Synthesis and Flocculation of Polyacrylamide with Low Water Absorption for Non-dispersible Underwater Concrete

The polyacrylamide which is directly added into concrete shows strong water absorption property.Thus the construction of underwater constructure would demand high amount of water,resulting in poor workability of concrete and strength shrinkage after hardening.Herein,a kind of anionic polyacrylamide(APAM)grafted with water reducing functional group(-COOH)was synthesized at low temperatures by partial factor design and response surface design.The structure and morphology of APAM were characterized by UV,FTIR and SEM methods.The experimental results show that the molecular weight of the synthesized APAM could reach 11 million,under the condition that the temperature was 35℃,the pH value was 8,the monomer concentration was 27wt%,the initiator dosage was 0.6wt%,and the monomer ratio(n(AM):n(AA))was 3.When the APAM was applied into the underwater slurry,it presented good flocculation and low water demand.When the dosage was 1%of the mass of the cement,the water demand increased by 12%,which could meet the self-leveling and anti-dispersity of the underwater slurry at the same time.This technology provides technical guidance for the large-scale industrial production of polyacrylamide for underwater concrete construction while achieving environmental protection during production.

Analysis on Pore Structure of Non-Dispersible Underwater Concrete in Saline Soil Area

In this paper,mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)is used to test the pore structure of non-dispersible underwater concrete so as to study the influence of pouring and curing environment,age and slag powder on the pore characteristics of concrete,analyze the pore characteristics,porosity and pore distribution of concrete in different hydration stages,and reveal the relationship between pore structure and permeability of concrete.The results show that the pore-size distribution of concrete in fresh water condition is better than that in sulfate environment and mixed salt environment,and therefore,sulfate as well as mixed salt are not conducive to the development of pore structure of non-dispersible underwater concrete;chlorine salt has little effect on the pore structure of nondispersible underwater concrete;under the three conditions of sulfate,chlorine and mixed salt,the porosity of concrete mixed with slag powder is lower than that of concrete without slag powder.The results indicate that the addition of slag powder can ameliorate the pore size distribution of non-dispersed underwater concrete,reduce the porosity,and make the concrete structure more compact,which is beneficial to improve the permeability resistance of concrete at the macro level.

Effect of GGBS on performance deterioration of non-dispersible underwater concrete in saline soil

In saline soil areas,there are a large number of ions in soil or water environments,such as Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2-),which have strong corrosive interactions with buildings.To study the deterioration of non-dispersible underwater concrete in sulfate,chloride,and mixed salt environments,the compressive strength and deterioration resistance coefficient of the studied concrete mixed with different amounts of ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBS)were analyzed in this paper.At the same time,the micro morphology and corrosion products distribution of the studied concrete were observed by means of SEM,plus XRD diffraction,TG-DTG and FT-IR analyses to explore the influence of corrosive solutions on the hydration products of concrete.We also analyzed the mechanism of improving the deterioration resistance of the studied concrete by adding GGBS in a saline soil environment.The results show that the compressive strength of the studied concrete in a chloride environment was close to that in a fresh water environment,which means that chloride has no adverse effect on compressive strength.The deterioration of the studied concrete was most serious in a sulfate environment,followed by mixed salt environment,and the lowest in a chloride environment.In addition,by adding GGBS,the compressive strength and deterioration resistance of the studied concrete could be effectively improved.

Study of damage to a high concrete dam subjected to underwater shock waves

To study the effect of a strong underwater shock wave on a concrete dam, this research aims to improve hammer impact methods in model tests. Six 1:200 scale models were designed and tested under distributed impact loads. A device was deployed for a direct measurement of the impact force at the upstream face of the dams. The model dam bases were anchored to prevent displacement. The experimental results indicate that the top part of the concrete dam is a weak zone, and the impact failure initiates with a fracture on the top of the dam. The peak value of impact stress increases when the second crack appears in the concrete dam from the upstream face to the downstream face. And, the level of the second crack in the dam body is lower as the peak value of impact stress increases. In this study, dynamic analysis was conducted by calculating the results to verify the effectiveness of a device to directly measure the impact force. This method may be used to approximately forecast the damage of concrete dam and may also be useful in other engineering applications.

Preparation of High Performance Non-dispersible Concrete

A new-type underwater non-dispersible concrete admixture NDA was prepared,its function mechanism was analyzed,and C40 high performance non-dispersible underwater concrete was manufactured by applying NDA.The results indicate that NDA has a suitable workability,low strength loss,and excellent anti-dispersion;the fresh non-dispersible underwater concrete with NDA has high anti-dispersion,excellent workability such as self-compacting and not bleeding;hardened non-dispersible underwater concrete with NDA has a high strength,high durability such as high anti-abrasion,impermeability and anticorrosion.

The damage to model concrete gravity dams subjected to water explosions

Over the past century,the safety of dams has gradually attracted attention from all parties.Research on the dynamic response and damage evolution of dams under extreme loads is the basis of dam safety issues.In recent decades,scholars have studied the responses of dams under earthquake loads,but there is still much room for improvement in experimental and theoretical research on small probability loads such as explosions.In this paper,a 50-m-high concrete gravity dam is used as a prototype dam,and a water explosion model test of a 2.5-m-high concrete gravity dam is designed.The water pressure and the acceleration response of the dam body in the test are analysed.The pressure characteristics and dynamic response of the dam body are assessed.Taking the dam damage test as an example,a numerical model of concrete gravity dam damage is established,and the damage evolution of the dam body is analysed.By combining experiments and numerical simulations,the damage characteristics of the dam body under the action of different charge water explosions are clarified.The integrity of the dam body is well maintained under the action of a small-quantity water explosion,and the dynamic response of the dam body is mainly caused by the shock wave.Both the shock wave and the bubble pulsation cause the dam body to accelerate,and the peak acceleration of the dam body under the action of the bubble pulsation is only one percent of the peak acceleration of the dam body under the action of the shock wave.When subjected to explosions in large quantities of water,the dam body is seriously damaged.Under the action of a shock wave,the dam body produces a secondary acceleration response,which is generated by an internal interaction after the dam body is damaged.The damage evolution process of the dam body under the action of a large-scale water explosion is analysed,and it is found that the shock wave pressure of the water explosion causes local damage to the dam body facing the explosion.After the peak value of the shock wave,the impulse continues to act on the dam body,causing cumulative damage and damage inside the dam body.

Experimental investigation on dynamic response and damage models of circular RC columns subjected to underwater explosions

Reinforced concrete(RC) columns are widely used as supporting structures for high-piled wharfs.The study of damage model of a RC column due to underwater explosion is a critical issue to assess the wharfs antiknock security.In this study,the dynamic response and damage model of circular RC columns subjected to underwater explosions were investigated by means of scaled-down experiment models.Experiments were carried out in a 10.0 m diameter tank with the water depth of 2.25 m,under different explosive quantities(0.025 kg-1.6 kg),stand-off distances(0.0 m-7.0 m),and detonation depths(0.25 m-2.0 m).The shock wave load and dynamic response of experiment models were measured by configuring sensors of pressure,acceleration,strain,and displacement.Then,the load distribution characteristics,time history of test data,and damage models related to present conditions were obtained and discussed.Three damage models,including bending failure,bending-shear failure and punching failure,were identified.In addition,the experie nce model of shock wave loads on the surface of a RC column was proposed for engineering application.

水下自护混凝土与钢筋握裹力试验研究

随着水下自护混凝土技术的推广和应用,其关键工艺参数水下保护剂浓度对水下自护钢筋混凝土结构性能的影响成为关注的热点。基于水下自护技术,在常用工作浓度范围内,对水下自护混凝土的素混凝土力学性能、混凝土与钢筋握裹力、微观孔隙结构开展了试验研究。试验结果表明:在不同水下保护剂浓度下,水下自护素混凝土抗压强度水陆强度比均超过80%;混凝土与钢筋握裹力水陆强度比约在40%~65%,水下保护剂浓度越高,混凝土与钢筋握裹力水陆强度比越低;混凝土基质区域孔隙率和混凝土与钢筋握裹力存在负相关关系;水下保护剂能够有效提升水下自护混凝土的力学性能,但水下保护剂浓度的提升会对混凝土与钢筋握裹力强度造成不利影响。因此,合理选择水下保护剂浓度并增加钢筋用量是提升水下自护钢筋混凝土工程的可靠性的重要举措。

远场水下爆炸冲击作用下重力坝动力稳定性的简化时程分析方法

高坝大库的抗爆与防护是国防安全的重要研究课题。该文针对远场水下爆炸冲击作用下混凝土重力坝的稳定安全评价问题,研究了远场水下爆炸冲击波的传播及其与坝体的相互作用过程;基于波动理论和平面波假设,建立了重力坝爆炸动应力场的简化理论计算模型,最终建议了一种远场水下爆炸冲击波作用下重力坝动力稳定性的简化时程分析方法;同时结合工程实际,采用该方法对某混凝土重力坝的动力稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:在远场爆炸冲击荷载作用下,重力坝的稳定安全系数呈现出先增后减再增并最终保持恒定的变化规律;下游坝面反射形成的拉伸波与剪切波的共同作用是导致建基面稳定安全系数降低的主要原因。

钢筋混凝土拱的水下抗爆性能

为探究水下爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土拱的动力响应特性和破坏特征,制作了两个钢筋混凝土拱试件,并开展了水下爆炸试验。试验分为拱外爆炸和拱内爆炸两组,采用10 g乳化炸药,试验时爆源距结构面最小距离为10 cm(起爆点位于拱结构正上方和正下方),通过传感器记录爆炸试验中钢筋混凝土拱典型断面处的水压力及加速度时程曲线。基于Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler(ALE)算法,建立了空气-水-炸药-钢筋混凝土拱等多介质动态耦合作用模型,将数值模拟结果与试验结果对比,验证了数值方法的可靠性。采用验证后的数值模型进一步研究了拱外及拱内爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土拱的动力响应差异。结果表明:相同炸药当量下,内部爆炸有更多的能量作用于混凝土拱,使结构的动力响应更强烈;外部爆炸下,拱顶、拱腰处产生较大裂缝;内部爆炸时,迎爆面裂缝数量明显增多,拱肩位置出现裂缝。钢筋混凝土拱形结构抵抗外部爆炸荷载的能力明显强于内部爆炸荷载。

水下修复材料的黏结强度与变形性能研究进展

介绍了常用的几种水下修复材料的性能,分析了其作用机理,强调了黏结强度和变形性能的重要性,指出了各水下修复材料在接缝修复中存在的问题及优缺点,并提出了未来重点研究方向。

水下机器人在入海水道通榆河立交工程涵洞的探查应用

入海水道通榆河立交工程经多年运行,需对难以精确检查的水下部分进行详实探查。结合历年水下检查成果报告、工程现状调查分析报告等资料,以20#涵洞为典型场景,选择搭载水下光学摄像设备、二维图像声呐传感器、全向成像声呐等设备的水下机器人进行水下探查,为工程运行管理和安全评估提供参考。

大顶子山航电枢纽消力池冲坑处理方案研究

大顶子山航电枢纽自竣工运行至今,右岸消力池后方出现深度较大冲坑,本文参考国内类似工程经验,对冲坑成因、影响进行分析,通过对比选处理方案的分析论证,最终确定采用水下不分散混凝土+抛石+钢筋石笼的处理方案,并对设计方案具体工艺进行说明及模型试验论证。目前,项目已经实施,取得良好效果,可为其他类似工程提供借鉴和参考。

栈桥钢管混凝土柱水下浇筑桩芯超灌高度控制技术

某深基坑栈桥临时竖向支撑柱采用钢管混凝土柱,为一柱一桩结构,在一次性水下混凝土浇筑时,桩芯超灌量影响后续基坑土方开挖过程中混凝土的剔凿量,而剔凿产生的振动可能影响钢管混凝土柱的承载能力。文中通过比选垂直插入法、封顶钢板法,分析了桩芯超灌量的影响因素,提出了混凝土水下灌注及桩孔同步回填工艺,并介绍了具体的施工流程。

水下新老混凝土界面粘结剂的研究进展

水下新老混凝土界面粘结剂是一种适用于水下或潮湿环境中的新型混凝土界面粘结剂,然而真正在水下能发挥较为理想作用的混凝土粘结剂却并不多见。本文基于环境的特殊性和混凝土的基本性质,归纳了影响水下新老混凝土界面粘接性能的关键因素,综述了当下该粘结剂的主要类型及研究进展。展望了水下新老混凝土界面粘结剂的主要发展趋势和方向,认为“自愈粘结剂”对未来开发新型高效的水下新老混凝土界面粘结剂具有重要意义。

不同波纹钢-混凝土板复合结构水下抗爆机理及损伤等级预测

为探究不同波纹钢-混凝土板复合结构的水下抗爆机理,采用光滑粒子流体动力学与有限单元(FEM-SPH)耦合方法模拟混凝土板在水下接触爆炸下的损伤过程,并与试验结果对比,以验证数值方法的有效性;采用FEMSPH方法探究不同防护方案下墙面板毁伤过程及失效模式,揭示其水下防爆机理,并构建出墙面板损伤等级预测曲线。研究结果表明:模拟结果与试验结果较为吻合,验证了模拟方法的有效性;在含12 mm厚波纹钢的复合结构(T-12)、含75°夹角的波纹钢复合结构(A-75)和含厚70 mm波纹钢的复合结构(WH-70)三种防护方案下,墙面板的毁伤范围较未加固墙面板最大降幅分别为83.0%、81.6%和82.5%;预测曲线可以直观评估出炸药量和复合结构中波纹钢波高变化对墙面板损伤等级的影响。

大掺量粉煤灰制备水下不分散混凝土及性能研究

因为特殊的施工环境,需要动态平衡水下不分散混凝土的新拌流动性能和抗分散性能。研究了大掺量粉煤灰对混凝土工作性能、抗分散性和力学性能的影响。结果表明,粉煤灰掺量不大于50%时,可以实现大掺量粉煤灰水下不分散混凝土的制备。综合考虑材料性能和经济性能,粉煤灰掺量为50%时水下不分散混凝土性能较优,此时新拌混凝土坍落度、扩展度分别为250、545 mm;屈服应力、塑性黏度分别为47.4 Pa、4.4402 Pa·s;抗分散性能良好;7、28 d抗压强度及水陆强度均达到一等品要求。

基于响应面法的水下不分散混凝土性能影响因素研究

水下不分散混凝土因其具有良好的水下抗分散性、水下自密实等优点,能够适应特定水下部位的施工需求。为优化某水电站集运渔工程水下施工混凝土配合比,基于响应面法的试验设计,开展了絮凝剂掺量、减水剂、水泥三因素三水平配合比试验,建立了三因素与水下不分散混凝土工作性能、抗分散性能、力学性能的预测模型,分析了各因素之间的相互作用及其对目标性能的影响规律。结果表明,各因素间的交互作用中,减水剂和水泥掺量对混凝土坍落度有显著有利影响;絮凝剂和水泥掺量对混凝土溶液悬浮物含量有显著有利影响;减水剂和水泥掺量对混凝土抗压强度有显著负面影响。基于预测模型提出了混凝土配合比的优化路径,可为集运渔工程水下施工提供技术参考。

基于水下不分散混凝土性能研究

试验探讨了水下不分散混凝土受不同胶材组成的影响,结合试验数据提出最优配合比,该配合比能够保证混凝土低弹模高塑性、高水下抗分散性、流动性好、黏稠等性能,且施工方便、经济可行,研究成果可以为胶凝材料以及水下不分散混凝土优化配制提供数据支持。