A comparative analysis of seismic response of shallow buried underground structure under incident P,SV and Rayleigh waves

In this study,A time-domain seismic response analysis method and a calculation model of the underground structure that can realize the input of seismic P,SV and Rayleigh waves are established,based on the viscoelastic artificial boundary elements and the boundary substructure method for seismic wave input.After verifying the calculation accuracy,a comparative study on seismic response of a shallow-buried,double-deck,double-span subway station structure under incident P,SV and Rayleigh waves is conducted.The research results show that there are certain differences in the cross-sectional internal force distribution characteristics of underground structures under different types of seismic waves.The research results show that there are certain differences in the internal force distribution characteristics of underground structures under different types of seismic waves.At the bottom of the side wall,the top and bottom of the center pillar of the underground structure,the section bending moments of the underground structure under the incidences of SV wave and Rayleigh wave are relatively close,and are significantly larger than the calculation result under the incidence of P wave.At the center of the side wall and the top floor of the structure,the peak value of the cross-sectional internal force under the incident Rayleigh wave is larger than the calculation result under SV wave.In addition,the floor of the underground structure under Rayleigh waves vibrates in both the horizontal and vertical directions,and the magnification effect in the vertical direction is more significant.Considering that the current seismic research of underground structures mainly considers the effect of body waves such as the shear waves,sufficient attention should be paid to the incidence of Rayleigh waves in the future seismic design of shallow underground structures.

Fully fluid-solid coupling dynamic model for seismic response of underground structures in saturated soils

The seismic response characteristics of underground structures in saturated soils are investigated.A fully fluid-solid coupling dynamic model is developed and implemented into ABAQUS with a user-defined element to simulate the dynamic behavior of saturated soils.The accuracy of the model is validated using a classic example in literature.The performance of the model is verified by its application on simulating the seismic response characteristics of a subway station built in saturated soils.The merits of the model are demonstrated by comparing the difference of the seismic response of an underground structure in saturated soils between using the fully coupling model and a single-phase medium model.The study finds that the fully coupling model developed herein can simulate the dynamic response characteristics of the underground structures in saturated soils with high accuracy.The seismic response of the underground structure tends to be underestimated by using the single-phase medium model compared with using the fully coupling model,which provides a weaker confining action to the underground structure.

Numerical analysis on seismic performance of underground structures in liquefiable interlayer sites from centrifuge shaking table test

When an underground structure passes through a liquefiable soil layer,the soil liquefaction may pose a significant threat to the structure.A centrifuge shaking table test was performed to research the seismic response of underground structures in liquefiable interlayer sites,and a valid numerical model was obtained through simulation model test.Finally,the calibrated numerical model was used to perform further research on the influence of various distribution characteristics of liquefiable interlayers on the seismic reaction of underground structures.The key findings are as follows.The structure faces the most unfavorable condition once a liquefiable layer is located in the middle of the underground structure.When a liquefiable layer exists in the middle of the structure,the seismic reactions of both the underground structure and model site will increase with the rise of the thickness of the liquefiable interlayer.The inter-story drift of the structure in the non-liquefiable site is much smaller than that in the liquefiable interlayer site.The inter-story drift of the structure is not only associated with the site displacement and the soil-structure stiffness ratio but also closely associated with the slippage of the soil-structure contact interface under the condition of large deformation of the site.

Generalized response displacement methods for seismic analysis of underground structures with complex cross section

The response displacement method(RDM)is recommended for the seismic analysis of underground structures in the transverse direction for many codes,including bases for design of structures-seismic actions for designing geotechnical works(ISO 23469)and code for seismic design of urban rail transit structures(GB 50909-2014).However,there are some obvious limitations in the application of RDM.Springs and the shear stress of the soil could be approximately evaluated for the structures having a simple cross section,such as rectangular and circular structures.It is necessary to propose simplified seismic analysis methods for structures with complex cross sections.This paper refers to the idea of RDM and proposes three generalized response displacement methods(GRDM).In GRDM1,a part of the soil surrounding a structure is selected to generate a generalized underground structure with a rectangular cross section,and the same analysis model as RDM is applied to analyze the responses of the structure.In GRDM2,a hollow soil model without a generalized structure is used to compute the equivalent load caused by the relative displacement of the soil,and the soil-structure interaction model is applied to calculate the responses of the structure.In GRDM3,a continuous soil model is applied to compute the equivalent load caused by the relative displacement and shear stress of the soil,and the soil-structure interaction model is applied to analyze the responses of the structure,which is the same as the model used in GRDM2.The time-history analysis method(THAM)is used to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed simplified methods.Results show that the error of GRDM1 is about 20%,while the error is only 5%for GRDM2 and GRDM3.Among the three proposed methods,GRDM3 has obvious advantages regarding calculation efficiency and accuracy.Therefore,it is recommended to use GRDM3 for the seismic response analysis of underground structures that have conventional simple or complex cross sections.

Numerical analysis of seismic response of rectangular underground structure in coral sand

The underground structure in coral sand is threatened by earthquake.The special dynamic characteristics of coral sand were realized by finite difference program.Specifically,the stress–strain loops,shear modulus attenuation and hysteresis behaviour of coral sand were simulated using hysteresis damping.On this basis,numerical models were established to study the seismic response of the rectangular underground structure in coral sand,and the fluid–solid coupling and soil-structure interaction were considered.The results illustrate that the increasing relative density of coral sand foundation reduces the excess pore water pressure(EPWP),but amplifies the horizontal dynamic soil pressure of the coral sand-underground structure system.The increase in the permeability coefficient of coral sand reduces the EPWP accumulation,which leads to an increase of the stiffness and a decrease of the acceleration amplification of coral sand sites.

A numerical framework for underground structures in layered ground under inclined P-SV waves using stiffness matrix and domain reduction methods

A numerical framework was proposed for the seismic analysis of underground structures in layered ground under inclined P-SV waves.The free-field responses are first obtained using the stiffness matrix method based on plane-wave assumptions.Then,the domain reduction method was employed to reproduce the wavefield in the numerical model of the soil–structure system.The proposed numerical framework was verified by providing comparisons with analytical solutions for cases involving free-field responses of homogeneous ground,layered ground,and pressure-dependent heterogeneous ground,as well as for an example of a soil–structure interaction simulation.Compared with the viscous and viscous-spring boundary methods adopted in previous studies,the proposed framework exhibits the advantage of incorporating oblique incident waves in a nonlinear heterogeneous ground.Numerical results show that SV-waves are more destructive to underground structures than P-waves,and the responses of underground structures are significantly affected by the incident angles.

Effects of structural characterizations on fragility functions of bridges subject to seismic shaking and lateral spreading

This paper evaluates the seismic vulnerability of different classes of typical bridges in California when subjected to seismic shaking or liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. The detailed structural configurations in terms of superstructure type, connection, continuity at support and foundation type, etc. render different damage resistant capability. Six classes of bridges are established based on their anticipated failure mechanisms under earthquake shaking. The numerical models that are capable of simulating the complex soil-structure interaction effects, nonlinear behavior of columns and connections are developed for each bridge class. The dynamic responses are obtained using nonlinear time history analyses for a suite of 250 earthquake motions with increasing intensity. An equivalent static analysis procedure is also implemented to evaluate the vulnerability of the bridges when subjected to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. Fragility functions for each bridge class are derived and compared for both seismic shaking （based on nonlinear dynamic analyses） and lateral spreading （based on equivalent static analyses） for different performance states. The study finds that the fragility functions due to either ground shaking or lateral spreading show significant correlation with the structural characterizations, but differences emerge for ground shaking and lateral spreading conditions. Structural properties that will mostly affect the bridges＇ damage resistant capacity are also identified.

畜牧产业结构变动对生猪价格的影响

数字经济时代下,畜牧产业作为发展现代农业、促进农业经济增长的关键驱动力,对稳定我国生猪价格具有重要作用。文章基于2011年2月—2023年1月共计144个月的生猪价格数据,利用VAR模型,实证检验畜牧产业结构变动对生猪价格的影响。结果显示:畜牧产业结构变动是引起生猪价格变化的格兰杰原因;生猪价格受畜牧产业结构变动的滞后影响;生猪价格在前两期受畜牧产业结构变动的负向冲击,从第3期开始受畜牧产业结构变动的正向影响,响应程度在第12期达到峰值,在第24期影响逐渐消失;畜牧产业结构变动对生猪价格的冲击响应周期约为2年,直至第2年仍存在10.85%的贡献率。研究表明,畜牧产业结构变动对生猪价格具有正向影响作用。

近直下型断层的地铁车站结构地震响应

目前在近断层场地中地下地铁车站抗震性能水平认识方面相对匮乏,鉴于此,提出了一种考虑发震断层-地下结构全过程地震响应的IBE-FEM联合求解分析方法。首先,基于运动学有限断层模型,采用间接边界元方法(IBE)求解直下型走滑断层错动作用下上覆软土沉积层场地内的地震波场,并验证了有限元法(FEM)间接求解地震波场的可行性;在此基础上,通过建立土-地下连续墙-主体结构非线性静-动力耦合的二维整体时域有限元模型,初步探究了断层-软土场地耦合效应对地铁车站抗震性能的影响规律。结果表明:在近断层区域,地铁车站结构震害具有典型的断层上盘效应和震害集中效应,更容易进入塑性变形发展阶段;在远断层区域,由于断层-场地效应耦合作用,断层下盘场地内地震波场衰减较缓,其内车站结构整体震害略大于断层上盘。本文研究方法为近断层场地条件下地下结构地震响应分析开辟新思路,也可为相关场地区域内的地下结构抗震设计提供技术参考。

地下连续墙对软弱夹层场地地下结构地震反应影响研究

在地下结构抗震分析中,软弱夹层场地较一般成层场地而言问题要更为突出。本文以双层双跨矩形框架地铁车站结构为研究对象,基于有限元软件ABAQUS,建立土-地下连续墙-地铁车站结构体系的静动力耦合有限元分析模型,研究地下连续墙对软弱夹层场地地下结构地震反应的影响,对比分析了在不同场地工况下地连墙以及地连墙的连接方式对地铁车站结构的地震响应规律。研究结果表明:地下连续墙与车站结构协同作用使得车站结构整体水平变形减小,且减小效果随着软弱夹层厚度的增加更加明显;地下连续墙同时会引起附加的侧向土压力作用到车站结构上,对上层中柱和侧墙顶部等部位存在不利影响,建议工程实践中采取一定的加强措施。

基于OpenSees的饱和土场地中地下结构地震反应研究

应用OpenSees有限元计算程序,选取某地铁车站结构为主要分析对象,构建了饱和土-地下结构体系地震反应运算模型,并利用该模型进行系统的地震反应计算。将现场饱和土动力反应视为饱和两相介质近场波动问题,选取时域显式数值算法进行计算,同时考虑了土体的弹塑性。研究结果显示:(1)因选取弹塑性土体本构,土体-地下结构的位移反应时程和输入地震动的位移时程体现出了显著性差异。(2)对于两层三跨地下结构,在以剪切波形式输入的地震动作用下,顶板的峰值加速度和侧向位移最大,中板次之,底板最小,场地土体对地震波具有放大效应,顶层的层间位移大于底层。(3)在地震动作用下,地下结构不同区域应力时程的改变规律存在非常显著的差异。中柱底部与底板节点处的应力峰值最大。地震动输入结束时,结构存在残余应力。

地下结构反应位移法中地基弹簧参数影响分析

为探究地基弹簧参数变化对结构动力响应的影响,文中首先以动力时程法计算结果作为参考解,对比分析不同地基弹簧参数的求解形式,确定最优求解方法。在此基础上,分别对整体地基弹簧和结构不同位置弹簧参数进行调整,分析确定各参数对结构内力和位移响应的影响规律。结果表明,与顶面弹簧参数变化相比,侧面弹簧和底面弹簧参数变化对结构内力和变形影响较大,整体来看,结构各位置弹簧参数的数值增大100%~400%,产生的结构变形和关键位置内力变化约为16%~43%。

多维地震对非对称地下空间结构反应影响分析

以一典型上层五跨和下层三跨的非对称地下空间结构为实际工程背景,同时考虑到土-结构相互作用效应,设计了水平向输入地震动、水平向及竖向联合输入地震动两类工况,采用通用有限元软件ABAQUS对该复杂地下空间结构的抗震性能与损伤情况开展了研究,研究成果揭示了非对称地下空间结构在地震作用下的薄弱部位和损伤水准,为此类结构的抗震设计与分析提供合理的参考。

反应位移法在地下结构横断面抗震分析中的应用

反应位移法是一种输入一维土力学参数的地震反应分析方法。文章结合广州地区某地铁地下车站工程的计算实例,简单介绍了反应位移法的理论基础和计算过程。根据相关规范、论文研究给出的计算方法,利用软件建立平面框架的应变分析模型,对地震作用、准永久组合的分析结果进行比较。分析结果表明,地震作用在常规矩形断面地铁车站内力计算中不起控制作用。

自由场位移修正值R在地下结构抗震设计中的应用

地下结构抗震设计中,土和结构之间的相对位移普遍采用反应位移法和非线性动力时程分析法。但是反应位移法参数过多、求解过程繁琐,非线性动力时程分析法耗时较长,不利于设计工作者快速得到可靠设计参数。本文基于地铁结构抗震设计的案例,在传统设计方法之外,研究了一种简便计算方法,即通过自由场位移修正值R快速准确地计算出土和结构之间的相对位移,并将该方法与传统方法进行了对比,发现计算结果较接近,为地下结构的抗震设计提供了参考。

地下结构整体式反应位移法的改进

整体式反应位移法是目前常用的地下结构抗震实用分析方法,但在求解等效输入地震荷载的过程中,需对自由场土层模型中土-结构交界面所包围的所有土体单元施加自由场惯性力,处理过程相对复杂。该文基于有限元离散模型,从理论上证明了整体式反应位移法中由结构周边应力引起的等效地震荷载可通过仅由一层土体单元构成的子结构模型的一次静力分析获得,由此提出了一种基于土体内部子结构的地下结构整体式反应位移法,即改进方法一;进一步论证了改进方法一中内部土体子结构的惯性力对等效地震荷载的影响可以忽略,在此基础上提出地下结构整体式反应位移法的改进方法二,该方法避免了土层介质自由场惯性力的计算与施加,从而有效简化了整体式反应位移法的实施流程。通过与传统整体式反应位移法的对比分析,验证了该文改进方法具有良好的计算精度,可用于地铁车站、地下隧道等地下结构的地震反应分析与抗震性能研究。

不同规范建议的反应加速度法的比较研究

《城市轨道交通结构抗震设计规范》和《核电厂抗震设计标准》给出了两种地下结构抗震分析的反应加速度法,其差异在于有效惯性加速度的确定,前者通过自由场剪应力计算水平有效惯性加速度,后者直接采用自由场加速度作为有效惯性加速度。通过理论分析和数值算例评价了两种反应加速度法的适用性,并比较研究了两种方法计算得到的水平有效惯性加速度随场地类型、场地剪切波速和地震动强度的变化规律。研究结果表明:是否考虑土体的阻尼是两种反应加速度法计算差异的主要来源,同时相邻土层的刚度比(波速比)也是产生差异的来源;两种规范方法计算得到的水平有效惯性加速度的差异随场地剪切波速的增大而减小,随地震动强度的增大而增大;当场地条件差或地震动强度大时,基于剪应力计算的水平有效惯性加速度更为合理,据此计算获得的位移场与动力时程法的计算结果一致,具有更为良好的计算精度。同时提出了一种通过自由场位移计算有效惯性加速度的反应加速度法——基于位移的反应加速度法,讨论和比较了采用位移确定有效加速度时的特点及用于反应加速度法时的计算精度,初步证明基于位移的反应加速度法具有良好的计算精度和更为广泛的适应性。

采用不同新型功能柱的地下车站结构抗震性能对比研究

基于高轴压比下中柱侧向变形能力不足导致含内柱框架式地铁车站结构地震破坏的机理认识,部分研究者在保证中柱竖向承载力不变的前提下,提出了分体柱、叠层夹芯柱、截断柱等几种新型功能柱以提高中柱侧向变形能力,进而提高车站结构抗震性能。当前对新型功能柱在地震作用下的力学行为已开展了大量研究,但对不同柱体形式对车站结构整体抗震性能提升效果并未开展系统评价,且缺乏直接对比研究。首先,针对某单层双跨地铁车站结构建立整体三维非线性数值分析模型,开展不同地震波及不同地震强度下传统方柱、分体柱、叠层夹芯柱、截断柱等4种中柱形式下的地震响应计算,从车站层间变形、整体损伤及关键构件内力响应等方面对新型功能柱的减震效果进行对比评价。研究结果表明:在降低车站结构混凝土损伤方面,截断柱效果最佳,叠层夹芯柱次之,分体柱最弱;3种新型功能柱在提高结构中柱延性方面,叠层夹芯柱效果最佳,截断柱次之,分体柱最弱;在降低结构中柱内力响应方面,叠层夹芯柱最佳,分体柱次之,截断柱最弱。相关研究结果可为含内柱框架式地铁车站结构减震设计提供理论指导。

人口老龄化对产业结构升级的影响——基于黑龙江省的VAR分析

立足于黑龙江省的实际情况,分析人口老龄化与产业结构优化的发展现状。就人口老龄化对产业结构升级的影响进行实证分析。首先,对人口老龄化与黑龙江省产业结构高级化之间进行平稳性检验和协整检验。其次,为了更进一步地研究人口老龄化对黑龙江省产业结构升级影响的动态特征,构建VAR模型,进而进行脉冲响应分析和方差分解,探讨人口老龄化对产业结构的冲击影响并测度其在产业结构升级过程中的贡献度。

浅基岩场地条件下地下结构抗震分析简化方法计算精度研究

为研究浅基岩场地条件下地下结构抗震分析简化方法计算精度,采用反应加速度法和反应谱法计算2层3跨和2层2跨矩形地铁车站结构在均质场地和浅基岩场地条件下的地震响应,将动力时程分析法结果作为参考解,对比分析反应加速度法和反应谱法在不同场地条件下的计算精度。研究结果表明,在均质场地条件下,反应加速度法最大误差约18%,反应谱法最大误差约9%;在浅基岩场地条件下,反应加速度法最大误差约33%,反应谱法最大误差约16%;反应谱法和反应加速度法在浅基岩场地条件下的计算精度均小于均质场地条件,且反应谱法计算精度受场地条件的影响较小。