Hypotheses on Vacuum and Elementary Particles: The Friedmann-Planck Micro-Universe, Friedmann and Schwarzschild Photon Spheres

This article presents the hypothesis that the vacuum is endowed with a quantum structure;the vacuum particles would be Friedmann-Planck micro-universes. For this, the article introduces a quantization of a closed Friedmann universe, then a quantization of the photon spheres filling this universe. This approach gives a numerical value consistent with cosmological measurements for the current dark energy density of our Universe. Next, the article takes the content of a model published in Physics Essays in 2013 [1], assuming that elementary particles are Schwarzschild photon spheres;these could be derived from the Friedmann photon spheres composing the vacuum particles. It is further recalled that the model presents a unified structure of elementary particles and allows us to calculate the value of the elementary electric charge as well as the mass of the elementary particles.

Sedimentation motion of sand particles in moving water(Ⅰ):The resistance on a small sphere moving in non-uniform flow

In hydraulics,when we deal with the problem of sand particles moving relative to the surrounding water,Stokes'formula of resistance has usually been used to render the velocity of sedimentation of the particles.But such an approach has not been proved rigorously,and its accuracy must be carefully considered.In this paper,we discuss the problem of a sphere moving in a non-uniform flow field,on the basis of the fundamental theory of hydrodynamics.We introduce two assumptions:i)the diameter of the sphere is much smaller than the linear dimension of the flow field,and ii)the velocity of the sphere relative to the surrounding water is very small.Using these two assumptions,we solve the linearized Navier-Stokes equations and equations of continuity by the method of Laplace transform,and finally we obtain a formula for the resistance acting on a sphere moving in a non-uniform flow field.

Collective motion of polar active particles on a sphere

Collective motion of active particles with polar alignment is investigated on a sphere.We discussed the factors that affect particle swarm motion and define an order parameter that can show the degree of particle swarm motion.In the model,we added a polar alignment strength,along with Gaussian curvature,affecting particles swarm motion.We find that when the force exceeds a certain limit,the order parameter will decrease with the increase of the force.Combined with our definition of order parameter and observation of the model,the reason is that particles begin to move side by side under the influence of polar forces.In addition,the effects of velocity,rotational diffusion coefficient,and packing fraction on particle swarm motion are discussed.It is found that the rotational diffusion coefficient and the packing fraction have a great influence on the clustering motion of particles,while the velocity has little influence on the clustering motion of particles.

The study of a neutron spectrum unfolding method based on particle swarm optimization combined with maximum likelihood expectation maximization

The neutron spectrum unfolding by Bonner sphere spectrometer(BSS) is considered a complex multidimensional model,which requires complex mathematical methods to solve the first kind of Fredholm integral equation. In order to solve the problem of the maximum likelihood expectation maximization(MLEM) algorithm which is easy to suffer the pitfalls of local optima and the particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm which is easy to get unreasonable flight direction and step length of particles, which leads to the invalid iteration and affect efficiency and accuracy, an improved PSO-MLEM algorithm, combined of PSO and MLEM algorithm, is proposed for neutron spectrum unfolding. The dynamic acceleration factor is used to balance the ability of global and local search, and improves the convergence speed and accuracy of the algorithm. Firstly, the Monte Carlo method was used to simulated the BSS to obtain the response function and count rates of BSS. In the simulation of count rate, four reference spectra from the IAEA Technical Report Series No. 403 were used as input parameters of the Monte Carlo method. The PSO-MLEM algorithm was used to unfold the neutron spectrum of the simulated data and was verified by the difference of the unfolded spectrum to the reference spectrum. Finally, the 252Cf neutron source was measured by BSS, and the PSO-MLEM algorithm was used to unfold the experimental neutron spectrum.Compared with maximum entropy deconvolution(MAXED), PSO and MLEM algorithm, the PSO-MLEM algorithm has fewer parameters and automatically adjusts the dynamic acceleration factor to solve the problem of local optima. The convergence speed of the PSO-MLEM algorithm is 1.4 times and 3.1 times that of the MLEM and PSO algorithms. Compared with PSO, MLEM and MAXED, the correlation coefficients of PSO-MLEM algorithm are increased by 33.1%, 33.5% and 1.9%, and the relative mean errors are decreased by 98.2%, 97.8% and 67.4%.

融合R-Sphere包围球的变形体碰撞检测算法

针对变形体碰撞检测算法中实时性较差的问题,提出一种R-Sphere包围球与粒子群优化算法融合的混合碰撞检测算法。将有公共顶点的三角片构造成R-Sphere包围球,利用R-Sphere包围球的旋转不变性和球心固定的特性对包围球更新过程进行优化;利用层次包围球(BVH)树快速剔除不相交的包围体,在确认发生碰撞的包围球中融合粒子群算法,将复杂的三维空间距离检测问题转换为二维离散空间内的寻优问题,快速找到发生碰撞的包围球对。实验结果表明,混合算法有效提高了碰撞检测的实时性。

Numerical simulation of predicting and reducing solid particle erosion of solid-liquid two-phase flow in a choke

Chokes are one of the most important components of downhole flow-control equipment. The particle erosion mathematical model, which considers particle-particle interaction, was established and used to simulate solid particle movement as well as particle erosion characteristics of the solid-liquid two-phase flow in a choke. The corresponding erosion reduction approach by setting ribs on the inner wall of the choke was advanced. This mathematical model includes three parts： the flow field simulation of the continuous carrier fluid by an Eulerian approach, the particle interaction simulation using the discrete particle hard sphere model by a Lagrangian approach and calculation of erosion rate using semiempirical correlations. The results show that particles accumulated in a narrow region from inlet to outlet of the choke and the dominating factor affecting particle motion is the fluid drag force. As a result, the optimization of rib geometrical parameters indicates that good anti-erosion performance can be achieved by four ribs, each of them with a height （H） of 3 mm and a width （B） of 5 mm equaling the interval between ribs （L）.

Discrete Element Method Numerical Modelling on Crystallization of Smooth Hard Spheres under Mechanical Vibration

The crystallization, corresponding to the fcc structure （with packing density p≈0.74）, of smooth equal hard spheres under batch-wised feeding and three-dimensional interval vibration is numerically obtained by using the discrete element method. The numerical experiment shows that the ordered packing can be realized by proper control of the dynamic parameters such as batch of each feeding ε and vibration amplitude A. The radial distribution function and force network are used to characterize the ordered structure. The defect formed during vibrated packing is characterized as well. The results in our work fill the gap of getting packing density between random close packing and fcc packing in phase diagram which provides an effective way of theoretically investigating the complex process and mechanism of hard sphere crystallization and its dynamics.

Evolution of Voronoi/Delaunay Characterized Micro Structure with Transition from Loose to Dense Sphere Packing

Micro structures of equal sphere packing （ranging from loose to dense packing） generated numerically by discrete element method under different vibration conditions are characterized using Voronoi/Delaunay tessellation, which is applied on a wide range of packing densities. The analysis on micro properties such as the total perimeter, surface area, and the face number distribution of each Voronoi polyhedron, and the pore size distribution in each Voronoi/Delaunay subunit is systematically carried out. The results show that with the increasing density of sphere packing, the Voronoi//Delaunay pore size distribution is narrowed. That indicates large pores to be gradually substituted by small uniformed ones during densification. Meanwhile, the distributions of face number, total per/meter, and surface area of Voronoi polyhedra at high packing densities tend to be narrower and higher, which is in good agreement with those in random loose packing.

Morphology of single inhalable particle in the air polluted city of Shijiazhuang,China

In the typical air polluted city of Shijiazhuang, single inhalable particle samples in non-heating period, heating period, dust storm days, and snowy days were collected and detected by SEM/EDS （scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry）. The particle morphology was characterized by the 6 shape clusters, which are： irregular square, agglomerate, sphere, floccule, column or stick, and unknown, by quantitative order. The irregular square particles are common in all kinds of samples; sphere particles are more, and column or stick are less in winter samples; in the wet deposit samples, agglomerate and floccule particles are not found. The surface of most particles is coarse with fractal edge, which can provide suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment. New formed calcium crystal is found to demonstrate the existence of neutralized reaction, explaining the reason for the high SO2 emission and low acid rain frequency in Shijiazhuang. The three sorts of surface patterns of spheres are smooth, semi-smooth, and coarse, corresponding to the element of Si-dominant, Si-Al-dominant, and Fe-dominant, The soot particle is present as floccule with average size around 10 μm, considerably larger than the former reported results, but wrapped or captured with other fine particles to make its appearance unique and enhance its toxicity potentially. The new formed calcium crystal, the 3 sorts of sphere surface patterns, and the unique soot appearance represent the single inhalable particle＇s morphology characteristics in Shijiazhuang City.

On the study of ricochet and penetration in sand,water and gelatin by spheres,7.62 mm APM2,and 25 mm projectiles

We examine the ricochet and penetration behavior in sand, water and gelatin by steel spheres, 7.62 mm APM2 and 25 mm projectiles. A threshold impact angle(critical angle) exists beyond which ricochet cannot occur. The Autodyn simulation code with the smooth particle hydrodynamic(SPH) method and Impetus Afea Solver with the corpuscular model are used and the results are compared with experimental and analytical results. The resistance force in sand for spheres was proportional to a term quadratic in velocity plus a term linear in velocity. The drag coefficient for the quadratic term was 0.65. The Autodyn and Impetus Afea codes simulate too large penetration due to the lack of a linear velocity resistance force. Critical ricochet angles were consistent with analytical results in the literature. In ballistic gelatin at velocities of 50–850 m/s a drag coefficient of 0.30 fits the high speed camera recordings if a linear velocity resistance term is included. However, only a quadratic velocity resistance force with drag coefficient that varies with the Reynolds number also fits the measurements. The simulation of a sphere in water with Autodyn showed too large drag coefficient. The 7.62 mm APM2 core simulations in sand fit reasonable well for both codes. The 25 mm projectile ricochet simulations in sand show consistency with the high speed camera recordings. Computer time was reduced by one to two orders of magnitudes when applying the Impetus Afea Solver compared to Autodyn code due to the use of the graphics processing units(GPU).

涡流空气分级流场中颗粒运动及分布规律研究

为探究粗细颗粒在分级机内分离过程,基于颗粒-涡相互作用模型和离散元软球模型研究了涡流空气分级流场中湍流脉动对颗粒运动及切割粒径d_(50)的影响,探索了分级过程中颗粒的分布规律。湍流脉动主要影响小颗粒的运动轨迹,对大颗粒运动轨迹影响不大,对切割粒径d_(50)无明显影响;在风速12 m·s^(-1),转笼转速1200 r·min^(-1)工况下,从径向分布来看,小于20μm的细颗粒主要分布在转笼区,接近切割粒径d_(50)的颗粒在环形区内做旋流运动,大于25μm的粗颗粒会在靠近导叶的区域聚集,由于颗粒间的相互作用导致一些较细的颗粒会掺混在这些粗颗粒中,从而产生“鱼钩效应”;从轴向分布来看,小于20μm的细颗粒主要分布在分级机内靠近顶部区域,粗颗粒会逐渐向下沉降,粒径越大沉降越快。

各向同性湍流中颗粒碰撞特性的数值研究

了解分散的颗粒如何与湍流相互作用可以更好地预测危险性过程和设计工业设施。本文利用直接数值模拟方法,将结合DEM软球碰撞模型的点颗粒法的结果与单向耦合点颗粒法进行了对比,研究了在不同湍流强度下固体颗粒分布特征及碰撞特性,同时本章还进一步研究了不同颗粒的尺寸对颗粒分布特征及碰撞特征的影响规律。结果表明:采用考虑颗粒相互作用的点颗粒法模拟时,在不同颗粒尺寸条件下,斯托克斯数为1.5时会出现富集现象。

磁性Fe_3O_4微粒表面有机改性

在分散聚合法制备复合磁性微球过程中 ,采用硅烷偶联剂 KH- 570对磁性 Fe_3O_4微粒进行表面改性 .红外光谱 (FTIR)、光电子能谱 (XPS)分析结果表明 ,偶联剂与磁性微粒表面以化学键形式结合 .改性后 ,Fe_3O_4微粒与单体及其聚合物之间具有良好的亲和性 ,采用改性后的磁性微粒可以显著改善磁性微球的性能指标 .

气固流化床中粗粒的沉降行为

利用磁性示踪粒子对粗粒在流化床中的沉降行为进行了实验研究，结果表明：不同物性示踪球呈现不同的沉降行为；高密度、大粒度示踪球基本按照其自身密度和粒度沉降．随着示踪球密度或粒度的减小，示踪球的沉降速度与其密度和粒度不再具有确定的大小对应关系；与床层密度接近的示踪球先是在床层上部作往复振荡运动，经过一段时间后，下落至床底．示踪球的不同沉降特性可由示踪球在流化床中的受力和流化粒子自身的运动加以合理解释．

溶剂热合成球形Cu_2ZnSnS_4 (CZTS)微粉的研究

本文采用高压溶剂热法合成了铜锌锡硫(CZTS)粉体,采用XRD、SEM测试方法对合成产物的物相、形貌进行了表征。探讨了温度,时间以及表面活性剂等因素对溶剂热合成CZTS粉体形貌、物相和性能的影响。结果表明:高压溶剂热法制备的CZTS目标粉体纯度高,制备周期短,产物形貌为球形的片状集合体。反应进程随着反应温度的升高而加快,随着保温时间的延长而趋于完全。加入部分表面活性剂对团聚现象改善并不明显。

用DEM软球模型研究颗粒间的接触力

本文采用 DEM（Discrete Element Method）软球模型来研究颗粒间的碰撞过程,用金属球代替流场中的颗粒,研究这些金属球在平面上的运动。运用DEM软球模型求出碰撞过程中小球所受的瞬时接触力以及碰撞时间,并分析这些参数随颗粒物性以及运动参数的变化规律。计算得出:颗粒间的接触力以及碰撞时间与颗粒的相对速度、碰撞角度以及杨氏模量等参数有关。

粗糙颗粒动理学及稠密气固两相流动的数值模拟

考虑颗粒碰撞过程中摩擦作用,给出了粗糙颗粒碰撞动力学.引入颗粒相拟总温来表征颗粒平动和转动脉动能量的特征.基于气体分子运动论,建立颗粒碰撞中平动和旋转共同作用的粗糙颗粒动理学,给出了颗粒相压力和黏度等输运参数计算模型.运用基于颗粒动理学的欧拉-欧拉气固两相流模型,数值模拟了流化床内气体颗粒两相流动特性,分析了颗粒旋转流动对颗粒碰撞能量交换和耗散的影响.模拟得到的流化床内径向颗粒浓度和提升管内颗粒轴向速度与他人实验结果相吻合.模拟结果表明随着颗粒浓度的增加,颗粒相压力和能量耗散逐渐增加,而颗粒拟总温先增加后下降.随着颗粒粗糙度系数的增加,床内平均颗粒相拟总温和能量耗散增加,表明颗粒旋转产生的摩擦将导致颗粒旋转脉动能量的改变,影响床内气体-颗粒两相宏观流动特性.

适用于深层产水气井的纳米粒子泡排剂

针对深层产水气井温度高、矿化度高、含高浓度H2S气体及凝析油的特点,研制了纳米粒子泡排剂,评价了其性能,并进行了现场试验。将耐高温的阴离子表面活性剂、耐高矿化度及H2S的两性离子表面活性剂及耐凝析油的氟碳表面活性剂进行复配制成液相泡排剂,再加入使用硅烷偶联剂改性的纳米二氧化硅球作为固态稳泡剂,制备出纳米粒子泡排剂。通过室内实验研究了泡排剂的性能,结果表明:泡排剂抗温可达150℃,抗矿化度可达250 g/L,抗H2S浓度可达0.04%,抗凝析油含量可达30%,起泡性、稳泡性优良。光学显微镜观察、Zeta电位表征结果说明,纳米粒子增强液相泡排剂性能的机理在于纳米粒子吸附在气液界面形成固态的粒子化膜,改性纳米二氧化硅球浓度约为0.002%时具有最佳稳泡效果。现场试验结果表明:泡排剂性能稳定,满足现场施工要求,可显著提高泡沫排水采气有效率并降低成本。

玻璃微珠/银核壳纳米复合粒子的制备及表征

通过添加聚合物表面活性剂,采用原位复合法制备了具有面心立方结构壳层的草莓状银包玻璃微珠核壳纳米复合粒子。用X射线衍射、扫描电镜及透射电镜等表征了复合粒子的形貌和结构。结果表明:随着溶液pH值的升高,反应速率加快,银的析出量增大,壳层银纳米粒子的特征峰也越强。十二烷基硫酸钠的加入使得表面呈蓬松态,而聚乙烯吡咯烷酮则使表面均匀致密,羧甲基纤维素钠使壳层颗粒生长呈不对称分布。随着银氨溶液浓度的增加,经液相还原的银纳米粒子相应增多,复合粒子壳层厚度也逐渐从30nm增大到52nm左右。

桑园土壤非等径颗粒离散元仿真模型参数标定与试验

为获取土壤离散元仿真模型的土壤颗粒物理参数和接触参数,本文采用试验与仿真相结合的方法,以桑园土壤为例,对土壤颗粒的接触参数进行了仿真标定。首先利用粉体仪、斜面仪、等应变直剪仪等,分析了试验地不同深度土壤的粒径分布,测量了试验地不同深度土壤休止角、滑动摩擦角、剪应力、内聚力、内摩擦角;然后,根据实测土壤粒径分布,利用EDEM软件建立了非等直径土壤球形颗粒模型。在此基础上,以土壤颗粒间及土壤与65Mn钢间的静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数、恢复系数为试验因素,土壤休止角、土壤65Mn钢滑动摩擦角为目标值,建立了基于中心组合试验设计(CCD)方案,并利用Design-Expert软件对仿真试验结果进行了分析,得到了仿真标定的土壤土壤间静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数和恢复系数的最优值分别为0.89、0.45和0.43;标定的土壤65Mn钢间静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数和恢复系数的最优值分别为1.15、0.05和0.4。利用以上标定的最优参数对桑园土壤进行了休止角与滑动摩擦角仿真试验,试验结果表明,休止角仿真值与试验值相对误差为1.69%,土壤65Mn钢的滑动摩擦角仿真值与试验值相对误差为2.88%。在此基础上,依据实测的土壤剪应力,采用试错法,以实测土壤内摩擦角为目标值,优化标定了土壤土壤颗粒HertzMindlin with Bonding接触模型中的粘结参数,标定法向粘结刚度、切向粘结刚度分别为1×10^(8)、5×10^(7) N/m^(3),临界法向应力和临界切向应力均为10 kPa,接触半径为1.1倍颗粒半径,直剪仿真得到内摩擦角为30.24°,仿真值与直剪试验内摩擦角平均值相对误差为5.53%。本文提出的土壤颗粒建模方法、标定方法及其所标定的参数值,可用于砂质壤土桑园耕作机械触土部件与土壤相互作用的离散元仿真分析及其结构优化。