Negative Pressure Wound Therapy with Multiple Drainage Holes for the Treatment of Pressure Ulcer with Undermining: Case Reports

Noninvasive treatment of pressure ulcers with undermining is often difficult. To decrease the risk of bleeding in such conditions, negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has been applied. We treated a pressure ulcer with wide undermining using NPWT after opening drainage holes in the undermined area. This method can reduce the risk of bleeding and promote the rapid closure of the undermined area.

BBNJ谈判中的“notundermine”内涵研究

BBNJ谈判历经四次筹备委员会会议和五次政府间会议,在涉及BBNJ协定与“相关法律文书和框架以及相关全球、区域、次区域和部门机构”的关系时,“not undermine”已成为BBNJ协定创制过程中的基本要求。“not undermine”的内涵对于阐明BBNJ协定与相关法律文书、框架和机构的关系具有重要意义,但其在内涵上具有高度模糊性。在谈判中,各国对其具体内涵争议不断。从BBNJ谈判案文内容、谈判走向和相关国际规则执行现状等角度分析,“not undermine”至少应当包含“以BBNJ协定为中心”“尊重相关法律文书、框架和机构,并在必要时进行补充、加强”“通过国际合作实现一致性和协调性”三方面内涵。BBNJ协定中“not undermine”的落实也意味着新一轮国际海洋治理体系的变革,我国既要把握机遇,参与国际造法进程,也要及时做好国内因应。

Interaction behaviors between Zn-Al alloy and Al_2O_3p/6061Al composite with aid of ultrasonic vibration

Interactions between Zn-Al alloy and Al2O 3p/6061Al composite with the aid of ultrasonic vibration in air were investigated. For the composite without degassed treatment, the molten Zn-Al alloy cannot spread along the surface of the composite when the ultrasonic vibration amplitude is lower than 10μm. Instead, it undermines the substrate oxide layer and propagates along the substrate metal-substrate oxide interface, and penetrates into the composite at the same time. The penetration of the Zn-Al alloy into the composite makes the microstructure of the penetration zone unconsolidated. As the ultrasonic vibration amplitude increases, the spreading area of the molten Zn-Al alloy increases and the mass transfer at the interaction interface between the Zn-Al alloy and the composite intensifies. The porosity at the interaction interface results from the gas escaping from the base material by which the undermining phenomenon and the penetration of elements Zn, Cu into the composite is favoured. When the composite is degassed, the undermining zone and the penetration zone become significantly limited and the penetration zone remains consolidated. Only limited base metal melts during interaction, which is accompanied with fewer reinforcements and primary α-Al dendrites in the solidified Zn-Al alloy.

Review and Analysis: Successful Use of Soil Tunnels in Medieval and Modern Warfare and Smuggling

For more than 2500 years, soil tunnels have been used in warfare and smuggling. Initially tunnels were utilized to attack fortresses that were underlain by unconsolidated (non-bedrock) soil materials. Later tunnels provided housing and served as smuggling corridors. The medieval warfare undermining technique involved digging soil tunnels with wooden or beam props to hold up the soil ceilings. Then flammable material, such as hay or straw, was put in the tunnel and set on fire. The fire burnt the support beams which collapsed the soil tunnel ceilings and undermined the overlying perimeter wall. Later gunpowder and dynamite replaced fire when attempting to collapse a tunnel, fortress or perimeter defense. Modern warfare soil tunnels were the pathways used to move troops, weapons and supplies to the other side of a border or wall for surprise attacks. Most of the soil tunnels were placed in easy-to-dig unconsolidated soil materials that had a low water table and were not subject to flooding. Eventually, machinery was used to drill through bedrock permitting deeper and longer tunnels for troop movement or smuggling. However, when drilling through bedrock under international borders, the process creates both noise and vibrations which were often detected by the enemy. Once discovered the tunnels were often collapsed by blowing up the tunnel, injection of gas, filling with water or wastewater, or inserting barriers. A series of case studies will be examined with the goal of determining soil and site criteria required to permit successful tunneling. The most restrictive soil and geologic conditions will be identified as well as potential mitigation methods used to overcome the site restrictions will be documented. Countries with warfare or smuggling issues along their borders, such as Israel and United States, need to identify the sections of the border most likely to be undermined by soil tunnels. In the case of Israel their entire border is susceptible as a result of the favorable arid climate, soils and geology. The US border with Mexico can become vulnerable wherever a new wall is created. Without a wall there is usually no need for soil tunnels. The US Department of Homeland Security and border patrol will need to monitor the noise and vibrations, just like the Israel does, to identify future soil tunnel locations. Eventually most of 3200 km border will have a wall that will become the target of more soil tunnels for smuggling goods and people from Mexico into the United States.

Prediction of multi-borehole undermine coalbed gas drainage

By analyzing the flow character of a single drainage borehole in its effectingtime and the correlative theory introduced,the reason for 'inflexion' appearance in theflow character curve of the single draining borehole in a multi-borehole was studied.Takingthe theory of permeation fluid mechanics and so on as basis,the coalbed gas flowmodel was set up,and the numerical simulation analyzer was built for undermine gasproducts.With the results from the analyzer,the gas capacity could be calculated underdifferent conditions and comparisons made with the site measurement data.

Why the South China Sea Arbitration Case Undermines the World Marine Order

There are various indications that the so-called Arbitral Tribunal on the South China Sea disputes arbitration has become a tool for a few Western countries such as the United States,Japan and some others outside the region to play political games with China and challenge China’s inherent rights and legitimate claims in the