥炭土的力学性能接近。以上结果表明,采用所提出的方法可以模拟出与天然泥炭土环境相近的泥炭土腐殖酸环境。

剑麻纤维加筋水泥土力学性能试验

目的 研究纤维掺量、纤维长度及养护龄期对剑麻纤维加筋水泥土无侧限抗压强度及巴西劈裂抗拉强度的影响规律。方法 设置纤维掺量为0~0.8%,加筋长度为7~19 mm,养护龄期为7 d、28 d及90 d,对不同影响因素下剑麻纤维加筋水泥土进行无侧限抗压强度试验及巴西劈裂试验。结果 剑麻纤维的掺入提升了水泥土的无侧限抗压强度及巴西劈裂抗拉强度,随着纤维掺量及加筋长度的增加呈现出先增大后减小的规律;当加筋长度为11 mm、纤维掺量为0.4%时,加筋效果最显著,无侧限抗压强度提高幅度达30.2%;剑麻纤维加筋水泥土的抗拉强度、拉压比与纤维掺量呈线性关系。结论 剑麻纤维的掺入改善了水泥土的脆性,提高了水泥土的破坏韧性;采用幂函数对试验数据进行拟合,得到了养护龄期与纤维掺量共同作用下剑麻纤维加筋水泥土无侧限抗压强度的预测模型,可以为实际工程提供参考。

水泥和钢渣粉协同固化高含水率疏浚泥的力学性能研究

研究了钢渣粉的掺入方式(内掺、外掺)和掺量(0、5%、10%、15%)对水泥固化高含水率疏浚泥力学性能的影响。结果表明:当水泥掺量一定时,随着钢渣粉外掺量的增加,固化疏浚泥的3、7、14、28、90 d无侧限抗压强度均先增大后减小,14 d峰值应力和峰值应变也呈先增大后减小的趋势,钢渣粉的最佳外掺量为10%;对于纯水泥固化疏浚泥,其变形系数随着水泥掺量的增加而增大,抵抗变形的能力降低;外掺适量钢渣粉降低了固化疏浚泥的变形系数,提高了固化疏浚泥抵抗变形的能力;钢渣粉内掺取代部分水泥降低了固化疏浚泥的无侧限抗压强度,建议钢渣粉采用外掺方式。