Simulation of Underground Reservoir Stability of Pumped Storage Power Station Based on Fluid-Structure Coupling

Based on global initiatives such as the clean energy transition and the development of renewable energy,the pumped storage power station has become a new and significant way of energy storage and regulation,and its construction environment is more complex than that of a traditional reservoir.In particular,the stability of the rock strata in the underground reservoirs is affected by the seepage pressure and rock stress,which presents some challenges in achieving engineering safety and stability.Using the advantages of the numerical simulation method in dealing deal with nonlinear problems in engineering stability,in this study,the stability of the underground reservoir of the Shidangshan(SDS)pumped storage power station was numerically calculated and quantitatively analyzed based on fluid-structure coupling theory,providing an important reference for the safe operation and management of the underground reservoir.First,using the COMSOL software,a suitablemechanicalmodel was created in accordance with the geological structure and project characteristics of the underground reservoir.Next,the characteristics of the stress field,displacement field,and seepage field after excavation of the underground reservoir were simulated in light of the seepage effect of groundwater on the nearby rock of the underground reservoir.Finally,based on the construction specifications and Molar-Coulomb criterion,a thorough evaluation of the stability of the underground reservoir was performed through simulation of the filling and discharge conditions and anti-seepage strengthening measures.The findings demonstrate that the numerical simulation results have a certain level of reliability and are in accordance with the stress measured in the project area.The underground reservoir excavation resulted in a maximum displacement value of the rock mass around the caverns of 3.56 mm in a typical section,and the safety coefficient of the parts,as determined using the Molar-Coulomb criterion,was higher than 1,indicating that the project as a whole is in a stable state.

Research on pumped storage and complementary energy development models for abandoned mines in China

Within the framework of achieving carbon neutrality,various industries are confronted with fresh challenges.The ongoing process of downsizing coal industry operations has evolved into a new phase,with the burgeoning proliferation of abandoned mines posing a persistent issue.Addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by these abandoned mines,this paper advocates for a scientific approach centered on the advancement of pumped storage energy alongside gas-oil complementary energy.Leveraging abandoned mine tunnels to establish pumped storage power stations holds significant ecological and economic importance for repurposing these sites.This initiative not only serves as an effective means to restore the ecological balance in mining regions but also provides an environmentally friendly approach to repurposing abandoned mine tunnels,offering a blueprint for economically viable pumped storage power stations.This article delineates five crucial scientific considerations and outlines seven primary models for the utilization of abandoned mine sites,delineating a novel,comprehensive pathway for energy and power development that emphasizes multi-energy complementarity and synergistic optimization within abandoned mines.

Evaluation of development potential of pumped hydroelectric storage and geothermal utilization system in abandoned coal mine

Every year in China,a significant number of mines are closed or abandoned.The pumped hydroelectric storage(PHS)and geothermal utilization are vital means to efficiently repurpose resources in abandoned mine.In this work,the development potentials of the PHS and geothermal utilization systems were evaluated.Considering the geological conditions and meteorological data available of Jiahe abandoned mine,a simple evaluation model for PHS and geothermal utilization was established.The average efficiency of the PHS system exceeds 70%and the regulatable energy of a unit volume is over 1.53 kW·h/m^(3).The PHS system achieves optimal performance when the wind/solar power ratio reaches 0.6 and 0.3 in daily and year scale,respectively.In the geothermal utilization system,the outlet temperature and heat production are significantly affected by the injection flow rate.The heat production performance is more stable at lower rate flow,and the proportion of heat production is higher in the initial stage at greater flow rate.As the operating time increases,the proportion of heat production gradually decreases.The cyclic heat storage status has obvious advantages in heat generation and cooling.Furthermore,the energy-saving and emission reduction benefits of PHS and geothermal utilization systems were calculated.

Key issues in water sealing performance of underground oil storage caverns: Advances and perspectives

Water sealing performance is important for underground water-sealed oil storage(UWSOS).The key issues concerning water sealing performance mainly include the permeability of fractured rock mass(FRM),water-sealed safety(WSS),water curtain performance,and prediction and control of water inflow.This paper reviews the progress of above four key issues on water sealing performances.First,the permeability of an FRM is the basis of water sealing performance,and several commonly used permeability test methods and spatial variation characteristics of permeability are outlined.Second,the current water sealing criteria are compared,and the evaluation methods of WSS are summarized.Third,the design parameters and efficiency evaluation of water curtain systems(WCSs)are introduced.The water inflow of oil storage caverns(OSCs)can reflect the water sealing effect,and the prediction methods and control measures of water inflow are also summarized.Finally,the advantages and disadvantages of the current research are discussed,and the potential research directions are pointed out,such as optimization of water sealing criteria and FRM model,quantitative evaluation of WCS efficiency,accurate prediction of water inflow,and improvement of grouting technology.

Equivalent Substitution Based Method for Calculation of Best Installed Capacity of Pumped Storage Power Station

This paper proposes a novel method to calculate the best installed capacity of pumped storage power station. First, we choose the day with maximum load as the typical day for every month and simulate the system running in two cases of whether the pumped storage power station is put into operation. The difference of the total coal consumption between the two cases is the peak load shifting benefit. Furthermore, we build load model and power generation model to calculate the benefit of emergency use and frequency modulation, which are the major projects of dynamic benefits. At last, on the premise of ensuring the system requirements, the developed method employs the maximum benefit of the unit capacity as the objective function to get the best installed capacity of pumped storage power station by simulations. Tests on a provincial power grid have shown that the developed method which combines of load characteristics, electric structure and other factors can get the best installed capacity of pumped storage power station easily and has a certain guiding significance for the planning and construction of the pumped storage power station.

Design and operation problems related to water curtain system forunderground water-sealed oil storage caverns

The underground water-sealed storage technique is critically important and generally accepted for the national energy strategy in China. Although several small underground water-sealed oil storage caverns have been built in China since the 1970s, there is still a lack of experience for large-volume underground storage in complicated geological conditions. The current design concept of water curtain system and the technical instruction for system operation have limitations in maintaining the stability of surrounding rock mass during the construction of the main storage caverns, as well as the long-term stability. Although several large-scale underground oil storage projects are under construction at present in China, the design concepts and construction methods, especially for the water curtain system, are mainly based on the ideal porosity medium flow theory and the experiences gained from the similar projects overseas. The storage projects currently constructed in China have the specific features such as huge scale, large depth, multiple-level arrangement, high seepage pressure, complicated geological conditions, and high in situ stresses, which are the challenging issues for the stability of the storage caverns. Based on years’ experiences obtained from the first large-scale （millions of cubic meters） underground water-sealed oil storage project in China, some design and operation problems related to water curtain system during project construction are discussed. The drawbacks and merits of the water curtain system are also presented. As an example, the conventional concept of “filling joints with water” is widely used in many cases, as a basic concept for the design of the water curtain system, but it is immature. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the conventional concept are pointed out, with respect to the long-term stability as well as the safety of construction of storage caverns. Finally, new concepts and principles for design and construction of the underground water-sealed oil storage caverns are proposed.

UTES （Underground Thermal Energy Storage）---Applications and Market Development in Sweden

The market for shallow geothermal solutions has been continuously growing in Sweden and is recognized as a cost effective and environmental sound way for space heating. In later years, UTES （underground thermal energy storage） systems have become fTequently installed for combined heating and cooling of commercial and institutional buildings. After 20 years, operational experiences of these systems are proved to be energy efficient, technically safe and profitable. In this paper, the current statistics of UTES applications are given as well as market trends and technical development. The goal is to encourage designers and installers in other counties to use this promising technology.

Norwegian oil and gas storage in rock caverns-Technology based on experience from hydropower development

Underground storage in rock caverns is widely used in Norway for many different petroleum products,such as crude oil,fuel,propane and butane.Basically,the caverns for such storages are unlined,i.e.containment is ensured without using any steel lining or membrane.The main basis for the storage technology originates from the extensive hydropower development in Norway.As part of this activity,about 4500 km of tunnels and shafts have been excavated,and around 200 large powerhouse caverns have been constructed.The hydropower tunnels are mainly unlined,with hydrostatic water pressure on unlined rock of up to 1000 m.Some of the projects also include air cushion chambers with volumes of up to 1×10^(5)m^(3)and air pressure up to 7.7 MPa.Many lessons which are valuable also for underground oil and gas storage have been learnt from these projects.For a storage project to become successful,systematic,well planned design and ground investigation procedures are crucial.The main steps of the design procedure are first to define the optimum location of the project,and then to optimize orientation,shape/geometry and dimensions of caverns and tunnels.As part of the procedure,ground investigations have to be carried out at several steps integrated with the progress of design.The investigation and design procedures,and the great significance of these for the project to become successful will be discussed.Case examples of oil and gas storage in unlined rock caverns are given,illustrating the relevancy of experience from high-pressure hydropower projects for planning and design of unlined caverns for oil and gas storage.

A study of water curtain parameters of underground oil storage caverns using time series monitoring and numerical simulation

Water curtain systems(WCSs)are key components for the operation of underground oil storage caverns(UOSCs)and their optimization and design are important areas of research.Based on the time series monitoring of the first large-scale underground water-sealed storage cavern project in China,and on finite element analysis,this study explores the optimum design criteria for WCSs in water-sealed oil caverns.It shows that the optimal hole spacing of the WCS for this underground storage cavern is 10 m in order to ensure seal effectiveness.When the WCS is designed with a 10-m horizontal hole spacing and a water curtain pressure(WCP)of 80 kPa,a water curtain hole(WCH)has an influence radius of approximately 25 m.The smaller the vertical distance is between a WCH and the main cavern,the greater the water inflow into the main cavern.The vertical hydraulic gradient criterion can be satisfied when this distance is 25 m.It shows that the optimal WCP is 70 kPa,which meets sealing requirements.

Effect of dry-wet cycles on dynamic properties and microstructures of sandstone:Experiments and modelling

Underground pumped storage power plant(UPSP)is an innovative concept for space recycling of abandoned mines.Its realization requires better understanding of the dynamic performance and durability of reservoir rock.This paper conducted ultrasonic detection,split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)impact,mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP),and backscatter electron observation(BSE)tests to investigate the dynamical behaviour and microstructure of sandstone with cyclical dry-wet damage.A coupling FEM-DEM model was constructed for reappearing mesoscopic structure damage.The results show that dry-wet cycles decrease the dynamic compressive strength(DCS)with a maximum reduction of 39.40%,the elastic limit strength is reduced from 41.75 to 25.62 MPa.The sieved fragments obtain the highest crack growth rate during the 23rd dry-wet cycle with a predictable life of 25 cycles for each rock particle.The pore fractal features of the macropores and micro-meso pores show great differences between the early and late cycles,which verifies the computational statistics analysis of particle deterioration.The numerical results show that the failure patterns are governed by the strain in pre-peak stage and the shear cracks are dominant.The dry-wet cycles reduce the energy transfer efficiency and lead to the discretization of force chain and crack fields.

关闭/废弃矿井抽水蓄能开发利用现状与进展

探索清洁能源发展的创新途径是实现我国“双碳”目标的重要推动力。为解决大规模可再生能源电力供应不稳定的难题,新型电力系统的提出与加速成长促进了抽水蓄能电站的建设与发展,但生态保护与地形等因素制约了传统抽水蓄能电站发展。关闭/废弃矿井,由于具有丰富的地下空间及水资源,可创新性地开发抽水蓄能并延长矿区的经济寿命,降低对环境与经济的负面影响。为助力建立适合我国国情的废弃矿井抽水蓄能利用模式和管理体系,通过文献分析法综述了国内外废弃矿井抽水蓄能技术研究与应用进展。详细阐述了关闭/废弃矿井抽水蓄能技术原理、分类及其优缺点;总结了关闭/废弃矿井抽水蓄能电站利用模式,并在前人研究基础上对选址要素进行了修订;梳理了关闭/废弃矿井改建抽水蓄能电站的水-气两相流动特性、水泵水轮机工况特性、地下空间围岩稳定性及地下蓄水空间体积测算等的研究现状,明确了水泵-水轮机关键技术、地下空间稳定性控制关键技术等亟待解决的技术难题。此外,对关闭/废弃矿井抽水蓄能相关的生态与环境保护、市场需求与经济效益、政策与法规等研究成果进行了广泛的文献综述。发展关闭/废弃矿井地下空间抽水蓄能技术可为我国井下空间资源利用提供思路,为保障国家能源安全与经济社会高质量发展提供新途径。

国内地下储气库库址变化新趋势与发展建议

“十四五”期间,国内地下储气库巨大的调峰缺口与资源劣质化形成鲜明对比,储气库建设面临库址资源缺乏、技术难度升级等技术挑战。通过系统调研分析全球储气库类型及特征,提出了国内储气库库址变化新趋势;从建库新模式、理论技术、配套政策等方面探索了储气库建设发展对策,并针对国内天然气资源与市场分离、多调峰方式并存、储气库类型地域差异等特点,构建了储气库建设总体布局与数字化发展方向。研究得出,国内储气库库址呈现多样化、大型化、复杂化和数字化4大新趋势;通过采用大面积低渗透岩性气藏“三区带”和油藏气驱采油与储气库协同建库的新模式,能够激活一批库址资源,极大提升调峰能力;攻关储气地质体动态密封性评价、高速交互注采渗流机理与库容设计、复杂盐层造腔新工艺及提高空间动用等新技术,能大幅提升运行效率、降低安全风险。研究结果为充分挖掘库址资源、指导复杂储气库高效设计提供了科学支撑。

流固耦合作用对地下储氢库储盖层岩石微观力学性质的影响

枯竭油气藏型地下储氢库被公认为最具前景的大规模储氢方式。长期储氢过程中的流固耦合作用是影响地层长期稳定性和评估储氢效果的重要因素。利用纳米压痕技术探究气体介质和含水特征的差异对不同岩石微观力学性质的影响,进而评估最佳储氢工况。陆相页岩具有比杂砂岩和长石砂岩更强的硬度和更高的弹性模量,流固耦合作用能够显著提高储层岩石的结构稳定性,但是过大的反应强度也增加了氢损失。水及其中的氢离子和弱酸性阴离子是氢气与岩石发生反应的重要介质,有利于提高反应强度。甲烷可以附着在黏土、长石等矿物的颗粒和孔隙表面,减少与无机矿物接触并发生反应的氢气含量,使得反应更加复杂。综合考虑流固耦合作用对地层稳定性的影响和长期储氢过程中的氢气损耗,地层含水饱和度较低且具有甲烷作为垫层气的枯竭气藏可能是一种较为理想的大规模地下储氢构造。研究结果有助于筛选最优储氢工况,为枯竭油气藏型储氢库的选址和建设提供参考。

南山口抽水蓄能电站地下厂房围岩工程特性评价

基于数据库的三维地质建模已广泛应用于地质勘测领域,本文以南山口抽水蓄能电站为例,展示利用CnGIM_ma三维地质软件构建的地下厂房围岩的三维模型,并通过对围岩进行等级分类准确评估其力学参数。结果显示,利用三维模型能更准确地反映岩体的真实条件,为地下厂房的建设及开发提供参数基础,并及时呈现地质信息成果。

地下抽水蓄能发展综述

2060年碳中和场景下对储能需求量巨大,但是,我国常规抽水蓄能站点资源不足。针对这一问题,本文综述了美国、俄罗斯、新加坡、日本等国关于地下抽水蓄能的研究,提出基于硬岩掘进机挖掘的低成本地下抽水蓄能方案,阐述了三种不同地下抽水蓄能的发展现状,即人工挖掘地下空间的地下抽水蓄能,废弃矿井改造的地下抽水蓄能,以及其他地(海)下抽水蓄能。介绍了地下抽水蓄能的关键技术及其难点,包括地下工程建设与运营现状,以及高水头水泵水轮机技术的发展现状。最终,讨论了发展地下抽水蓄能的挑战,提出优先发展人工挖掘地下空间的地下抽水蓄能的建议,并对关键技术的发展方向提出建议。分析表明,地下抽水蓄能技术可行,经济可行,优势明显,建议我国加强对地下抽水蓄能技术的研发和推广应用。

基于两相流的水封油库油气泄漏运移规律及控制措施

地下水封油库运行的关键是保持一定的水封厚度,为确定合适的水封厚度,基于气液两相流理论,采用有限元数值模拟方法,以我国某石油储备地下水封洞库为依托,模拟了地下水封石油洞库储油运行期油气的泄漏运移演变过程。结果表明:施工期不设置水幕系统情况下,洞室顶部出现了大面积的疏干区,造成后期无法储油;设置水幕系统情况下,洞库上方能够维持一定水封厚度,洞库周围岩层油气泄漏范围和泄漏量均与储油运行时间呈正幂函数关系;水封厚度越大油气泄漏范围和泄漏量越小,但过大的水封厚度会大大增加工程成本,所对应的案例在水封厚度为30 m时对油气泄漏控制最为经济合理,《地下水封石洞油库设计标准》推荐的水封厚度合理且有一定安全裕度。研究成果可为水封油库工程的设计及油气泄漏控制提供一定理论参考。

大型抽水蓄能电站地下厂房结构自振特性分析

自振特性分析是抽水蓄能电站地下厂房结构振动研究的基础。以丰宁抽水蓄能电站地下厂房为计算实例,建立了变速机组段地下厂房结构的三维有限元模型。首先采用模态分析方法研究了不同边界条件对地下厂房整体结构及楼板、立柱、楼梯、风罩和机墩等局部结构自振特性的影响,然后分析了丰宁地下厂房可能存在的振源,并对厂房整体及局部结构进行了共振复核。结果表明,上下游边墙弹簧约束条件的增强可以有效提高厂房整体结构自振频率,但对楼板局部自振频率的大小影响不大,对楼梯自振频率也无影响。固定边界使厂房整体结构各阶自振频率显著增大,对楼板、立柱、风罩和机墩等局部结构自振频率影响也较大。在可能的振源作用下,厂房整体结构和各局部结构发生共振的可能性很小。

基于C-FRAM的油气藏型地下储气库设计期关键风险因素辨识方法

油气藏型地下储气库设计工作围绕运营阶段的功能实现与建设阶段的相应改增建任务开展,前期的储气库设计偏差可能会对储气库建设乃至投产运营产生深远的影响。功能共振分析方法(FRAM)主要用于分析扰动在系统中的传播路径。由于储气库设计期需要综合的信息繁多、跨度广泛,为考虑在复杂网络中各功能模块的影响力,首先针对储气库设计期功能的特点提出一种考虑功能模块中心性的系统功能共振分析方法(C-FRAM),然后以重庆相国寺储气库为例开展案例分析,最后提出对设计期储气库的规模部署与下游供应调峰需求、地质实施方案、老井利用等方面的建议。结果表明:引入功能模块系统中心性有助于修正储气库设计期关键风险因素排序。

发电机轴承油槽密封结构对油雾泄漏的影响

大型水电站轴承油槽总是不可避免地发生油雾泄漏问题,改善密封结构通常是解决水电站轴承油槽甩油雾问题最简单有效的措施.为了降低油雾泄漏对发电机内部造成的污染,文中围绕某抽水蓄能电站发电机轴承油槽甩油雾问题,对油槽密封盖进行改型,并开展密封腔油雾多相流数值模拟研究.通过Mixture模型和SST k-ω模型解析了原密封结构和2种改进密封结构的流场分布特性,并评估了不同密封结构下的油雾泄漏情况.研究结果表明:相比于原设计模型,改进模型Ⅰ,Ⅱ的油雾泄漏量平均减少了18.9%,88.6%,改进模型Ⅱ抑制油雾效果最为显著;高压气体的注入会破坏密封腔原有的环形涡流,从而抑制油雾逸出;对于下部密封腔而言,提高进口压力,减小进口流速都有助于改善密封性能.文中的研究可为油槽密封改良以及轴承油雾泄漏控制措施提供一定的参考,提升电站的经济效益以及运行的安全稳定性.

大型抽水蓄能电站地下厂房结构振动响应数值模拟研究

抽水蓄能电站振动问题较为突出,强烈的振动会严重影响机组和厂房的安全稳定运行。采用黏弹性人工边界模拟厂房与围岩连接处的边界条件,计算分析了丰宁抽水蓄能电站某机组段地下厂房整体结构的自振频率特性,并对其进行了共振复核;采用时程法计算分析了脉动压力作用下厂房结构的振动响应,并与实测数据进行了对比。结果表明:厂房整体结构前20阶自振频率范围为13.32~34.90 Hz,产生共振的危险性很低;楼板各测点竖向均方根加速度的计算值与实测值相差不大,说明所采用的数值分析方法是合理有效的;抽水工况下各典型部位最大振动响应均满足厂房振动控制标准,发电工况下除水轮机层楼板竖向最大均方根加速度超过人体健康评价标准外,其余结构的各项指标均满足厂房振动控制标准。