The Impact of Simulation Education on Self-Efficacy in Pre-Registration Nursing Students

This literature review primarily aims to explore and synthesise the previous studies in simulation education research conducted over the past five years related to the effects of simulation training on the self-efficacy of undergraduate pre-registration nursing students. The second aim of this study is to explore additional outcome variables that were examined in the previous studies. Five electronic databases were searched systematically. These databases were MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, Scopus, Embase and PsycINFO. The PICO model was employed to identify the search terms, with a thesaurus being used to provide synonyms. Reference lists of relevant articles were examined and hand searches of journals were also undertaken. The quality of each study was assessed using the Simulation Research Rubric (SRR). A total of 11 studies were included. All studies explored the impact of simulation education on undergraduate pre-registration nursing. Six studies explored nursing students’ competence and performance and two papers examined their critical thinking. Problem solving, learning motivation, communication skills and knowledge acquisition were examined once. The majority of studies indicated that simulation training has a positive impact on pre-registration nursing students’ self-efficacy and other outcome variables. Furthermore, the study results indicate that simulation training is more dependable than traditional training, and students were extremely satisfied with the simulation training. However, most of the studies included in this review had several gaps, including study design, sample size and dissimilarities between the scales used. Further research with large samples, reliable and valid instruments, and outcomes measures (such as critical thinking and transferability of skills) is required to provide better insight into the effectiveness of simulation in undergraduate nursing education. .

Challenge, opportunity and development： Influencing factors and tendencies of curriculum innovation on undergraduate nursing education in the mainland of China

Background： As the deep influence of traditional medical education, many undergraduate nursing colleges and universities in China still keep the traditional disease-focused curriculum system. However, it became outdated as the Chinese high nursing education developed. Meanwhile, the increasing demand of nursing human resources stimulates the enrollment expansion of colleges. All of these bring more difficulties and opportunities for nurse educators who are endeavoring to reform the undergraduate curriculum. Methods： The authors retrospectively reviewed the related literature, illustrated the existing challenges and opportunities during the curriculum renewal process in China. This paper also analyzed the ten- dencies of Chinese baccalaureate curriculum innovation. Results： Chinese current undergraduate nursing curriculum has larger proportion of basic medical courses, which brings great challenge for nursing educators. In the meantime, the expansion of enroll- ment brings conflicts with existing nursing education resources in China. Integration, humanization, internationalization and diversification are main tendencies leading the future nursing curriculum innovation in China. Conclusions： The more effective teaching innovations in the nursing education system are in great demand.

Teaching Reform of Fundamentals of Combustion for Energy and Power Engineering Majors in Agricultural Colleges and Universities in the Context of New Engineering Course

The Fundamentals of Combustion course is an important compulsory course for Energy and Power Engineering Majors under the background of carbon peaking.According to the characteristics of teaching and scientific research at present,combined with the characteristics of complexity,interdisciplinary and rapid technology update of this course,this paper discusses the teaching content and teaching design of this course to meet the needs of talents of production,teaching and research under the background of new engineering course.It proposes more applicable teaching methods and practical means to broaden students horizons,stimulate students autonomous learning momentum,master the professional knowledge application ability,and cultivate innovative and competitive engineering professionals to adapt to the new energy strategy.

Revision of “Introduction to General Medicine” Based on the Six-Step Curriculum Development Process

Objective:Based on the six-step curriculum development process proposed by Professor Schneiderhan et al.,the course needs,the cognition,and course summative assessment results,combined with the career preferences and work value orientation of clinical medical students undertaking the course“Introduction to General Medicine”were surveyed.Methods:A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect information on the course cognition,course summative evaluation,and professional inclination of 233 junior medical students majoring in clinical medicine undertaking the course“Introduction to General Practice.”An analysis was conducted to provide a basis for curriculum revision in accordance with the structured composition of the curriculum development process.Results:(i)In terms of course cognition,before the course,67.0%of students were unaware of general medicine and general practitioners,73.0%of students had never participated in practical activities(including volunteer work),and 53.6%of students expressed interest in the course;there were significant differences in the growth environment,the frequency of participation in club activities,the cognition of general medicine/general practitioners before the course,participation in practical activities(including volunteer work),attentiveness to the current situation of medical treatment,and the interest toward the course(P<0.05);multi-factor logistics analysis showed that the factors influencing the interest toward the course include growth environment,frequency of participation in club activities,course cognition,participation in practical activities,and attentiveness to the current status of development of medical treatment.(ii)The course summative assessment results showed that 91.8%of students felt that it is necessary to learn this course,33.9%of students felt that the most important thing in the course is to learn the theoretical knowledge of general medicine and related diagnosis and treatment skills,53.2%of students felt that the most unfavorable factor affecting the learning of this course is the lack of interest in general medicine,and 64.4%of students hoped for more clinical practice to understand and participate in the work of general practitioners;paired t-test revealed differences in career preferences before and after the course(P<0.05);after the course,more students thought that general practitioner is an ideal career option.(iii)The results showed that 58.8%of students had considered their future specialty but did not have specific goals or plans,while 21.9%had considered their future specialty and had clear goals;there was a significant difference in professional inclination between genders as well as those who were attentive to the current state and development of medical treatment in our country and those who were not(P<0.05);with regard to the scores of importance in terms of the influencing factors of professional inclination,interest and possibility of professional development scored 3.92,ranking first,followed by income,which scored 3.91,and career prestige,which scored the lowest(3.62).Conclusion:Based on the needs assessment of clinical medical students,it is important to focus on improving students’interest in general medicine,especially their cognition and professional understanding of the course before the course itself,in addition to the development of relevant practical activities,and their attentiveness to the current state and development of medical treatment.The summative assessment results suggest that the implementation of this course has a positive influence on the career preferences of clinical medical students to a certain extent.Therefore,it is necessary to combine the course content with the development of general medicine,so as to stimulate students’interest in self-driven learning and in general medicine.This will attract more students whose work value orientation is influenced by interest and possibility of professional development to choose general practitioner as their future professional inclination.

耳鼻咽喉科双语教学的相关探索

针对医学院校中进行耳鼻咽喉科双语教学的现状、存在问题、开展双语教学的重要性进行分析讨论,并提出提高耳鼻咽喉科双语教学效果的一些建议,为在医学院校中更好的开展耳鼻咽喉科双语教学提供经验,培养优秀的全方位医学人才。

耳鼻咽喉头颈部疾病实习教学模式的体会与深入思考

实习带教是临床医学教学过程中的重要环节,合理的实习带教模式在这一过程中起到重要作用。作者分析了耳鼻咽喉头颈外科临床实习的问题,并根据这一学科的特点,结合自身在耳鼻咽喉头颈外科临床实习带教工作中的经验,总结出一套适应于目前耳鼻咽喉头颈外科实习带教的方法,以便于医学生能够更好的把理论知识运用于临床工作,帮助医学生完成向医师的转变。

Acceptability of Physical Examination by Male Doctors in Medical Care:Taking Breast Palpation as an Example

In this study,we conducted an investigation among medical workers,patients and college students concerning their acceptability of breast palpation performed by male doctors（hereinafter referred to as “acceptability”,or “the examination”,respectively,if not otherwise indicated）,to get the information about their acceptability and reasons for accepting or declining the examination among the three population. A questionnaire investigation was conducted in 500 patients with breast diseases,700 students of medical colleges,and 280 medical workers working in hospitals. The subjects were asked to choose between two options： accept or do not accept（the examination）. The subjects were asked to fill out the questionnaire forms on free and anonymous basis and the questionnaire forms were collected on spot,immediately after completion. The questionnaires collected were coded,sorted out and checked. Data of the eligible questionnaires were input into Epidata software and analyzed by SPSS. Upon the establishment of the database,the intra-group data were tested by utilizing χ2 test. Among 1480 questionnaires,1293（90.41%） questionnaires were retrieved. Our results showed that 56.78% of patients reported that they could accept breast palpation by male doctors. About 59.66% of medical staff expressed their acceptance of the examination,but only 35.03% of students said the examination. On the basis of this study,we were led to conclude that the examination is not well accepted by different populations,and therefore,（1） medical professionals and administrators should pay attention to the gender-related ethics in their practice and the feeling of patients should be respected when medical examinations involve private or sensitive body parts;（2） to this end,related departments should be properly staffed with doctors of both sexes,and this is especially true of the departments involving the examination or treatment of private or sensitive body parts;（3） health education should,among other things,include helping female patients to overcome the fear and anxiety in such examinations. This is of great importance since some women may miss the opportunity to get timely diagnosis.

AB038.Assessing a novel approach to teaching ophthalmoscopy to medical student

Background:To determine if practice using an online fundus photograph program results in a long-term increase in proficiency with the direct ophthalmoscope in medical students.Methods:This study was a prospective medical education trial.Students were enrolled to participate in an objective structured clinical examination(OSCE)using five patients with ocular findings.Students who matched a minimum of 6 discs 17 months prior to the study were assigned to the intervention group and were compared to students who did not participate in the exercise.Participants:46 second-year medical students at Queen’s University:15 in the intervention group,31 in the control group.Students were evaluated using the Queen’s University Ophthalmoscopy OSCE Checklist(QUOOC).Students were asked to calculate the cup-to-disc ratio,comment on disc margins and if there was any macular pathology.Students participated in a summative OSCE as part of the curriculum in which all students attempted to match fundus photographs.Results:Students in the intervention group performed significantly better on the QUOOC with a mean score of 78.3%(+/−4.2%)compared to the control who had a mean score of 69.4%[+/−4.2%(P=0.007)].The intervention group was significantly more accurate at matching optic nerve photographs with 100%(15/15)of the students correctly identifying the correct optic nerve on first attempt compared to 53.3%(16/30)in the control group(P=0.0014).Conclusions:The use of an online peer fundus photograph program leads to a long-term increase in examination technique,proficiency in ophthalmoscopy and accuracy at matching optic nerve photographs.

Making Sense of Interdisciplinary General Education Curriculum Design: Case Study of Common Core Curriculum at the University of Hong Kong

Purpose:This research is an interview-based study that captures the academics’perspectives toward the planning and design of an interdisciplinary General Education Curriculum for undergraduate students in the Chinese context,using the Common Core Curriculum at the University of Hong Kong as a case study.Design/Approach/Methods:A total of 28 academics with various levels of academic ranking,disciplinary context,proven teaching excellence,and research productivities were individually invited for and consented to a semi-structured and face-to-face interview.Findings:This article suggests four fundamental and interrelated dimensions for consideration when structuring an interdisciplinary General Education Curriculum,namely,how to design,what is worth learning,how to learn and teach,and how to know students have learned.It is suggested that the ideal curriculum should remain coherent and coordinated,broad and balanced,as well as open and flexible,ensuring the capture of knowledge,skills,and attitudes,with the facilitation of active,authentic,and contextualized pedagogies and assessments.Originality/Value:This article has the potential of providing insight for policymakers and educators around the world to better structure an interdisciplinary General Education Curriculum by creating an overall springboard for future discussion.They can also integrate these evidence-based elements and strategies into their everyday practices.

Increasing Undergraduate Student’s Satisfaction in Higher Educa-tion:Optimal Improvement Path Analysis

Undergraduate student’s satisfaction is fundamental to creating and implementing successful higher education.The present study sought to identify the factors and analyses impact on satisfaction and service quality.The research was carried out in Chinese higher education institution,with a sample of 1660 students.Based on the higher education satisfaction questionnaire,the“optimal path”model of problem improvement was constructed by applying the“structural equation model”,satisfaction and importance matrix diagram,improvement effect size and other tools.Eight major areas of three-dimensional improvement of“satisfaction,importance,and improvement effect”were formed.Identify the issues that students have urgent demands,high importance,and strong improvement effects.Scientifically analyze the main attention focus of each subgroup of students.Concentrate superior resources and strengths,formulate targeted measures and make key breakthroughs based on“light”,“heavy”,“slow”,“urgent”and“classified”.Provide suggestions for improving student’s satisfaction and promoting the development of high-quality connotative and characteristic development in higher education.

Research on the Construction of Application-Oriented Undergraduate Data Science and Big Data Technology Courses

In order to conduct research and analysis on the construction of application-oriented undergraduate data science and big data technology courses,the professional development characteristics of universities and enterprises should be taken into consideration,the development trend of the big data industry should be scrutinized,and professional application-oriented talents should be cultivated in line with job requirements.This paper expounds the demand for capacity-building professional development in application-oriented undergraduate data science and big data technology courses,conducts research and analysis on the current situation of professional development,and puts forward strategies in hope to provide reference for capacity-building professional development.

Study on the Connection Problems and Countermeasures of the Integration of Ideological and Political Courses in Colleges and Primary and Middle Schools

The integration of ideological and political curriculum which exists in colleges and compulsory education is a powerful guarantee for enhancing the effectiveness of the course.Putting theoretical content as well as teaching practice into effect contributes to every improvement and new idea about the curriculum.Facing the new circumstances,new tasks,and new challenges under the social background,it is necessary to reinforce the connection of the integration of the subject in universities and colleges and compulsory education,and take problems as the research direction for the sake of expanding the channels for courses ideological and political construction,and understand the integrated evolution of ideological and political theory courses of undergraduate and specialist education and compulsory education to a higher degree.Grasping the current situation and problems of the theory curriculum in colleges and compulsory education,and exploring the content of the theory in undergraduate and specialist education and compulsory education are of great significance,both in the integrated construction of ideological and political theory courses of undergraduate and specialist education and compulsory education and in making the best of the courses to implement the basic task of fostering people.

Training medical undergraduates in the core disciplines of community medicine through community postings-an experience from India

Objective:Family medicine,epidemiology,health management and health promotion are the core disciplines of community medicine.In this paper,we discuss the development of a commu-nity posting program within the framework of community medicine core disciplines at a primary health centre attached to a teaching hospital in Puducherry,India.Methods:This is a process documentation of our experience.Results:There were some shortcomings which revolved around the central theme that post-ings were conducted with department in the teaching hospital as the focal point,not the primary health centre(PHC).To address the shortcomings,we made some changes in the existing com-munity posting program in 2013.Student feedback aimed at Kirkpatrick level 1(satisfaction)evaluation revealed that they appreciated the benefits of having the posting with PHC as the focal point.Feedback recommended some further changes in the community posting which could be addressed through complete administrative control of the primary health centre as urban health and training center of the teaching hospital;and also through practice of core disciplines of com-munity medicine by faculty of community medicine.Conclusion:It is important to introduce the medical undergraduates to the core disciplines of community medicine early through community postings.Community postings should be con-ducted with primary health centre or urban health and training centre as the focal point.

Curriculum of Interventional Radiology for Clinical Medical Undergraduates

Interventional radiology （IR） is a clinical medical specialty which uses minimally invasive image-guided procedures to diagnose and treat disease.[1] IR was introduced in China during the 1980s. It is a rapidly expanding field and has become an integral part of medical care. The Chinese Society of Interventional Radiology is one of the largest societies for IR in the world.[2] However, there is no independent IR curriculum among clinical undergraduate programs in China, which is not helpful for clinical medical undergraduates to improve their cognition for IR. In this article, we report our initial experience of the IR teaching curriculum and discuss whether awareness and interest of IR could be improved by a systematic study of IR curriculum among clinical medical undergraduates.

Ten Years’Chinese-Canadian Collaboration in Undergraduate Education in Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University of China:Curriculum Development

The Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University-Nova Scotia Agricultural College(FAFU-NSAC)2+2 undergraduate program initiated in 2003 is a model for creative collaboration between China and Canada in undergraduate education.This paper addresses the achievements of the program development and highlights the process for successful curriculum development in the joint program.The authors also discuss some issues and challenges related to the Chinese-Canadian experience in undergraduate education,and propose some recommendations for further collaborations including:enlarging the scale of qualified programs;proposing a systematic baseline to control the program at a macro-level;simplifying coordination procedures with foreign partners;and adjusting the emphasis of courses introduced by the cooperative partner from quantity to quality.

Assessing the Quality of Undergraduate Education for International Students in China:A Perspective of Student Learning Experiences

Purpose:The number of international students in China has been increasing over the recent decades.The rapid expansion of the international student population aroused concerns over the capacity of Chinese universities to fulfill international students’expectations toward academic development.Perceiving student learning experiences as an important indicator of higher education quality,this article focuses on undergraduate international students in China and discusses their learning experiences from three perspectives,i.e.,perceived learning environment,academic engagement,and student development.Design/Approach/Methods:Data were generated by a survey involving 1,428 international students studying for an undergraduate degree at 34 universities in China.Descriptive statistics were calculated,and the structural equation model was applied.Findings:The research showed the respondents’academic development in a range of skills and abilities,while their learning experiences at the Chinese higher education institutions(HEIs)were largely unsatisfactory.Specifically,the research revealed the respondents’moderate-to-low-level evaluation of perceived classroom learning environment,their low level of academic engagement,and the significant negative influences of the perceived classroom learning environment and academic engagement on their academic development.Originality/Value:The analysis holds implications for the enhancement of positive learning experiences of international undergraduate students in China and the improvement of the quality of Chinese international student education.Student learning experiences are an important indicator of the quality of college teaching.Drawing on the data generated by a survey involving 1,428 international students studying for an undergraduate degree at 34 universities in China,this presentation explores the characteristics of international undergraduate students’learning experiences in Chinese universities and analyzes the relationship among the three dimensions of their learning experiences.

Implementation of an Open Science Instruction Program for Undergraduates

The scientific,social,and economic advantages that accrue from Open Science(OS)practices-ways of doing research that emphasize reproducibility,transparency,and accessibility at all stages of the research cycle-are now widely recognized in nations around the world and by international bodies such as the United Nations and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.However,program wide or coordinated instruction of undergraduate students in OS practices remains uncommon.At the University of British Columbia in Canada,we have started to develop a comprehensive undergraduate OS program that can be adapted to and woven into diverse subject curricula.We report on the context and planning of the pilot module of the program,“Open Science 101”,its implementation in first-year Biology in Fall 2019,and qualitative results of an attitudinal survey of students following their course.

Consensus views on competencies and teaching methods for an interprofessional curriculum on complementary and integrative medicine:A Delphi study

Objective:A collaborative team is necessary to help patients achieve their healthcare goals using complementary medicine.At present,healthcare professionals do not feel sufficiently qualified to provide this service.This study sought to identify competencies and teaching methods for interprofessional training on complementary and integrative medicine at medical schools.Methods:Sixty-five German-speaking experts with various professional backgrounds were invited to take part in a three-round Delphi study.In the first round,predefined competencies were assessed on a seven-point Likert scale,and participants were invited to propose additional competencies that would be evaluated in the subsequent rounds.The competencies were ranked based on the participant assessments and were assigned to four relevance groups.In the second and third rounds,suitable teaching methods were identified using free-text fields and multiple-choice questions.In a final workshop,participants synthesized the outcomes of the previous sessions and derived key competencies that would be a benefit to undergraduate interprofessional training in complementary and integrative medicine at medical schools.Results:The three rounds plus final worksop were attended by 50,40,36 and 11 experts.The competencies that these experts determined to be highly relevant to teaching complementary and integrative medicine emphasized,in particular,the respectful treatment of patients and the importance of taking a medical history.From these highly relevant competencies,three key targets were agreed upon in the final workshop:students are able to 1)classify and assess complementary medical terms and methods;2)work collaboratively and integrate patients into the interprofessional team;3)involve patients and their relatives respectfully and empathetically in all healthcare processes.To achieve these competency goals,the following teaching methods were highlighted:students discuss therapy options based on authentic patient cases with each other and practice empathic patient communication incorporating complementary medicine.Further,the theoretical background of complementary medicines could be provided as online-training,to use the class sessions for hands-on exercises and interprofessional exchange and discussion.Conclusion:Despite the heterogeneous panel of experts,a consensus was reached on the competency orientation and teaching approaches.The results can promote the implementation of interprofessional training for complementary medicine in undergraduate education.

Evaluation of an interactive virtual surgical rotation during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective:To evaluate medical student and attending surgeon experiences with a novel interactive virtual Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery(OHNS)medical student elective during the COVID-19 pandemic.Study Design:A virtual OHNS elective was created,with three components:(1)interactive virtual operating room(OR)experience using live-stream video-conferencing,(2)telehealth clinic,(3)virtual didactics.Setting:OHNS Department at the University of Pennsylvania(May 2020 to June 2020).Methods:Six medical students from the University of Pennsylvania;five attending otolaryngologists.Two surveys were designed and distributed to participating medical students and attending surgeons.Surveys included 5-point Likert scale items,with 1 indicating"not at all"and 5 indicating"very much so".Results:Response rate was 100%for both surveys.Students on average rated the educational value of the telehealth experience as 4.2±1.2,and the virtual OR experience as 4.0±0.6.Most students(n=5,83%)indicated that they had enough exposure to faculty they met on this rotation to ask for a letter of recommendation(LOR)for residency if needed,while attending surgeons had an average response of 3.0±1.0 when asked how comfortable they would feel writing a LOR for a student they met through the rotation.A majority of students(n=4,67%)felt they connected enough with faculty during the rotation to ask for mentorship.Half the students(n=5,50%)indicated that the rotation allowed them to evaluate the department's culture either"extremely well"or"somewhat well".Conclusions:Overall,participating students described this innovative virtual surgical rotation as an educationally and professionally valuable experience.With the continued suspension of visiting student rotations due to the COVID-19 pandemic,this virtual model may have continued relevance to medical education.

Medicine prescription practices of homeopathic undergraduate students in West Bengal,India

OBJECTIVE： To our knowledge, prescription of homeopathic medicines by homeopathic undergraduate students has not been studied before though it may possess serious implications. We aimed to determine the practice and attitudes of prescription by homeopathic undergraduate students. METHODS： A cross-sectional study was carried out involving all the students from four government homeopathic schools of West Bengal, India. Ethical requirements were ensured and data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Chi-square tests and logistic univariate regression analyses were performed to identify associations and differences. RESULTS： A total of 328 forms were completed. Of these, 264 （80.5%） homeopathic undergraduate students admitted of prescribing medicines independently and most （40.5%） said that they did this 2-3 times a year. The most common reasons for this were ＇urgency of the problem＇ （35.2%）, ＇previous experience with same kind of illness＇ （31.8%）, and ＇the problem too trivial to go to a doctor＇ （25.8%）. About 63.4% of the students thought that it was alright to independently diagnose an illness while 51.2% thought that it was alright for them to prescribe medicines to others. Common conditions encountered were fever, indigestion, and injury. Students who prescribed medicines were more likely to belong to Calcutta Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital （odds ratio = 5.8; 95% confidence interval 2.247-14.972）. Prescription by students gradually increased with academic years of homeopathic schools. Many students thought it was alright for students to diagnose and treat illnesses. CONCLUSION： Prescription of medicines by homeopathic undergraduate students is quite rampant and corrective measures are warranted.