Experimental Study on the Effect of Fine-Grained Soil Content on the Freezing Strength of Aeolian Sand-Cement Interface

In cold regions,understanding the freezing strength of the interface between soil and structure is crucial for designing frost-resistant foundations.To investigate how the content of cement powder in aeolian sand affects this strength,we conducted direct shear tests under various conditions such as different fine-grained soil content,normal stress,and initial moisture content of the soil.By analyzing parameters like soil properties,and volume of ice content,and using the Mohr-Coulomb strength theory to define interface strength,we aimed to indirectly measure the cementation strength of the interface.Our findings revealed that as the particle content increased,the interface stress-strain curves became noticeably stiffer.We also observed a positive linear relationship between freezing strength and silt content,while the initial moisture content of the soil did not significantly impact the strengthening effect of fine-grained soil on freezing strength.Moreover,we discovered that as the powder content increased,the force binding the ice to the interface decreased,while the friction angle at the interface increased.However,the cohesion force at the interface remained relatively unchanged.Overall,our analysis suggests that the increase in freezing strength due to fine-grained soil content is primarily due to the heightened friction between aeolian sand and the interface.

Prediction of compaction parameters for fine-grained soil: Critical comparison of the deep learning and standalone models

A comparison between deep learning and standalone models in predicting the compaction parameters of soil is presented in this research.One hundred and ninety and fifty-three soil samples were randomly picked up from two hundred and forty-three soil samples to create training and validation datasets,respectively.The performance and accuracy of the models were measured by root mean square error(RMSE),coefficient of determination(R2),Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient(r),mean absolute error(MAE),variance accounted for(VAF),mean absolute percentage error(MAPE),weighted mean absolute percentage error(WMAPE),a20-index,index of scatter(IOS),and index of agreement(IOA).Comparisons between standalone models demonstrate that the model MD 29 in Gaussian process regression(GPR)and model MD 101 in support vector machine(SVM)can achieve over 96%of accuracy in predicting the optimum moisture content(OMC)and maximum dry density(MDD)of soil,and outperformed other standalone models.The comparison between deep learning models shows that the models MD 46 and MD 146 in long short-term memory(LSTM)predict OMC and MDD with higher accuracy than ANN models.However,the LSTM models outperformed the GPR models in predicting the compaction parameters.The sensitivity analysis illustrates that fine content(FC),specific gravity(SG),and liquid limit(LL)highly influence the prediction of compaction parameters.

Dynamic shear modulus of undisturbed soil under different consolidation ratios and its effects on surface ground motion

The dynamic shear modulus for three types of undisturbed soil under different consolidation ratios is presented by using the resonant column test method. Its effects on surface ground motion is illustrated by calculation. The test results indicate that the power function is a suitable form for describing the relationship between the ratio of the maximum dynamic shear modulus due to anisotropic and isotropic consolidations and the increment of the consolidation ratio. When compared to sand, the increment of the maximum dynamic shear modulus for undisturbed soil due to anisotropic consolidation is much larger. Using a one-dimensional equivalent linearization method, the earthquake influence factor and the characteristic period of the surface acceleration are calculated for two soil layers subjected to several typical earthquake waves. The calculated results show that the difference in nonlinear properties due to different consolidation ratios is generally not very notable, but the degree of its influence on the surface acceleration spectrum is remarkable for the occurrence of strong earthquakes. When compared to isotropic consolidation, the consideration of actual anisotropic consolidation causes the characteristic period to decrease and the earthquake influence factor to increase.

Strength of undisturbed and reconstituted frozen soil at temperatures close to 0 ℃

The strength of warm frozen soils in permafrost is fundamentally significant to estimate and predict the ground settlements from construction activities. A study was therefore initiated to assess the strength and its behaviors of undisturbed and reconstituted frozen soils at temperatures close to 0 ℃. A series of triaxial compression tests(TCT) were performed by using a developed testing apparatus and a matching specimen-preparation method. The confinement was applied from air pressure, the temperature in the specimen was maintained using two-end refrigeration, and multi-stage loading on a single specimen was adopted to determine the strength. The test results showed that the strength, both for the undisturbed and reconstituted frozen-soil specimens, was significantly dependent on the temperatures and independent of the applied confining pressures. Additionally, the strength of undisturbed frozen soils was about 1.6 times more than that for reconstituted frozen soils. These observations were closely associated with the structures existing between pore-ice and gravels with large diameters.

Colloid-facilitated release of polybrominated diphenyl ethers at an e-waste recycling site: evidence from undisturbed soil core leaching experiments

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of persistent organic pollutants, have been frequently detected in soil at e-waste recycling sites. However, the key factors controlling the transport of PBDEs from surface soil to the vadose zone and groundwater are unclear. Here, colloid-enhanced leaching of PBDEs from undisturbed soil cores collected at an e-waste recycling site in Tianjin, China, is reported. Spatially heterogeneous release of colloids and PBDEs was observed in all the tested soil cores under chemical and hydrodynamic perturbations, indicating the presence of preferential flow paths. Colloid concentration in the effluent significantly increased as ionic strength decreased (from 10 to 0.01 mmol/L), probably due to the stronger electrostatic repulsion between colloidal particles and the soil matrix at lower ionic strength. In contrast, colloid mobilization was not significantly affected by the changes in pH of the influent (from 4.0 to 10.0) and flow rate (from a Darcy velocity of 1.5 to 6.0 cm/h). The concentrations of 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), the predominant PBDE congener at the site, detected in the leachate (ranging from 1.09 to 3.43 ng/L) were much lower than previously reported results from packed column leaching tests, and were positively correlated with colloid concentrations. This indicates that remobilization of colloids at e-waste recycling sites can promote the leaching and downward migration of PBDEs from surface soil. The findings highlight the potential risk of surface soil PBDE contamination to groundwater quality and call for further understanding of colloid-facilitated transport for predicting the fate of PBDEs at e-waste recycling sites.

Radial consolidation characteristics of soft undisturbed clay based on large specimens

In recent years, reconstituted small samples have often been used to assess the performance of radial consolidation due to prefabricated vertical drains(PVDs), but the permeability and compressibility of samples of undisturbed soil often differ from those of the remoulded ones. The problem seems more complex in marine environment due to the presence of random coarse particles including gravels, shells and natural partings. Performing small-scale laboratory experiment with reconstituted samples, especially in marine environment, cannot predict the exact soil behaviour in the field. This paper describes an experimental programme that measures radial consolidation using a conventional Rowe cell and a largescale consolidometer, where the samples of undisturbed soil obtained from a site along the Pacific Highway(north of Sydney) were compared using measured settlements and excess pore pressures.Moreover, this paper highlights the implications of the smear effect and sample size influence, which are imperative in translating the laboratory testing practices to actual real-life behaviour. The effect of vacuum pressure on the coefficient of radial consolidation of a large-scale undisturbed test specimen is also discussed. The paper demonstrates that the extent of smear zone in the field can be very similar to the large-scale laboratory consolidation test using a scaled-down drain and mandrel, but considerably different from the data obtained for small laboratory specimens.

干湿循环作用下原状黄土渗透性及其对土-水特征曲线的影响

为评估干湿循环作用对原状黄土水力特性的劣化效应,对甘肃Q 3黄土进行了4组不同干湿循环路径下的饱和渗透试验与土-水特征测试,分析土体饱和渗透系数和土-水特征曲线随干湿循环次数、循环幅度和下限含水率的变化规律。结果表明:原状黄土饱和渗透系数劣化度与干湿循环次数间关系可采用双曲线函数进行描述,6次循环后劣化度变化趋于稳定;土体饱和渗透系数劣化度随循环幅度增大而线性增大,随下限含水率增大而线性减小。V-G模型对干湿循环下黄土的土-水特征曲线拟合效果良好,模型参数θs、α、n变化幅度较小,而参数θr随循环次数增加呈指数下降趋势。依据试验结果建立了考虑干湿循环3参数的饱和渗透系数劣化模型与土-水特征曲线模型,并对土体非饱和渗透系数进行了预测分析。

粤西北地区花岗岩残积土的抗剪强度特性

为了研究粤西北地区花岗岩残积土的抗剪强度特性,对74组花岗岩残积土的原状土及用作比较的重塑土进行了室内物理指标试验和室内直剪试验。结果表明:花岗岩残积土具有显著的区域差异性,兼具黏性土和砂土的特性,其黏聚力较大,内摩擦角较小;原状土的黏聚力高于重塑土,而两者的内摩擦角基本相同;重塑土和原状土的黏聚力都随着含水率的增加呈现出非线性减小并趋于稳定的变化趋势,但内摩擦角则随着含水率的增加在11°~16°的范围内波动,与含水率几乎无相关性;花岗岩残积土的黏聚力受颗粒组成、含水率、孔隙比等因素的综合影响,造成不同地点原状土的黏聚力和含水率之间的相关性不明显。该结论可为粤西北地区花岗岩残积土边坡的设计提供参考。

原状黄土土-水特征曲线与湿陷性的相关性

为了研究原状黄土土-水特征曲线与黄土湿陷性之间的联系,在陕西西安长安区取地表以下30 m范围内的原状黄土土样,进行基本物理指标试验和湿陷性试验。对不同典型地层的黄土-古土壤试样进行土水特征曲线试验,通过电镜扫描从微观角度分析。研究结果表明:大孔隙的数量与饱和体积含水率呈正相关;中孔隙的数目与过渡区斜率的大小呈正相关,孔隙数目越多土体失水速度越快;微小孔隙的数目和土的塑性指数影响残余含水率的大小。对于不同深度土层,饱和体积含水率和过渡区斜率与土层的湿陷系数呈正相关;塑性指数接近土层的湿陷系数对残余体积含水率的影响不明显;古土壤层的SWCC与湿陷系数之间存在与黄土层相同的正相关性。文章从非饱和土力学的方向去研究黄土的湿陷性,为湿陷性的研究提供一种新的研究角度。

小型农田原状土样采集机器人系统研发与测试

农业机器人是农业机械领域的研究热点之一。国内外对温室/农田/果园作业(除草、施肥、喷药、采摘等)机器人移动平台的研究已取得初步成果,但对农田土样采集机器人移动平台的研究鲜有出现。在土壤的物理力学特性研究过程中,原状土壤样品的采集是一个重要前提。如果土样的原状度无法保障,后期实验室物理力学测试分析难以得出准确的研究结果。本研究针对这一问题,研发了一台结构紧凑、通过性强、取土质量好、取土效率高的农田土壤采集机器人移动平台,给出了机械系统、控制系统设计方案,并开展了初步的田间试验研究。本研究的主要内容如下:(1)机器人移动平台本体设计方面,确定了差速转向的转向方式;进行了机械系统设计,完成了相关硬件选型分析和控制系统设计以及软件编写。移动平台轴距为960 mm、轮距为600 mm,轮毂电机功率1000 W,实现了基于调速转把和遥控手柄的移动平台协调运动控制,满足试验要求。(2)土样采集装置方面,对分段原状取土装置进行了设计。通过对比分析选用液压传动作为动力源和直压旋入式入土方式。通过理论分析确定了取土器主要技术参数,并对其入土关键部件进行有限元分析,验证了其结构参数设计的合理性。(3)通过田间试验,考察整机的移动性能和取土质量。移动性能测试试验结果表明:最大垂直越障高度80 mm,最大爬坡坡度35°。土样抗剪强度检测试验结果表明:在获取0~200 mm深度土样时,环刀法和新系统所取土样的内摩擦角方差在0.05的置信水平下,P值等于0.866;在获取0~100 mm和100~200 mm深度土样时,环刀法和取土装置所取土样的凝聚力方差在0.05的置信水平下,P值分别为0.145和0.717。取土效率对比试验结果表明:该取土装置完成一次取土仅需3~5 min。

原状和重塑湖泊相软黏土动力特性宏微观试验研究

为了对比衡水湖附近原状和重塑湖泊相软黏土的动力特性差异,利用GZZ-50B型共振柱仪对原状和重塑湖泊相软黏土分别进行动力特性试验,采用Davidenkov本构模型对试验获得的动力特性参数进行拟合,绘制了G-γ、λ-γ和G/G_(max)-γ关系曲线,并将所得的动力特性统计值与其他学者给出的动力特性推荐值进行了对比,通过SEM电镜测量了共振柱试验前后的微观结构,并分析了微观结构参数的变化规律。结果表明:当固结围压相同时,原状湖泊相软黏土的G-γ曲线始终高于重塑土,而原状土的λ-γ曲线始终低于重塑土;当动剪应变较大时,原状土的动剪切模量G会急剧下降并接近重塑土;原状和重塑土的G_(max)相对差值、G/G_(max)-γ和λ-γ拟合曲线差异会随着固结围压的增大而减小;通过与其他学者研究成果对比,发现沉积相并不是土体动力特性的决定性因素,同一沉积相但不同地区的软黏土动力特性也会有所差异。通过对微观结构参数的定量分析发现:随着固结围压的增加,原状土颗粒和孔隙的面积平均值以及最大直径平均值均有所下降,而重塑土差异并不明显,且微观结构参数相对差值与最大动剪切模量G_(max)相对差值呈正相关的关系;经过共振柱试验后,原状湖泊相软黏土的大、中颗粒和孔隙转变为小、微颗粒和孔隙,较大的片状结构和团聚体结构减少,原状土微观结构参数接近于重塑土,从微观角度解释了宏观土动力学特性。

冻融作用下土体无侧限抗压强度变化研究

通过设置不同冻融循环温度和循环次数,开展了冻融循环下原状黄土和重塑黄土的无侧限抗压强度试验,研究结果表明:原状黄土在不同冻融温度下,随着提高冻融循环次数,土体无侧限抗压强度均呈现为持续降低趋势,黄土经过冻融循环后,原本土体结构受到严重破坏,降低了土体的抗压强度,且随着冻融循环温度的降低,黄土抗压强度的损失程度也越来越大;重塑土的无侧限抗压强度变化趋势和原状黄土大致相同,但重塑黄土0次冻融循环时的无侧限抗压强度与各次冻融循环后的强度差距较小,每次循环后的强度波动范围在2~8kPa内;冻融作用下,黄土渗透系数呈现出先增大后趋于稳定的规律,对其渗透系数影响较大的主要在前4次冻融循环。

Effects of oil contamination and bioremediation on geotechnical properties of highly plastic clayey soil

Leakage of oil and its derivatives into the soil can change the engineering behavior of soil as well as cause environmental disasters.Also,recovering the contaminated sites into their natural condition and making contaminated materials as both environmentally and geotechnically suitable construction materials need the employment of remediation techniques.Bioremediation,as an efficient,low cost and environmentalfriendly approach,was used in the case of highly plastic clayey soils.To better understand the change in geotechnical properties of highly plastic fine-grained soil due to crude oil contamination and bioremediation,Atterberg limits,compaction,unconfined compression,direct shear,and consolidation tests were conducted on natural,contaminated,and bioremediated soil samples to investigate the effects of contamination and remediation on fine-grained soil properties.Oil contamination reduced maximum dry density(MDD),optimum moisture content(OMC),unconfined compressive strength(UCS),shear strength,swelling pressure,and coefficient of consolidation of soil.In addition,contamination increased the compression and swelling indices and compressibility of soil.Bioremediation reduced soil contamination by about 50%.Moreover,in comparison with contaminated soil,bioremediation reduced the MDD,UCS,swelling index,free swelling and swelling pressure of soil,and also increased OMC,shear strength,cohesion,internal friction angle,failure strain,porosity,compression index,and settlement.Microstructural analyses showed that oil contamination does not alter the soil structure in terms of chemical compounds,elements,and constituent minerals.While it decreased the specific surface area of the soil,and the bioremediation significantly increased the mentioned parameters.Bioremediation resulted in the formation of quasi-fibrous textures and porous and agglomerated structures.As a result,oil contamination affected the mechanical properties of soil negatively,but bioremediation improved these properties.

一种新型南55渗透仪研制及工程应用

南55型渗透仪广泛用于测定细粒土渗透系数,结构简单,操作方便,但在原状土渗透试验中,由于环刀与试样之间密合不理想常引起侧壁渗漏,极大影响试验结果,甚至试验失败。为解决侧漏问题,通过采用对开环刀结构设计,研制了一种新型南55渗透仪,利用不透水的凡士林等膏状物充填试样与环刀之间的空隙,阻断侧漏通道,并在整体结构上沿用了南55渗透仪的基本框架,具有结构简单和操作方便的优点。同时,对测试结果可靠性进行了试验分析,结果表明,新型南55渗透仪有效解决了侧壁渗漏问题,测试的原状土渗透系数具有较高的精确度和稳定性,远高于南55型渗透仪,具备在实验室推广的前景。

桥基岸坡土体剪切强度特性试验研究

为研究对某桥基岸坡稳定性起重要影响的粉质黏土的剪切强度特性和力学参数,对原状土进行了不同含水状态下的大型原位直剪试验。试验结果表明:原状土的变形破坏模式呈蠕塑性破坏。饱和和天然状态下原状土的抗剪断峰值强度参数分别为φ=17.1°,c=22.1 kPa和φ=20.6°,c=29.3 kPa;饱和状态下土的剪切强度参数比天然状态下降低20%左右;试验结果为该桥基岸坡稳定性分析计算提供取值依据。

多节钻扩混凝土桩扩径体间距对桩周土体位移影响试验研究

多节钻扩混凝土桩是一种新型的变截面桩,深入研究竖向荷载作用下多节钻扩混凝土桩桩周土体位移分布对准确掌握多节钻扩混凝土桩的承载特性具有重要意义。通过室内原状土小比例半截面桩模型试验,采用数码相机实时记录桩周土体在荷载作用下的变化规律,结合数字图像处理技术,获得桩周土体的位移规律和发展情况。试验结果表明:在破坏过程中双扩径体桩与单扩径体桩的桩周土体位移发展情况存在相同点,扩径体间距对双扩径体桩最终的破坏形式有较大的影响;荷载作用下,桩周土体的竖向位移较水平位移更加明显,并随着与桩体的距离和埋深的增加而逐渐减小;竖向位移和水平位移都随着扩径体间距的增大而呈现出逐渐减小的趋势。

不同深度天津原状软土的物理力学特性试验研究

受沉积年代和环境等因素的影响,不同深度下软土物理力学性能有所差异。为研究不同深度下其物理力学性能的变化规律及微观内部结构的差异,以天津滨海新区原状软土为研究对象,选取同层不同深度下原状软土(S1,S2和S3的取样深度分别为4.3~5.3m、8.3~9.3m和12.3~13.3m)进行物理力学试验和扫描电镜试验(SEM),分析其物理指标的概率特征,软土抗剪强度随深度的变化规律和微观结构的差异。结果表明:(1)随着原状软土深度的增加,含水率、孔隙比和液塑限呈缓慢下降趋势,S1、S2和S3的物理性质指标基本符合正态分布且变异系数较小;(2)S1、S2和S3在较低垂直压力作用下,其剪切位移—剪应变曲线均呈现弱硬化性。S3的抗剪切性能优于S1和S2,且含水率和天然密度对原状软土抗剪强度指标影响较大;(3)随着深度增加,软土内部结构更紧密,土颗粒形态清晰且以大颗粒为主,颗粒间的接触面增大。

饱水软化下顺层边坡原状滑带土强度特性研究

原状滑带土具有较强的水敏性,揭示饱水软化下滑带土强度特性演化及弱化机制是评价拟建高速公路沿线顺层边坡稳定性的重要前提。针对四川盆地马边河流域某典型顺层边坡,取原状滑带土开展室内直剪试验、固结不排水三轴试验和环剪试验等研究强度弱化规律;同步结合电镜扫描、核磁共振微细观探测技术,揭示其强度弱化机制;最后,探讨考虑饱水软化作用下顺层边坡稳定性的快速评价法。结果表明:饱水软化下原状滑带土的抗剪强度弱化显著,且显著弱化时域为前1h,该时域中滑带土含水率增幅79.6%,黏聚力下降45.0%,内摩擦角下降36.2%,有效黏聚力下降46.6%,有效内摩擦角下降21.5%;滑带土中粗颗粒咬合阻碍剪切面的形成,而饱水软化后咬合摩擦转变为滑动摩擦,应变软化特征明显;滑带土的强度弱化源于其内部结构的剪切破坏,黏土矿物吸水膨胀,颗粒间胶结破坏,小孔隙体积增大,结构趋于疏松,导致强度弱化明显;基于室内直剪试验和极限平衡法,提出了能够用于快速评价顺层边坡稳定系数的定量关系式。

扩径位置对CEP抗拔双桩承载性能影响的试验研究

在竖向拉力作用下,扩径位置为影响CEP(混凝土扩盘桩)群桩基础承载性能的关键因素。采用CEP双桩半截面小模型原状土抗拔试验,以扩径位置为变量,设计五种模型,完成七组试验。基于试验结果,分析扩径位置对桩周土体破坏状态的影响,并对每组CEP双桩的极限承载力和桩周土体受力状态进行分析。结果表明,CEP双桩扩径位置上方桩长d1应大于4R0(R0悬挑径),且扩径位置要尽量相同,扩径位置越靠近桩端时,极限承载力越强;扩径位置不同时,扩径位置的竖向距离(大于4R0为宜)满足互不影响要求即可。

冀北地区原状土与重塑土的抗剪强度对比研究

为研究冀北地区原状土与重塑土的抗剪强度特性,对不同法向应力作用下的原状土与重塑土进行了饱和快剪试验和饱和固结快剪试验,分析了原状土与重塑土应力-应变曲线及抗剪强度-法向应力曲线。结果表明:饱和快剪试验中,原状土与重塑土在低于200 kPa的法向应力下具有应变软化的特性,而在高于200 kPa的法向应力下具有应变硬化的特性;饱和固结快剪试验中,原状土在不同法向应力下具有应变软化的特性,重塑土应力-应变变化特征与饱和快剪试验一致。在应变软化状态下,重塑土峰值强度对应的剪切位移小于原状土峰值强度对应的剪切位移。在应变硬化状态下,随着剪切位移的增加,重塑土的剪切应力增加速率高于原状土。在不同法向应力作用下,重塑土的抗剪强度基本低于原状土,其黏聚力c的最大降幅为33.8%,内摩擦角φ的最大降幅为22.0%。