With the rapid development of information technology and the increasing complexity of the financial market,the teaching methods and means of the Securities Investment course in universities are facing new challenges a...With the rapid development of information technology and the increasing complexity of the financial market,the teaching methods and means of the Securities Investment course in universities are facing new challenges and opportunities.The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application and construction path of virtual simulation experimental teaching in the Securities Investment course.Firstly,it analyses the problems existing in the teaching of traditional securities investment courses,such as the disconnection between theory and practice and the single teaching mode.In order to solve these problems,this paper puts forward the necessity of introducing virtual simulation experimental teaching and details the specific application path of virtual simulation experimental teaching in the Securities Investment course.展开更多
Medical Functional Experiment Science, a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine, integrates classical experimental teaching contents of three courses including physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology...Medical Functional Experiment Science, a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine, integrates classical experimental teaching contents of three courses including physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. This course not only helps students to verify and reinforce theoretical knowledge, but also cultivates their capability of scientific thinking to discover and solve problems. Based on the characteristics of international students and current situation of the teaching platform in the laboratory at Yangtze University, this paper discusses a series of problems in the Medical Functional Experiment Science teaching for international students and puts forward some measures for teaching reform including optimizing experimental content, innovating experimental teaching methods and establishing effective experimental evaluation mode, in order to cultivate more international medical students with innovative ability.展开更多
Participating in open experimental teaching is essential in cultivating students’innovative ability and comprehensive quality.Participating in open experimental teaching takes students as the main body,which has a su...Participating in open experimental teaching is essential in cultivating students’innovative ability and comprehensive quality.Participating in open experimental teaching takes students as the main body,which has a substantial effect on improving students’creative power and total quality,at the same time,it enhances the quality of experimental teaching.Based on the existing problems and shortcomings of traditional experiments in private universities,and through the role,methods,and implementation conditions of participating in open experimental education,this article also proposes a four-stage curriculum system of professional basic cognition,practical skills verification,comprehensive design,and technological innovation,to construct a five-in-one open experimental teaching model of“independent experimentteam collaboration-teacher guidance-science and technology competition-industry-university-research cooperation.”Participating in the implementation of open experimental teaching has apparent advantages for students’abilities,the construction of teaching teams,and the development of laboratories.展开更多
This article mainly elaborates on the design and application of experimental teaching in the teaching of consumer behavior.To study consumer behavior,it is necessary to understand their information collection activiti...This article mainly elaborates on the design and application of experimental teaching in the teaching of consumer behavior.To study consumer behavior,it is necessary to understand their information collection activities before acquiring goods and services,as well as the evaluation and selection of goods,services,or brands.It is also important to pay attention to how they handle products and activities based on their satisfaction after purchasing products or services.In addition,through inquiry experiments,the learning effects of students can be improved,thereby highlighting the significance of inquiry experiments.展开更多
The development of information technology, especially the rise of online teaching platforms, has changed the way people read and the methods they use. Under this influence, primary school students’ independent readin...The development of information technology, especially the rise of online teaching platforms, has changed the way people read and the methods they use. Under this influence, primary school students’ independent reading has also been changed. However, due to limited self-control and understanding, primary school students face certain difficulties when using online teaching platforms for independent reading. Advantages and disadvantages of distance learning based on the network teaching platform were summarized in this paper. A one-year experiment study was carried out on our school fifth-grade students in independent reading using WeChat campus platform considering their current situation and existing problems of independent reading. In experiment study an independent reading mode was introduced. The results show that this reading mode can significantly improve students’ independent reading ability.展开更多
This paper explores the integration of simulation technology in Engineering Mechanics(EM)teaching in vocational colleges.A case study was conducted using the tensile test as an example,and digital resources,such as co...This paper explores the integration of simulation technology in Engineering Mechanics(EM)teaching in vocational colleges.A case study was conducted using the tensile test as an example,and digital resources,such as colored Mises stress nephograms,were obtained.These resources were integrated into the original curriculum to conduct teaching experiments.The results show that the use of digital resources significantly improved the quality of teaching in EM.The integration of simulation technology in EM teaching provides a promising direction for the improvement of vocational education and the cultivation of high-quality skilled talents.The development and application of more simulation-based teaching cases should be studied by scholars.展开更多
At present,rail transit is developing rapidly in the world,and this means new and changing requirements for the training of talents in railway engineering experiments.Given the current problems of limited laboratory/f...At present,rail transit is developing rapidly in the world,and this means new and changing requirements for the training of talents in railway engineering experiments.Given the current problems of limited laboratory/field instruments for railway engineering experimentsand the safety/administrative difficulties of going to the frontline of railway lines to teach railway engineering experiemnts in the field,the Department of Railway Engineering of Central South University tried to introduce virtual reality(VR)technology to teach students experiments in the field of railway engineering.Through the virtualized experimental methods,students can carry out railway engineering experiments such as;vehicle wheel pair off-axis experiments,track geometry and position detection,etc.by immersive means.It was observed that after performing virtual simulation experiments,students appeared conversant in subsequent field experiments.Thus,VR greatly improves the teaching efficiency of railway engineering experiments.展开更多
For mistakes taken in pesticide bioassays, teaching experimental design is improved in the paper, so as to let students explore and analyze in teaching experiments to get a deeper understanding of theoretical knowledg...For mistakes taken in pesticide bioassays, teaching experimental design is improved in the paper, so as to let students explore and analyze in teaching experiments to get a deeper understanding of theoretical knowledge, thereby effectively avoiding frequently-taken mistakes in pesticide bioassays.展开更多
Training students’innovative thinking is an essential task of talent training in colleges and universities,and how to train students’innovativeness in experimental teaching is the focus of modern education.Experimen...Training students’innovative thinking is an essential task of talent training in colleges and universities,and how to train students’innovativeness in experimental teaching is the focus of modern education.Experimental lesson of instrumental analysis is an important section for integrating students’theories and practices,in view of the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine major and instrumental analysis lesson,this lesson orientates opening up students’innovative thinking,explores the way of improving students’innovative ability in an all-around way through reforming the experimental teaching of instrumental analysis according to the teaching objectives.展开更多
Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine is a compulsory comprehensive professional course for Chinese pharmacy major,and it is the necessary knowledge for modern Chinese pharmacy talents.In this paper,the experimenta...Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine is a compulsory comprehensive professional course for Chinese pharmacy major,and it is the necessary knowledge for modern Chinese pharmacy talents.In this paper,the experimental teaching of Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine under the"five-in-one"practice teaching mode of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine was explored to provide reference for the experimental teaching of the course Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine.展开更多
This paper first concludes the relevant definitions of experimental teaching of college English,which can deepen the understanding of the scientific positioning,connotation and importance of experimental teaching of c...This paper first concludes the relevant definitions of experimental teaching of college English,which can deepen the understanding of the scientific positioning,connotation and importance of experimental teaching of college English,and then explores the relevant strategies for the construction of experimental teaching system of college English in various China’s colleges.This paper provides a reference for the development of experimental teaching of college English.展开更多
In order to improve the quality of higher education and teaching, higher education courses requires the perpetual reform, which can make the higher education courses follow the frontier development of discipline and k...In order to improve the quality of higher education and teaching, higher education courses requires the perpetual reform, which can make the higher education courses follow the frontier development of discipline and keep on the times. Based on using appropriate teaching material, stimulating students’ interest, training the quality of teachers, improving teaching methods, teaching methods and other aspects, this paper proposes some suggestions for experimental design course to improve teaching means and methods, which can enable students to improve the learning interest, deepen the understanding of theoretical knowledge, and through a variety of ways to eventually reach the goal of mastering the course, laid a solid foundation for the future study and work.展开更多
The experimental course of Landscape Design is based on the training of design ability,which breaks the traditional mode of students'self-completion of homework,and finally changes from the traditional mode of tea...The experimental course of Landscape Design is based on the training of design ability,which breaks the traditional mode of students'self-completion of homework,and finally changes from the traditional mode of teachers'comments to the task of real site design to carry out course experiments,making students construct relevant theoretical knowledge in the process of completing specific projects.After professional designers'in-depth and detailed,systematic analysis and comments,the training of students'professional ability is highlighted.In the process of the experiment,it focuses on link with the industry and enterprises,and obtains the professional abilities and professional skills needed by the enterprises according to the method of situational learning theory.展开更多
In this research the education and training that had been received or wished to be acquired by the Science teachers in the experimental teaching of Biology in high schools, was investigated. It focused on the laborato...In this research the education and training that had been received or wished to be acquired by the Science teachers in the experimental teaching of Biology in high schools, was investigated. It focused on the laboratory practice, didactic methods that can be used in more effective experimental teaching of Biology, pedagogic methods that can be implemented in laboratory team teaching, official and legal issues related to laboratory work and the organization of the seminars, which constituted the dependent variables of a quantitative analysis. A questionnaire consisting of closed type questions was answered by Science teachers of many specialties, who served in Secondary Education at Heraklion Crete prefecture. The asked teachers had not received adequate education in carrying out laboratory exercises of Biology neither during their university studies nor in in-service training. Most of them had taught the course theoretically but a few had carried out laboratory exercises of Biology. The need of training on issues of didactic practices and evaluation was firstly classified, with a significant percentage of methods that can be applied to provoke students' curiosity in scientific issues related to daily life and recognize the value of the Life Sciences by team collaboration and respect of others.展开更多
Genetics is a major course in Life Sciences,and also a basic course in other disciplines or specialties,such as Agricultural Sciences,Medical Sciences and etc.Genetic experiments are not only the important content of ...Genetics is a major course in Life Sciences,and also a basic course in other disciplines or specialties,such as Agricultural Sciences,Medical Sciences and etc.Genetic experiments are not only the important content of the undergraduate teaching in Life Science but also the most common and efficient teaching approach in Life Science.Based on an introduction to reform and innovation of genetics experiment instruction,this article aims at discussing how to classify experimental modules and teaching practices.In our experimental test,the whole experiments consist of three modules:general experiments,integrated experiments,and research-based experiments.The research-based experiment is given as an instance.We herein figure out the instruction of experiment contents and guidance of learning methods,corresponding to various requirements in different teaching stage.In our opinion,post-graduates can act as teaching-assistants,which will facilitate undergraduates to participate in genetic experiments,improve their ability to operate by hand,and foster their innovative consciousness and scientific-thinking ability.展开更多
With the continuous development and improvement of social science and technology,the“learning-oriented”teaching method is proposed,the traditional experimental teaching methods in colleges and universities are insuf...With the continuous development and improvement of social science and technology,the“learning-oriented”teaching method is proposed,the traditional experimental teaching methods in colleges and universities are insufficient to meet the needs of experimental teaching.By studying the role and advantages of digital animation technology in experimental teaching,analyzing the application principle of digital animation in laboratory teaching,it is proposed to strengthen the application of digital animation technology in experimental teaching,give full play to the advantages of digital animation technology,and improve the quality of experimental teaching to promote students’learning efficiency in experimental teaching.展开更多
Experimental design is mainly about how to reduce the test error caused by interference factors,and how to use the least amount of test data to get comprehensive and reliable test information.It is an important tool c...Experimental design is mainly about how to reduce the test error caused by interference factors,and how to use the least amount of test data to get comprehensive and reliable test information.It is an important tool course with strong theoretical and practical.Based on the combination of teaching and practice,a targeted selection of teaching content and the use of advanced teaching methods and teaching methods,this paper proposes teaching method to stimulate students interest in learning,deepen the understanding of curriculum content and master and cultivate students’application of the technology in practice activities.展开更多
With the rapid development of computing technology,experimental teaching explores new teaching methods using virtual laboratory and digital laboratory.Based on the characteristics of visualization,continuity and simul...With the rapid development of computing technology,experimental teaching explores new teaching methods using virtual laboratory and digital laboratory.Based on the characteristics of visualization,continuity and simulation,digital animation technology has become an important form of application in experimental teaching reform.This paper analyzes the artistic characteristics of digital animation,and summarizes that digital animation can display the experimental information intuitively,enable students to quickly obtain the cognition of the experimental content,and obtain psychological pleasure through digital animation in experimental learning,thus improving the teaching effect of experimental teaching.展开更多
As the key link of cultivating the talents, the experimental teaclamg laas become an ~mportant part m me system o~ me innovation in higher education. And it plays an indispensable role in the teaching system of the co...As the key link of cultivating the talents, the experimental teaclamg laas become an ~mportant part m me system o~ me innovation in higher education. And it plays an indispensable role in the teaching system of the computer specialty. The article analyzes the current situation of the experimental teaching in computer specialty, and puts forward the reform measures and methods of the diversified experimental teaching, which can effectively improve teaching effect.展开更多
In order to improve the parasites experimental teaching quality, Digital Microscope System is used to replace the ordinary optical microscope in the teaching of eggs, imagoes, and tissue slices. The new model of exper...In order to improve the parasites experimental teaching quality, Digital Microscope System is used to replace the ordinary optical microscope in the teaching of eggs, imagoes, and tissue slices. The new model of experimental teaching, integrating modem information technology into the parasite experimental teaching, gives full play to the students' learning enthusiasm, initiative and creativity and improves the quality of experimental teaching. And at the same time, it provides a basis for the microbiological and pathological experimental teaching reform.展开更多
基金The 2024 Hankou University School-Level Teaching Reform Research Project“Research on the Application of Virtual Simulation Experimental Teaching in the Course of Securities Investment”(Project number:2024JY43)。
文摘With the rapid development of information technology and the increasing complexity of the financial market,the teaching methods and means of the Securities Investment course in universities are facing new challenges and opportunities.The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application and construction path of virtual simulation experimental teaching in the Securities Investment course.Firstly,it analyses the problems existing in the teaching of traditional securities investment courses,such as the disconnection between theory and practice and the single teaching mode.In order to solve these problems,this paper puts forward the necessity of introducing virtual simulation experimental teaching and details the specific application path of virtual simulation experimental teaching in the Securities Investment course.
文摘Medical Functional Experiment Science, a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine, integrates classical experimental teaching contents of three courses including physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. This course not only helps students to verify and reinforce theoretical knowledge, but also cultivates their capability of scientific thinking to discover and solve problems. Based on the characteristics of international students and current situation of the teaching platform in the laboratory at Yangtze University, this paper discusses a series of problems in the Medical Functional Experiment Science teaching for international students and puts forward some measures for teaching reform including optimizing experimental content, innovating experimental teaching methods and establishing effective experimental evaluation mode, in order to cultivate more international medical students with innovative ability.
文摘Participating in open experimental teaching is essential in cultivating students’innovative ability and comprehensive quality.Participating in open experimental teaching takes students as the main body,which has a substantial effect on improving students’creative power and total quality,at the same time,it enhances the quality of experimental teaching.Based on the existing problems and shortcomings of traditional experiments in private universities,and through the role,methods,and implementation conditions of participating in open experimental education,this article also proposes a four-stage curriculum system of professional basic cognition,practical skills verification,comprehensive design,and technological innovation,to construct a five-in-one open experimental teaching model of“independent experimentteam collaboration-teacher guidance-science and technology competition-industry-university-research cooperation.”Participating in the implementation of open experimental teaching has apparent advantages for students’abilities,the construction of teaching teams,and the development of laboratories.
文摘This article mainly elaborates on the design and application of experimental teaching in the teaching of consumer behavior.To study consumer behavior,it is necessary to understand their information collection activities before acquiring goods and services,as well as the evaluation and selection of goods,services,or brands.It is also important to pay attention to how they handle products and activities based on their satisfaction after purchasing products or services.In addition,through inquiry experiments,the learning effects of students can be improved,thereby highlighting the significance of inquiry experiments.
文摘The development of information technology, especially the rise of online teaching platforms, has changed the way people read and the methods they use. Under this influence, primary school students’ independent reading has also been changed. However, due to limited self-control and understanding, primary school students face certain difficulties when using online teaching platforms for independent reading. Advantages and disadvantages of distance learning based on the network teaching platform were summarized in this paper. A one-year experiment study was carried out on our school fifth-grade students in independent reading using WeChat campus platform considering their current situation and existing problems of independent reading. In experiment study an independent reading mode was introduced. The results show that this reading mode can significantly improve students’ independent reading ability.
基金Science and Technology Key Project of Beijing Polytechnic(Project number:2024X008-KXZ)。
文摘This paper explores the integration of simulation technology in Engineering Mechanics(EM)teaching in vocational colleges.A case study was conducted using the tensile test as an example,and digital resources,such as colored Mises stress nephograms,were obtained.These resources were integrated into the original curriculum to conduct teaching experiments.The results show that the use of digital resources significantly improved the quality of teaching in EM.The integration of simulation technology in EM teaching provides a promising direction for the improvement of vocational education and the cultivation of high-quality skilled talents.The development and application of more simulation-based teaching cases should be studied by scholars.
基金Education and Teaching Reform Project of Central South University(2019jy097).
文摘At present,rail transit is developing rapidly in the world,and this means new and changing requirements for the training of talents in railway engineering experiments.Given the current problems of limited laboratory/field instruments for railway engineering experimentsand the safety/administrative difficulties of going to the frontline of railway lines to teach railway engineering experiemnts in the field,the Department of Railway Engineering of Central South University tried to introduce virtual reality(VR)technology to teach students experiments in the field of railway engineering.Through the virtualized experimental methods,students can carry out railway engineering experiments such as;vehicle wheel pair off-axis experiments,track geometry and position detection,etc.by immersive means.It was observed that after performing virtual simulation experiments,students appeared conversant in subsequent field experiments.Thus,VR greatly improves the teaching efficiency of railway engineering experiments.
基金Supported by Construction Project of " National Teaching Team of Plant Protection" in 2008Construction Project of National " Plant Protection Specialty"( TS11138)Provincial Excellent Course Construction Project of Pesticide Science in Yunnan Province
文摘For mistakes taken in pesticide bioassays, teaching experimental design is improved in the paper, so as to let students explore and analyze in teaching experiments to get a deeper understanding of theoretical knowledge, thereby effectively avoiding frequently-taken mistakes in pesticide bioassays.
基金Project for the Innovation Planning of Guangxi Graduates Education(JGY2020108,JGY2019103)。
文摘Training students’innovative thinking is an essential task of talent training in colleges and universities,and how to train students’innovativeness in experimental teaching is the focus of modern education.Experimental lesson of instrumental analysis is an important section for integrating students’theories and practices,in view of the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine major and instrumental analysis lesson,this lesson orientates opening up students’innovative thinking,explores the way of improving students’innovative ability in an all-around way through reforming the experimental teaching of instrumental analysis according to the teaching objectives.
基金Supported by National First-class Undergraduate MajorEducation and Teaching Reform and Research Project of College of Pharmacy,Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine in 2021.
文摘Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine is a compulsory comprehensive professional course for Chinese pharmacy major,and it is the necessary knowledge for modern Chinese pharmacy talents.In this paper,the experimental teaching of Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine under the"five-in-one"practice teaching mode of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine was explored to provide reference for the experimental teaching of the course Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
文摘This paper first concludes the relevant definitions of experimental teaching of college English,which can deepen the understanding of the scientific positioning,connotation and importance of experimental teaching of college English,and then explores the relevant strategies for the construction of experimental teaching system of college English in various China’s colleges.This paper provides a reference for the development of experimental teaching of college English.
文摘In order to improve the quality of higher education and teaching, higher education courses requires the perpetual reform, which can make the higher education courses follow the frontier development of discipline and keep on the times. Based on using appropriate teaching material, stimulating students’ interest, training the quality of teachers, improving teaching methods, teaching methods and other aspects, this paper proposes some suggestions for experimental design course to improve teaching means and methods, which can enable students to improve the learning interest, deepen the understanding of theoretical knowledge, and through a variety of ways to eventually reach the goal of mastering the course, laid a solid foundation for the future study and work.
基金Construction Project of Landscape Architecture Major of Colleges and Universities in Guangdong Province[YueJiaoGaoHan(2020)19].
文摘The experimental course of Landscape Design is based on the training of design ability,which breaks the traditional mode of students'self-completion of homework,and finally changes from the traditional mode of teachers'comments to the task of real site design to carry out course experiments,making students construct relevant theoretical knowledge in the process of completing specific projects.After professional designers'in-depth and detailed,systematic analysis and comments,the training of students'professional ability is highlighted.In the process of the experiment,it focuses on link with the industry and enterprises,and obtains the professional abilities and professional skills needed by the enterprises according to the method of situational learning theory.
文摘In this research the education and training that had been received or wished to be acquired by the Science teachers in the experimental teaching of Biology in high schools, was investigated. It focused on the laboratory practice, didactic methods that can be used in more effective experimental teaching of Biology, pedagogic methods that can be implemented in laboratory team teaching, official and legal issues related to laboratory work and the organization of the seminars, which constituted the dependent variables of a quantitative analysis. A questionnaire consisting of closed type questions was answered by Science teachers of many specialties, who served in Secondary Education at Heraklion Crete prefecture. The asked teachers had not received adequate education in carrying out laboratory exercises of Biology neither during their university studies nor in in-service training. Most of them had taught the course theoretically but a few had carried out laboratory exercises of Biology. The need of training on issues of didactic practices and evaluation was firstly classified, with a significant percentage of methods that can be applied to provoke students' curiosity in scientific issues related to daily life and recognize the value of the Life Sciences by team collaboration and respect of others.
基金supported by the Fudan University(No:2017ZD019,No:2019A008).
文摘Genetics is a major course in Life Sciences,and also a basic course in other disciplines or specialties,such as Agricultural Sciences,Medical Sciences and etc.Genetic experiments are not only the important content of the undergraduate teaching in Life Science but also the most common and efficient teaching approach in Life Science.Based on an introduction to reform and innovation of genetics experiment instruction,this article aims at discussing how to classify experimental modules and teaching practices.In our experimental test,the whole experiments consist of three modules:general experiments,integrated experiments,and research-based experiments.The research-based experiment is given as an instance.We herein figure out the instruction of experiment contents and guidance of learning methods,corresponding to various requirements in different teaching stage.In our opinion,post-graduates can act as teaching-assistants,which will facilitate undergraduates to participate in genetic experiments,improve their ability to operate by hand,and foster their innovative consciousness and scientific-thinking ability.
文摘With the continuous development and improvement of social science and technology,the“learning-oriented”teaching method is proposed,the traditional experimental teaching methods in colleges and universities are insufficient to meet the needs of experimental teaching.By studying the role and advantages of digital animation technology in experimental teaching,analyzing the application principle of digital animation in laboratory teaching,it is proposed to strengthen the application of digital animation technology in experimental teaching,give full play to the advantages of digital animation technology,and improve the quality of experimental teaching to promote students’learning efficiency in experimental teaching.
文摘Experimental design is mainly about how to reduce the test error caused by interference factors,and how to use the least amount of test data to get comprehensive and reliable test information.It is an important tool course with strong theoretical and practical.Based on the combination of teaching and practice,a targeted selection of teaching content and the use of advanced teaching methods and teaching methods,this paper proposes teaching method to stimulate students interest in learning,deepen the understanding of curriculum content and master and cultivate students’application of the technology in practice activities.
基金Research on the Unique Role of Digital Animation in Energy Science Experimental Teaching.
文摘With the rapid development of computing technology,experimental teaching explores new teaching methods using virtual laboratory and digital laboratory.Based on the characteristics of visualization,continuity and simulation,digital animation technology has become an important form of application in experimental teaching reform.This paper analyzes the artistic characteristics of digital animation,and summarizes that digital animation can display the experimental information intuitively,enable students to quickly obtain the cognition of the experimental content,and obtain psychological pleasure through digital animation in experimental learning,thus improving the teaching effect of experimental teaching.
文摘As the key link of cultivating the talents, the experimental teaclamg laas become an ~mportant part m me system o~ me innovation in higher education. And it plays an indispensable role in the teaching system of the computer specialty. The article analyzes the current situation of the experimental teaching in computer specialty, and puts forward the reform measures and methods of the diversified experimental teaching, which can effectively improve teaching effect.
文摘In order to improve the parasites experimental teaching quality, Digital Microscope System is used to replace the ordinary optical microscope in the teaching of eggs, imagoes, and tissue slices. The new model of experimental teaching, integrating modem information technology into the parasite experimental teaching, gives full play to the students' learning enthusiasm, initiative and creativity and improves the quality of experimental teaching. And at the same time, it provides a basis for the microbiological and pathological experimental teaching reform.