Mechanism,prevention,and control of mining-induced dynamic disasters in underground metal mines in China:Challenges and solutions

Metal mineral resources play an indispensable role in the development of the national economy.Dynamic disasters in underground metal mines seriously threaten mining safety,which are major scientific and technological problems to be solved urgently.In this article,the occurrence status and grand challenges of some typical dynamic disasters involving roof falling,spalling,collapse,large deformation,rockburst,surface subsidence,and water inrush in metal mines in China are systematically presented,the characteristics of mining-induced dynamic disasters are analyzed,the examples of dynamic disasters occurring in some metal mines in China are summarized,the occurrence mechanism,monitoring and early warning methods,and prevention and control techniques of these disasters are highlighted,and some new opinions,suggestions,and solutions are proposed simultaneously.Moreover,some shortcomings in current disaster research are pointed out,and the direction of efforts to improve the prevention and control level of dynamic disasters in China’s metal mines in the future is prospected.The integration of forward-looking key innovative theories and technologies in the abovementioned aspects will greatly enhance the cognitive level of disaster prevention and mitigation in China’s metal mining industry and achieve a significant shift from passive disaster relief to active disaster prevention.

Developments and prospects of microseismic monitoring technology in underground metal mines in China

Microseismic monitoring technology has become an important technique to assess stability of rock mass in metal mines.Due to the special characteristics of underground metal mines in China,including the high tectonic stress,irregular shape and existence of ore body,and complex mining methods,the application of microseismic technology is more diverse in China compared to other countries,and is more challenging than in other underground structures such as tunnels,hydropower stations and coal mines.Apart from assessing rock mass stability and ground pressure hazards induced by mining process,blasting,water inrush and large scale goaf,microseismic technology is also used to monitor illegal mining,and track personnel location during rescue work.Moreover,microseismic data have been used to optimize mining parameters in some metal mines.The technology is increasingly used to investigate cracking mechanism in the design of rock mass supports.In this paper,the application,research development and related achievements of microseismic technology in underground metal mines in China are summarized.By considering underground mines from the perspective of informatization,automation and intelligentization,future studies should focus on intelligent microseismic data processing method,e.g.,signal identification of microseismic and precise location algorithm,and on the research and development of microseismic equipment.In addition,integrated monitoring and collaborative analysis for rock mass response caused by mining disturbance will have good prospects for future development.

Cloud model-clustering analysis based evaluation for ventilation system of underground metal mine in alpine region

Ventilation system is significant in underground metal mine of alpine region.Reasonable evaluation of ventilation effectiveness will lead to a practical improvement for the maintenance and management of ventilation system.However,it is difficult to make an effective evaluation of ventilation system due to the lack of classification criteria with respect to underground metal mine in alpine region.This paper proposes a novel evaluation method called the cloud model-clustering analysis(CMCA).Cloud model(CM)is utilized to process collected data of ventilation system,and they are converted into cloud descriptors by CM.Cloud similarity(CS)based Euclidean distance(ED)is proposed to make clustering analysis of assessed samples.Then the classification of assessed samples will be identified by clustering analysis results.A case study is developed based on CMCA.Evaluation results show that ventilation effectiveness can be well classified.Moreover,CM is used alone to make comparison of evaluation results obtained by CMCA.Then the availability and validity of CMCA is verified.Meanwhile,difference of CS based ED and classical ED is analyzed.Two new clustering analysis methods are introduced to make comparison with CMCA.Then the ability of proposed CMCA to meet evaluation requirements of ventilation system is verified.

Multidisciplinary design optimization on production scale of underground metal mine

In order to ensure overall optimization of the underground metal mine production scale, multidisciplinary design optimization model of production scale which covers the subsystem objective function of income of production, safety and environmental impact in the underground metal mine was established by using multidisciplinary design optimization method. The coupling effects from various disciplines were fully considered, and adaptive mutative scale chaos immunization optimization algorithm was adopted to solve multidisciplinary design optimization model of underground metal mine production scale. Practical results show that multidisciplinary design optimization on production scale of an underground lead and zinc mine reflect the actual operating conditions more realistically, the production scale is about 1.25 Mt/a (Lead and zinc metal content of 160 000 t/a), the economic life is approximately 14 a, corresponding coefficient of production profits can be increased to 15.13%, safety factor can be increased to 5.4% and environmental impact coefficient can be reduced by 9.52%.

Movement scope of strata based on fuzzy BP neural network in underground metal mines

A prediction method of strata movement in underground metal mines is put forward, in which fuzzy BP neural network is applied. The results show that there is a strong nonlinear relation between the selected factors and strata movement angle, the anticipant and the actual output results are very similar. It is proved that the numerical value of movement angle is correlated with the selected factors in theory. The scope of strata and surface movement due to mining can be predicted. This research provides a thought to study the movement scope of strata due to mining.

Dynamic optimization of cutoff grade in underground metal mining

In order to maximize the overall economic gain from a metal mine operation, selection of cutoff grades must consider two important aspects: the time value of money and the spatial variation of the grade distribution in the deposit. That is, cutoff grade selection must be dynamic with respect to both time and space. A newly developed method that fulfills these requirements is presented. In this method, the deposit or a portion of it under study is divided into "decision units" based on the mining method and sample data. The statistical grade distribution and the grade-tonnage relationship of each decision unit are then computed based on the samples falling in the unit. Each decision unit with its grade-tonnage relationship is considered as a stage in a dynamic programming scheme and the problem is solved by applying a forward dynamic programming based algorithm with an objective function of maximizing the overall net present value (NPV). A software package is developed for the method and applied to an underground copper mine in Africa.

地下金属矿开采装备短间隔智能调度体系研究

作为矿山生产管理的重要内容,生产调度优化与管控可以充分利用产能、降低开采成本,因此成为现代矿山降本增效的有效手段。通过精细化调度管理和智能决策方法,实现复杂条件下的开采装备高效协同作业,充分提高调度管控效率和矿山生产能力,是现阶段矿山开采装备智能调度需要解决的关键问题。以地下金属矿山开采装备调度过程为研究对象,以提高开采装备的作业效率和生产能力为目的,研究了开采装备智能调度管控模式、决策支持算法和集成化应用。针对现代地下金属矿生产实时化、精准化与智能化管控的新需求,提出了开采装备短间隔智能调度新模式,形成了以“任务分解—任务配置—运输配置—作业指令—响应修正—分析反馈”为特征的短间隔闭环调度方案。设计了包括开采装备任务配置与调度优化算法、面向多级动态配矿的矿石流优化算法、无轨装备集群调度控制优化算法的智能化决策支持算法库,实现由人工经验到智能决策的转变。将开采装备短间隔智能调度体系进行综合示范应用,满足了现代矿山精细化管控和智能化决策需求。研究成果对于地下矿山开采装备作业过程的精细化管控与开采效率提升具有指导意义,同时也为现代地下金属矿山的生产调度管理提供了理论和方法支撑。

地下金属矿山智能建设系统架构设计与应用

金属矿山智能化是矿业高质量发展的核心保证,建立健全地下金属智能矿山系统架构,构建标准体系、强化基础设施、加快智能生态演进、深化产业融合应用、提升安全保障是金属矿山地下开采智能化的基础和指南。针对当前地下金属矿山智能建设尚未有成系统的架构和模式,缺乏顶层统筹规划设计,易发生重复性建设等问题,本文提出一套成熟的系统架构和技术路径,并在实际应用中取得良好的成效,提升了地下金属矿山智能化标准的整体支撑作用,促进了金属矿产行业发展。

某铜矿通风系统优化

矿山生产中,通风系统扮演着关键角色,直接影响工作面环境的安全性。以银山铜矿为背景,针对-358,-458 m中段的通风系统,通过现场调查和测定,并对测定数据进行统计与分析。结果发现,该铜矿存在-358 m铅锌老系统风机通风效果不明显,-458 m中段采区通风困难,通风构筑物不完善等问题。为此,建立Ventsim三维仿真系统模型,制定通风系统优化方案,完善通风构筑物,并对实施方案优化效果进行模拟。工程实践结果表明,风速合格率为从原来的35.6%提高到73.7%,作业面工作环境得到明显改善。该优化方案有效解决了矿山面临的通风与环境问题,为类似矿山提供了经验。

“十三五”期间非煤矿山安全生产情况及未来对策

非煤矿山的开采是我国的基础产业,同时也是经济发展的重要支柱,在许多新兴产业发展中扮演着越来越重要的角色。随着矿产资源开发强度的不断加大,非煤矿山行业也产生了较多典型的安全生产事故,为探讨我国非煤矿山安全存在的主要问题,搜集了我国“十三五”期间(2016—2020年)非煤矿山安全生产数据,分别从事故发生区域、事故类型、事故发生时间、开采方式、矿种类型、所属行业等方面进行了分析,得出以下结论:1)我国非煤矿山中小型矿山以40%左右的产能酿成了超过90%的事故,安全生产基础总体薄弱;2)如内蒙古、湖南、广西等重点区域安全生产形势仍严峻;3)地下矿山的事故起数和死亡人数均占非煤矿山事故总量的50%以上,以冒顶坍塌为主的10类事故死亡人数较大。导致这种情况的主要原因是我国非煤矿山企业安全管理能力仍然较弱、非煤矿山安全生产监管监察能力仍需提升、我国非煤矿山智能化建设仍处于初级阶段,事故重灾区机械化、自动化、智能化建设程度总体较低。只有进一步推进非煤矿山企业及监管监察部门装备设备的智能化水平的提升,从矿山全生命周期中的各个生产流程及环节进行改造升级,才能实现“十四五”时期安全生产质量的进一步提升。

地下矿山开采技术及其趋势分析

随着我国科学技术水平的不断发展,地下矿山开采技术也有了质的飞跃,现阶段为加强我国地下金属矿山采矿效率,必须要加强对地下矿山开采技术的研究,促进我国矿业开采技术的不断发展与完善,以确保大幅度提升地下金属矿山开采效果。由于地下矿山开采环境相对复杂,其中存在着诸多不利开采因素,因此,采矿企业要注重开采技术的应用和升级,采用前沿技术提高金属矿山开采效率,确保采矿过程安全稳定。本文从地下矿山现状及技术应用趋势等方面进行研究。

地下金属矿山的充填采矿技术分析

地下金属矿山开采过程存在诸多技术难点,如地质条件复杂、空间狭小、作业面不规则等,传统采矿方式会对矿山和环境造成较大破坏。充填采矿技术可有效解决这些问题,相比传统开采方式充填采矿技术可有效把矿石和充填材料混合均匀,提高地下采空区的稳定性和承载能力,控制和减少了地面沉降量,同时具有生产周期短、生产效益高等优点。基于上述背景,本文从事地下金属矿山充填采矿技术研究,在分析地下金属矿山特点、开采难点基础上,以阶段空场嗣后充填法、铲运机出矿上向水平分层充填法为对象,对底线金属矿山充填采矿技术开展详细分析。

金属地下矿山安全高效采矿方法选择及应用

从现阶段我国金属矿开采过程分析,基本上浅层矿产资源开采殆尽,大部分金属矿山因储存深度大,只能选择地下开采方式,增大开采作业难度,很容易出现安全事故,直接威胁到开采人员的生命安全。基于此背景,在金属矿山开采中,采矿方法选择显得非常重要,是矿山科学合理规划、安全生产的基础保障。从现阶段使用的开采方式而言,很大程度上产生了一些安全问题,并且开采效率不高,受到诸多因素的影响,最终无法保证金属矿产资源的有效供给。本文通过对金属矿山采矿方法现状分析,阐述了金属地下矿山安全高效采矿方法选择,分析了金属地下矿山安全高效采矿方法应用,为金属地下矿山安全高效采矿方法选择和应用提供了参考。

含断层金属矿地压显现规律研究与防控措施

断层是金属矿山采空区稳定性的薄弱环节,也是地压显现治理的难点。以金山店铁矿为背景,基于现场调研结果,借助微震监测与数值模拟相结合的方法,对含断层金属矿山的地压显现规律进行分析。结果表明,在构造应力和自重应力双重作用下,采空区附近断层对空区围岩稳定性有显著影响。断层位于采空区内部时,主要表现为穿过断层巷道的局部破坏,而对上下盘巷道影响较小;断层位于空区上盘时,随着空区面积增大或隔离矿柱宽度减小,会导致断层与空区间的矿柱应力集中区叠加,出现大范围屈服破坏。建议对过断层的巷道局部破坏部位采取二次支护的应对措施;对于断层与空区内的矿柱大范围屈服部位,则应尽量避开在应力集中区布设开拓和采准巷道。该研究结果可为治理含断层矿山地压显现提供参考。

基于充填工艺的金属矿山井下资源可持续开发策略

本文探讨了基于充填工艺的金属矿山井下资源可持续开发策略,重点研究了在地下采矿操作中应用充填工艺以提高资源回收率、减少环境影响、并确保矿山长期可持续经营的方法。充填工艺通过将废弃物与合适的填充材料混合,填充回矿山井下空间,不仅有助于支撑地下巷道结构,还能有效地回收有价值的矿石,减少矿山排放,延长矿山寿命,实现资源的可持续开发。本文还详细讨论了充填工艺的工程应用、技术创新和经济效益,以及与此相关的环境和社会问题。最后,提出了在实践中采用充填工艺的建议,以促进金属矿山井下资源的可持续开发。

铜矿峪矿530m中段4~#EE矿体开采技术方案研究

受矿体形态、赋存条件和矿岩可崩性等因素影响,金属矿床地下开采须经过科学严谨的论证,选择安全性高、可行性强、经济效益好的开采方案。铜矿峪矿主要采用自然崩落法开采,为充分回收矿产资源,主矿体开采范围以外的530中段4~#EE矿体,根据矿体赋存条件,充分论证比较后选择了“上部‘预摘’+下部自然崩落法+侧翼有底柱分段崩落法”的联合开采技术方案。本方案兼顾了不同崩落法采矿工艺的优点,降低了矿体形态复杂、规模相对较小,以及可崩性差等不利因素影响,技术可靠性大幅提升,回采率显著提高,经济效益大幅提升,实现了安全、经济、高效开采。本次联合开采技术方案的成功运用,对于类似特点的金属矿体地下开采具有很强的借鉴意义,并且文中提到的“预摘、预裂爆破、废石分出”等扩大自然崩落法适用范围的技术措施值得推广和借鉴。

金属矿山TBM地下始发硐室群设计及关键施工技术研究

针对金属矿山TBM地下始发硐室群建设重点技术,分析TBM地下始发硐室群设计依据,提出一体化组装始发与分体组装始发硐室群组成布置及各硐室结构参数计算方法。以某金属矿山TBM工程为例,综合考虑TBM设备、组装吊装设备、地质条件因素及安全因素等,分别得出两种方案中始发硐室群各硐室结构参数,最后通过分析工程量、工期等,比选得出最优方案,并根据最优方案介绍TBM始发硐室群施工关键技术。研究结论可为类似工程提供借鉴依据。

Underground void filling by cemented mill tailings

Underground mining always create voids.These voids can cause subsidence of surface.So it is always a demand to fill the void in such a manner that the effect of underground mining can be minimized.Void filling using mill tailings especially in metal mining is one of the best techniques.The tailings produced in milling process have traditionally been disposed in tailing ponds creating a waste disposal and environmental problems in terms of land degradation,air and water pollution,etc.This disposal practice is more acute in the metal milling industry where the fine grinding,required for value liberation,results in the production of very fine tailings in large percentage.This paper includes discussions on the effectiveness of different paste mixes with varying cement contents in paste backfilling operations.The results revealed that material composition and use of super plasticizer strongly influenced the strength of cemented backfill.

我国地下金属矿山岩爆灾害发生机制及预测方法研究进展

岩爆是金属矿地下开采中难以回避的一种动力学地质灾害,其发生频率和程度将会随着金属矿山采深不断增加而愈加严重,岩爆至今仍是岩石力学领域的世界性难题。首先总结了我国金属矿山岩爆灾害的发生现状,然后重点围绕岩爆发生机制及岩爆预测两方面,探讨了我国金属矿山岩爆的研究进展,并基于能量理论提出了一种岩爆灾害预测的新方法。研究表明:①室内压缩试验是岩爆机制研究的最主要手段,根据试样受力条件可分为单轴加载、双轴加载、真三轴加载及动静组合加载;岩爆的力学机制可归纳为压致拉裂、压致剪切拉裂和弯曲鼓折3种。②指标判据法和数学模型方法是国内外学者最普遍关注的岩爆预测手段;指标判据法是针对某一工程的经验性总结,不具普遍性;数学模型方法无法获得岩爆影响因素的内在作用机制,可解释性较差。在上述分析的基础上,对岩爆机制及岩爆预测的研究方向进行了展望,供后续工作参考。

金属矿床露天转地下过渡方式现状及关键技术讨论

国内外露天转地下的矿山普遍存在生产衔接的技术难题,造成减产或停产过渡。通过总结目前露天转地下常用的过渡模式和采矿方法,分析各自的优缺点和适用条件,列举了众多矿山应用实例,探讨制约露天转地下产能衔接关键技术问题以及管理问题,并提出了相应的应对策略,对露天转地下矿山产能衔接和安全高效开采具有重要的参考价值。