High-speed penetration of ogive-nose projectiles into thick concrete targets:Tests and a projectile nose evolution model

The majority of the projectiles used in the hypersonic penetration study are solid flat-nosed cylindrical projectiles with a diameter of less than 20 mm.This study aims to fill the gap in the experimental and analytical study of the evolution of the nose shape of larger hollow projectiles under hypersonic penetration.In the hypersonic penetration test,eight ogive-nose AerMet100 steel projectiles with a diameter of 40 mm were launched to hit concrete targets with impact velocities that ranged from 1351 to 1877 m/s.Severe erosion of the projectiles was observed during high-speed penetration of heterogeneous targets,and apparent localized mushrooming occurred in the front nose of recovered projectiles.By examining the damage to projectiles,a linear relationship was found between the relative length reduction rate and the initial kinetic energy of projectiles in different penetration tests.Furthermore,microscopic analysis revealed the forming mechanism of the localized mushrooming phenomenon for eroding penetration,i.e.,material spall erosion abrasion mechanism,material flow and redistribution abrasion mechanism and localized radial upsetting deformation mechanism.Finally,a model of highspeed penetration that included erosion was established on the basis of a model of the evolution of the projectile nose that considers radial upsetting;the model was validated by test data from the literature and the present study.Depending upon the impact velocity,v0,the projectile nose may behave as undistorted,radially distorted or hemispherical.Due to the effects of abrasion of the projectile and enhancement of radial upsetting on the duration and amplitude of the secondary rising segment in the pulse shape of projectile deceleration,the predicted DOP had an upper limit.

Stability analyses of the mass abrasive projectile high-speed penetrating into concrete target. Part Ⅰ: Engineering model for the mass loss and nose-blunting of ogive-nosed projectiles

The mass loss and nose blunting of a projectile during high-speed deep penetration into concrete target may cause structural destruction and ballistic trajectory instability of the penetrator,obviously reducing the penetration efficiency of penetrator.Provided that the work of friction between projectile and target is totally transformed into the heat to melt penetrator material at its nose surface,an engineering model is established for the mass loss and nose-blunting of the ogive-nosed projectile.A dimensionless formula for the relative mass loss of projectile is obtained by introducing the dimensionless impact function I and geometry function N of the projectile.The critical value V c0of the initial striking velocity is formulated,and the mass loss of projectile tends to increase weakly nonlinearly with I/N when V0〉V c0,whilst the mass loss is proportional to the initial kinetic energy of projectile when V0

Stability analyses of the mass abrasive projectile high-speed penetrating into concrete target. Part Ⅱ: Structural stability analyses

The initial oblique and attacking angles as well as the asymmetrical nose abrasion may lead to bending or even fracture of a projectile,and the penetration efficiency decreases distinctly.The structural stability of a high-speed projectile non-normally penetrating into concrete and the parametric influences involved are analyzed with the mass abrasion taken into account.By considering the symmetrical or asymmetrical nose abrasion as well as the initial oblique and attacking angles,both the axial and the transverse drag forces acting on the projectile are derived.Based on the ideal elastic-plastic yield criterion,an approach is proposed for predicting the limit striking velocity（LSV）that is the highest velocity at which no yielding failure has occurred and the projectile can still maintain its integral structural stability.Furthermore,some particular penetration scenarios are separately discussed in detail.Based on the engineering model for the mass loss and nose-blunting of ogive-nose projectiles established in Part I of this study,the above approach is validated by several high-speed penetration tests.The analysis on parametric influences indicates that the LSV is reduced with an increase in the asymmetrical nose abrasion,thelength-diameter-ratio,and the concrete strength,as well as the oblique and attacking angles.Also,the LSV raises with an increase in the initial caliber-radius-head（CRH）and the dimensionless cartridge thickness of a projectile.

Numerical Calculation of Supercavitating Flows over the Disk Cavitator of a Subsonic Underwater Projectile

为了在 supercavitating 上处理可压缩的液体的效果，溢出射弹的亚声的磁盘 cavitator，一个有限的卷方法基于理想的可压缩的潜在的理论被提出。由使用连续性方程和 Tait 状态方程以及 Riabouchinsky 闭合模型，一个反的问题答案为 supercavitating 流动被介绍。根据 supercavity 的表面上的刺不进的条件，为 supercavity 形状的一个新反复的方法被设计在 supercavity 形状上处理压缩的可能性的效果，压力拖系数和密度地。由这个方法，低成穴数字能被计算。计算结果与试验性的数据和实验公式同意很好。以亚声的条件，液体压缩的可能性将使 supercavity 成为长度和半径增加。supercavity 扩展，但是留下球状体。supercavity 的第一 1/3 部分上的效果不是明显的。成穴数字或马赫数字增加的射弹增加的 drag 系数。与马赫数字增加，压缩的可能性是越来越重要的。根据 supercavitating 流动的精确计算被担心，压缩的可能性必须被考虑。

HYDRODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF AN UNDERWATER MOVING BODY AFTER WATER ENTRY

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the water entry phenomenon. A facility was designed to carry out the tests with the entry veloci- ties of around 352 m/s. Visualization, pressure ineasurement, velocity measurement and underwater impact test were performed to investigate the hydroballistic behav- ior of the underwater moving body, the underwater flow field, the supercavitation, etc.. This study shows that the motion of a high-speed underwater body is strongly three-dimensional and chaotic. Furthermore, it is found that the distribution of the trajectory deflection of the underwater projectile depends on the depth of water. It is also found by measuring the deformation on a witness plate submerged in water, that the impact energy of an underwater projectile is reduced as it penetrates deeper into water.

UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS AND CAVITATING FLOW OF WATER ENTRY

The fluid mechanics of water entry is studied through investigating the underwater acoustics and the supercavitation.Underwater acoustic signals in water entry are extensively measured at about 30 different positions by using a PVDF needle hydrophone.From the measurements we obtain (1)the primary shock wave caused by the impact of the blunt body on free surface;(2)the vapor pressure inside the cavity;(3)the secondary shock wave caused by pulling away of the cavity from free surface;and so on.The supercavitation induced by the blunt body is observed by using a digital high-speed video camera as well as the single shot photography.The periodic and 3 dimensional motion of the supercavitation is revealed.The experiment is carried out at room temperature.

Shipborne Underwater Acoustic Communication System and Sea Trials with Submersible Shenhai Yongshi

The Shipborne acoustic communication system of the submersible Shenhai Yongshi works in vertical, horizontal and slant channels according to the relative positions. For ease of use, an array combined by a vertical-cone directional transducer and a horizontal-toroid one is installed on the mothership. Improved techniques are proposed to combat adverse channel conditions, such as frequency selectivity, non-stationary ship noise, and Doppler effects of the platform’s nonlinear movement. For coherent modulation, a turbo-coded single-carrier scheme is used. In the receiver, the sparse decision-directed Normalized Least-Mean-Square soft equalizer automatically adjusts the tap pattern and weights according to the multipath structure, the two receivers’ asymmetry, the signal’s frequency selectivity and the noise’s spectrum fluctuation. The use of turbo code in turbo equalization significantly suppresses the error floor and decreases the equalizer’s iteration times, which is verified by both the extrinsic information transfer charts and bit-error-rate performance. For noncoherent modulation, a concatenated error correction scheme of nonbinary convolutional code and Hadamard code is adopted to utilize full frequency diversity. Robust and lowcomplexity synchronization techniques in the time and Doppler domains are proposed. Sea trials with the submersible to a maximum depth of over 4500 m show that the shipborne communication system performs robustly during the adverse conditions. From the ten-thousand communication records in the 28 dives in 2017, the failure rate of the coherent frames and that of the noncoherent packets are both below 10%, where both synchronization errors and decoding errors are taken into account.

Electric characteristic and cavitation bubble dynamics using underwater pulsed discharge

Underwater pulsed discharge is widely applied in medicine, machining, and material modification.The induced cavitation bubble and subsequent cavitation collapse are considered the major motivations behind these applications. This paper presents an underwater pulsed discharge system.The experimental setup is established to induce and investigate the cavitation bubble assisted with a high-speed camera. Three aspects, including the characteristic of the discharge with different applied voltages and conductivities, the evolution of the cavitation bubble profile, and the energy efficiency of cavitation bubble inducing, are investigated, respectively. Especially, the mechanism of pre-discharge time delay in the low field intensity case is explained using the Joule heat effect.The results show the validity of the underwater pulsed discharger and experimental setup. The present underwater pulsed discharger is proved to be a simple, portable, and easy-to-implement device for the investigation of cavitation bubble dynamics.

水下连续发射弹体干扰特性及发射时序优化

随着对饱和攻击需求的提高,潜艇连续发射过程的发射时序协调控制研究变得迫切而紧要。考虑到弹体间的流体动力干扰是影响安全发射的主要因素,基于重叠网格多自由度仿真技术,针对连续发射的水下弹体开展姿态弹道干扰特性研究。通过分析流场结构发现,以一定攻角发射的弹体形成的发卡形尾涡是造成后续弹体姿态弹道差异的主要原因。根据不同艇速、时间间隔和空间间隔下弹体间的干扰特性建立干扰评价模型。在保证干扰不影响后续弹体的前提下,以最短发射时长为目标,以综合评价函数为约束,基于改进的贪心算法对大筒多弹式布局的水下弹体开展发射时序优化研究,并采用均匀抽样方法验证优化结果准确性。研究结果表明:相对于均匀抽样方法,改进的贪心算法具有相当的计算准确度和更高的计算效率。

弹头结构对超空泡枪弹水下运动特性的影响

针对目前国内外水下航行体结构简单,稳定性较差的问题,基于重叠网格技术和6DOF动网格技术,提出一种两段式结构的超空泡枪弹。该枪弹采用两段式的斜肩结构,在水下航行时受到水阻力更小,具有较高的研究价值。为此,研究了3种不同弹头结构对超空泡枪弹水下运动过程的空泡形态、弹道及流体动力特性的影响。研究结果表明:不同结构弹丸水下航行时,平头弹丸产生2段空泡,尖头弹丸和圆头弹丸只生成1段空泡,圆头弹丸与斜肩的契合度更高;圆头弹丸的弹道稳定性更好,其次是平头弹丸,尖头弹丸的弹道稳定性最差;弹丸遇水初期,会产生一个阻力峰值,且随着弹丸的运动,阻力逐渐降低,圆头弹丸受外力的影响最小,尖头弹丸受外力影响程度最大。因此,圆头弹丸的水下弹道稳定性最优,减阻性能最佳,为超空泡枪弹的结构选择提供了一定的理论依据。

Signal waveform design to detect an underwater high-speed small target

The problem of sonar signal waveform design to detect a high-speed small target in an underwater environment is discussed. From theoretical analysis, time-frequency hop signal is regarded as the most suitable signal waveform in this application. To get precise target parameter estimation ability, the signal should have high range-Doppler resolution performance. The results of signal analysis show that hop signal with frequency serial coding as Costas array has sharp ambiguity characteristic, so it can be used in an active sonar system to detect a high speed small target. A scheme of frequency coding is also presented.

航行体水下连续发射尾涡遭遇与运动干扰特性

为研究不同发射时间间隔下航行体水下连续发射尾涡干扰与弹道特性,基于Realizable k-ε湍流模型和能量方程、流体体积方法和重叠网格技术,开展数值方法和网格无关性验证,数值模拟结果与实验测试结果吻合度较好。建立航行体水下连续发射数值模拟方法,研究航行体尾流区涡结构的演变机理、次发航行体表面压力分布、弹道以及俯仰姿态演变规律。研究结果表明:航行体水下连续发射过程中在其尾流中发现了发卡涡形态的流动结构,该涡结构由涡头与两条涡腿组成,通常以多个共同组合的形式存在于航行体尾部的流场区域中;沿涡腿内侧发生喷射事件,沿涡腿外侧发生扫掠事件,同时在涡结构内部形成一定流向尺度的低速条带区域;在横流效应下,当次发航行体表面穿过尾流中涡结构中的低速条带区时,迎背流面压力分布特性得到较大的改善,增加了弹道姿态稳定性。

横流环境中高速射弹超空泡流及弹道特性数值分析

为研究横流对水下高速射弹超空泡形态的演化规律及弹道特性的影响,基于VOF多相流模型,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型、Schnerr-Sauer空化模型和刚体六自由度模型,结合重叠网格技术对横流环境中高速运动的水下射弹进行了三维数值模拟。分析了3 m/s, 6 m/s和9 m/s三个不同横流速度下,射弹超空泡的演化过程、射弹表面压力分布、周围流场速度分布以及射弹的水动力特性。研究结果表明:受横流影响,射弹表面超空泡不再对称;随着时间推移,射弹的超空泡形状非对称性增加,背流侧空泡半径增大,迎流侧减小;在一定条件时,弹体迎流测的尾部会出现沾湿现象;射弹初始速度相同时,横流速度越大,头部压力的最大值越大,并且压力极值位置越靠近迎流侧头部一端;不同横流速度下,弹体运动方向的速度衰减趋势基本一致,而横流方向的偏移速度随横流速度的增大而增大。

聚能装药水下爆炸冲击波和侵彻体载荷作用时序研究

聚能装药水下爆炸过程中会产生高速聚能侵彻体和强间断冲击波等多种毁伤元。由于聚能侵彻体和冲击波的作用时间接近,且聚能装药水下爆炸作用时序的理论并不完善,因而认识两者的作用时序对聚能型战斗部作用下舰船结构的毁伤研究具有重要意义。首先,基于接触爆炸理论和牛顿第二定律,推导药型罩压垮后加速度和速度公式的基本形式。随后,基于欧拉控制方程,建立聚能装药空中和水下爆炸数值模型,得到装药和药型罩交界面处压力时程曲线,定量地确定药型罩压垮的加速度和速度公式,通过理论公式可解决不同炸高下聚能侵彻体和直达冲击波先后到达目标的问题。为了验证理论公式的可靠性,讨论了空气域长度为5倍装药半径时的复杂工况,数值模拟结果和理论推导结果基本一致:当空气域长度为5倍装药半径时,炸高在3倍装药半径之外,冲击波先于侵彻体。提出了药型罩压垮的加速度和速度理论公式的形式和求解聚能侵彻体和冲击波作用时序问题的思路,为分析聚能装药水下爆炸聚能侵彻体和冲击波的作用时序提供了理论依据。

水下贴壁发射膛口动态过程仿真

基于计算流体力学软件Fluent,采用动网格技术,对14.5 mm水下枪在贴壁30、50、70和100 mm四种工况下的全淹没式发射建立了二维平面模型并进行仿真计算。计算结果表明:弹前水柱在枪口的喷射速度达到250 m/s时,水射流两侧开始出现空化,壁面对空化效果有一定的抑制作用,贴壁距离d=50 mm时,壁面附近的空化区域难以形成完整的水蒸汽相,当贴壁距离增大到d=100 mm时,壁面对空化区域的影响基本消失;随着贴壁距离的减小,泰勒空腔边界在无壁面约束一侧的径向扩展速度逐渐增大;在非对称压力场中,射弹质心的径向位移随贴壁距离的减小而增大。

水下射弹典型空化器的超空泡形态特性分析

基于均匀多相流假设,建立了水下射弹自然超空泡流动的多相流CFD模型,研究了圆锥和圆盘2种头形空化器的超空泡形态特性,分析了空化数、头形、半锥角、空化器直径等对超空泡形态特性的影响,圆盘空化器有利于水下射弹形成超空泡流.在此基础上,通过FLUENT软件的自定义函数将边界条件的来流速度转化为时间的函数,数值模拟了圆盘空化器水下射弹的空泡流发展过程,分析了射弹在水下运行过程中空泡形态的变化特性.结果表明,射弹在水下航行中,表面形成的超空泡长径比很大,随着空化数的增加,超空泡流迅速衰减.

自然超空泡形态特性的射弹试验研究

利用高速射弹试验对自然超空泡的形态特性和发展规律进行了深入研究。试验采用了不同尺寸的试验弹,射弹最大速度可达70m/s,最小空化数可达0.04。获得了水下航行体的自然超空泡形态参数随空化数变化的规律,并与相关文献中使用的经验公式进行了对比,在小空化数下一致性较好。研究结果表明,高速射弹试验是研究自然超空泡形态特性的一种有效手段,能够捕捉到大量超空泡水动力学现象,证实了自然超空泡的直径和长度都随空化数的增大而减小,且呈指数规律。

水下射弹的空泡形态特性研究

基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的单一介质可变密度混合模型,建立了水下射弹空泡流动的多相流CFD模型,对水下运动射弹的空泡特性进行了数值模拟,将数值仿真结果与试验数据进行了对比,数值计算与试验结果符合较好。在此基础上,计算了零攻角条件的不同头形空化器及相关参数变化的水下射弹空泡形态特性,分析了空化数、头形、半锥角、空化器直径等对水下射弹运动形成空泡形态的影响。研究结果为进一步研究水下射弹的空泡运动提供了理论参考。

水下连发射弹的超空泡流动特性研究

基于Fluent流体仿真软件,采用用户自定义函数控制的动网格技术,对水下连发射弹的超空泡流场进行了数值模拟。通过与1组实验工况的比较,证实了所采用的数值模拟计算方法的可靠性。分析了两连发和3连发射弹情况下,超空泡流场的相互作用及其变化机理;得出了射弹超空泡无量纲长度在超空泡流场作用下的变化特点,计算出了流场的速度变化曲线和速度矢量等。研究结果表明:两射弹间的超空泡融合后,会在超空泡尾部区产生高速回射流并产生大量旋涡。这些旋涡引起的扰动能致使后续超空泡快速溃灭,表明了超空泡的极其不稳定性。后面的射弹进入前面射弹的空泡内后,其阻力系数达到最小值。当两连发超空泡射弹通过扰动区域时,前后超空泡都受到干扰,从而造成了它们的阻力系数增减。

潜射超空泡射弹出水的流体力学现象的实验研究

对带有超空泡的潜射射弹出水过程的流体力学现象进行了实验研究。用高速摄影机拍摄了射弹模型出水的全过程,清晰地观察了射弹在航行中空泡的发展、脱落与自由面相互作用及溃灭过程,分析了空泡对射弹出水姿态的影响。通过测量射弹的速度,发现出水时射弹的速度有时会呈突增现象,进一步了解了潜射射弹出水的复杂过程。